1832.] Lady Chapel of St. trace the history of architecture from the Norman Conquest to the period of the Reformation. With the White Tower and the crypt beneath Bow Church, he may commence his researches, and prosecute them with St. Bartholomew's Priory, Smithfield, and the Temple Church, until he arrives at the adoption of the Pointed style. Of this style in its perfect form, St. Mary Overy's Choir and Lady Chapel will be his first specimen; for, although the nave of this Church, and the circular Church in the Temple, afford earlier examples of Pointed arches, yet both these specimens possess a Norman character, which in the Choir and Lady Chapel is quite abandoned. Specimens of the architecture of a subsequent period will be found here and elsewhere, which the limits of this article will not allow me to particularize. And, if he extends his line of observation beyond the metropolis, and views the present church in comparison with other buildings in the same style, the following list will point out the page it is entitled to occupy in the annals of the Pointed style: De Lucy's work, Winchester Cathedral, between 1189 and 1204 It will be only necessary to add, that, as St. Mary Övery's Church forms such an essential link in the chain of historical evidence relating to the progress of the Pointed style, its existence must be a matter of the greatest interest, not only to the antiquary, but to the artist, the historian, and the man of taste; to all indeed who wish to study with minuteness the history of their native country, its arts and customs, and its state in former times. I shall now proceed to notice briefly a few of the architectural peculiarities of this interesting building. In the north flank is a window of a still more modern date, perhaps as late as the reign of Edward II., which would almost give weight to the supposition that even at that early period an attempt at modernising the Chapel, if the expression is allowable, had been attempted; but, as the only settlement GENT. MAG. February, 1832. which has taken place in this Chapel, is apparent in this north wall, it is not improbable that this window was inserted in consequence of an early failure having occurred in that portion of the structure. Although the ancient altar-screen now forms a solid termination of the choir, it does not appear to have always been in that state. Any one who has seen the Cathedrals of Salisbury and Wells, will not fail to have remarked the beautiful effect produced by the Lady Chapels of both of those churches, when viewed from the choir, through the open arches at the east end. In Wells especially, the Lady Chapel forms one of the most picturesque objects that can be imagined. It is highly probable that the Lady Chapel of St. Mary Overie was open to the choir in a like manner; but, in consequence perhaps of the draughts of air passing into the church, the arches were first filled up with elegant tracery, in the best style of Edward the Third's reign, and subsequently with masonry, when the splendid altar-screen was erected.* At an early period, a Chapel was erected at the east end of the Lady Chapel, and with a boldness of execution known only to the architects of our ancient buildings, one of the triple lancet windows, with a portion of its piers, was removed, and an arch of communication made between the Chapel and the Church; this extraneous structure was doubtless dedicated to some saint, but the name of the patron is lost, or became merged in themodern appellation of the Bishop's Chapel. In the summer of 1830, this Chapel was removed, and the arch walled up; but, on taking it down, the lancet window in the gable of the principal struc ture was disclosed, which becomes a valuable document to aid the restoration of the entire structure. The mouldings of the Chapel are simple, but bold; the prevailing ornament is the diagonal flower or dog-tooth moulding (as it is usually but improperly termed). The archivolt mouldings of the windows spring from small pillars attached to the piers, which are generally in a good state of preservation. At the north-east angle remains some workmanship of a later date, which "At the back of the altar screen of the choir are some fine tracery compartments, supposed once to give view through them into our Lady's Chapel."—Carter. seems to indicate the existence of an altar. Among this is a small statue of a Saint. Such of your readers who may wish for a more detailed account of the structure at large, will find an accurate survey by the late Mr. Carter, in Gent. Mag. vol. LXXVIII. pp. 606, 699, who justly observes, with reference to this Chapel, that "the whole scene is impressive and solemn.” Of the many vicissitudes this Chapel has undergone, since the mass was sung, and the incense smoked, and the candles burnt before the altar of Our Lady, the most degrading was its conversion into a bakehouse, in which state of humiliation it continued for threescore and some odde yeeres." I mention this, to show an act of liberality in the parish, at that time, which ought not to be forgotten at the present. In the year 1624, when the baker, with his faggots, and his ovens, and his hog-troughs, was ejected, the parish expended the sum of 2007. on its repair; a sum, let it be recollected, which bears no comparison to the same amount at the present time. The Committee purpose to restore the Lady Chapel in the same style, as the choir was so successfully restored by Mr. Gwilt. Instead, then, of the present patched and broken walls, partly brick and partly stone, a building will shew itself at the entrance of London which the stranger will pause and admire; and when he sees such a splendid monument of art in a Suburb, what will be his ideas of the wealth and magnificence of the Metropolis itself? Of the proposed restorations, it will be necessary, for the information of those who have not seen the Chapel in its present state, to observe that neither of the four gables which are represented in our view are so perfect as they are there shown to be; the first and second are in the best state of preservation, the third and fourth have been bunglingly rebuilt in brick, without the least attempt at architectural display. The singular pinnacle at the north-east angle, covering a staircase turret, (which is now concealed by a casing of brick, and crowned with a low-tiled roof,) has been restored, from a careful survey and admeasurement, made by Mr. Cottingham,* to whom indeed the credit of the restored design is justly due; the open turret and spire are of course designed to harmonize with Mr. Gwilt's turrets at the angles of the choir. Our interior view is taken from the eastern end of the north aile of the choir; the perfect lancet window of three lights, shown in the centre of the print, is substituted for the arch of communication between this Chapel and the former Bishop's Chapel; and in the distance may be seen a portion of the window styled by John Carter the "three in one," and before noticed; which is at present walled up. With the assistance of these prints, such of your readers who have not had an opportunity of visiting the Lady Chapel, will be enabled to form an idea of what will be the result of the labours of the Committee. There have been numerous engravings, published at different times, of this Chapel; there is a fine interior view in Moss's History of St. Saviour's, 4to. 1818; and in Mr. Taylor's History of the Church and Parish, now in course of publication, is contained a very accurate elevation of the east front of the Lady Chapel, as it now is; which, with the restored design, will form a valuable record to posterity of the extent of the restorations. In the same work is an interior view of the Lady Chapel, from a drawing by the late John Carter, and also an exterior view of the destroyed chapel, called the Bishop's Chapel. Allow me to conclude this lengthened article with expressing my confident hope that the generosity of the public will enable the Committee to restore the whole design, in such a manner, that the Church of St. Mary Overy will become, what it anciently was, the glory and splendour of the southern district of the Metropolis. E. I. C. Yours, &c. A 1832.] Memorials of" The Martyrs" of Scotland. Presbyterians, especially those who continue to adhere to the "League and Covenant.' Affixed to the exterior wall of the north transept of Glasgow Cathedral is a tablet on which we read, "Here lies the corps of Robert Bunton, John Hart, Robert Scot, Mathew Patoun, John Richmond, James Johnston, Archibald Stewart, James Winning, John Main, who suffered at the cross of Glasgow, for their testimony to the covenants, and work of reformation, because they durst not own the authority of the then tyrants, destroying the same, betwixt 1666 and 1688. «Years sixty-six, and eighty-four, Did send their souls home into glore, Whose bodies here interred ly, Then sacrificed to tyranny: To covenants and reformation, 'Cause they adhered to their station. These nine, with others in this yard, Whose heads and bodies were not spar'd, Their testimonies, foes to bury, Caused beat the drums then in great fury. They'll know, at resurrection day, To murder saints was no sweet play. "The original stone, and inscription repaired and new lettered MDCCCXXVII. at the expense of a few FRIENDS of the CAUSE for which the MARTYRS suffered." By the side of the road, northwards from the church, is another monument, on which is the following inscription: "Behind this stone lyes James Nisbet, who suffered martyrdom at this place, June 5, 1684; also James Lawson and Alexander Wood, who suffered martyrdom, October 24, 1684, for their adherence to the word of God, and Scotland's covenanted work of Reformation. Here lye martyrs three Of memory, Who for the Covenants did die 'Gainst all these nations perjury. 1818." 107 "Here lies the corpse of James Agie and Stay, passenger, as thou goes by, "This stone, with part of the bones and dust of the martyrs, were removed from the common place of execution, to this place, by order of John Storie, John Patison, and John Cochran, magistrates in Paisley, in the year 1779." In the old burial ground of Eglismagirdle, near Pitkeathly in Perthshire, is a tombstone with this rude inscription: "Heir lyis ane vertous Husbandman, Thomas Small, who dyed for Religion, Covenant, King and countrie, the 1st of September, 1645, and of his age 58. Me mento mori." In the churchyard of Dunnottar, in Kincardineshire, near the interesting, ancient, and formerly almost impregnable castle of the same name, the ruins of which frown over the sea at a fearful height; we find a plain headstone, decently cleaned and painted, bearing the following inscription : "Here lyes John Stot, James Atchison, James Russel and William Broun; and one whose name wee have not gotten, and two women, whose names also wee know not; and two who perished coming doune the rock, one whose name was James Watson, the other not known; who all died prisoners in Dunottar castle, anno 1685, for their adherance to the word of God, and Scotland's covenanted work of Reformation. Rev. xi. chap. 12th verse." The tomb of the martyrs in the Grey-friars churchyard, Edinburgh, is well known. It is a neat monument, and was lately repaired. "From May 27, 1661, that the noble Marquis of Argyl suffered, to the 17th Feb. 1688, that Mr. James Ranwick suffered; were executed at Edinburgh, about one hundred noblemen, gentlemen, ministers, and others; noble martyrs for Jesus Christ: the most part of them lie here. "Halt, passenger, take heed what thou dost Here lies interred the dust of those who stood And all along to Mr. Ranwick's blood. And now triumph in glory with the Lamb." There is also a monument to Walter Mill, who suffered at St. Andrew's, April 1558; where we read, "Non nostra impietas, non actæ crimina vitæ, Armarunt hostes in mea fata truces; Mr. URBAN, J. LOGAN. Lyminster, Feb. 7. I WAS much gratified with the article in your last Magazine, on the subject of Steam Carriages. My father, the late Rev. Dr. Cartwright, whose various mechanical inventions, especially the power loom, are well known to your scientific readers, has frequently told me, when a boy, that I should live to see vessels on the water and carriages on land, impelled by steam; and that he had no doubt but that the use of horses for this latter purpose would be superseded altogether. About 45 years ago he had a model of a steam engine constructed, which was to be attached to a barge, and I perfectly recollect the general principle of it being the same as those now in use. The model was laid by, and he did not take any steps for making his invention more fully known. In the year 1799, he became acquainted with Mr. Fulton, an American engineer, to whom he gave the plan or model of the steam-boat, which I have been informed was first used in Ame-, rica by Mr. Fulton, who had the credit of the invention. As none of my father's family are likely to enjoy any benefit from his inventions, beyond the fame of them, I have thought it right to state these particulars, in justice to his memory, and for the satisfaction of his descendants. EDM. CARTWRIGHT. IN the hundred of Bilbury, co. Somerset, there are two or three spots called "The Conygar," the derivation of which seems to puzzle not only your correspondent, p. 205, but has also called forth all the ingenuity of the Rev. Hyde Cassan in his History of the Bishops of Bath and Wells, in one of his notes in that work; I think, however, ineffectually. On all sides, the "conies or rabbits" are put in requisition to drag the etymologist through the slough of despond; let the studious reader say to what purpose." * For many a long year have I been at a loss upon the subject, until it appeared to me that the difficulty was felicitously resolved by a Welsh gentleman, a friend of mine, who is acquainted with more than a dozen languages-William Williams, esq. of Aberpergwm, who with laudable nationality recurred to his native Welsh The following is an extract from Hargrove's History of Knaresborough: "Near the village of Scriven is an eminence called Conyng Garth, alias King's Garth. This piece of ground is about six hundred yards in length and two hundred in breadth, nearly encompassed on three sides by a precipice; and on the remaining part the precipice is supplied by various terraces cut in the side of the hill rising above each other; a mode of fortification very common amongst the Northern nations in ancient times. The name of this hill, its form and situation, reuder it very probable that here some Saxon monarch with his army were formerly encamped. At a small distance, is a piece of ground called Market Flat, probably the place where provisions were brought to supply the camp. On a rising ground, about half a mile off, were found some years ago six human skeletons laid side by side, with each a small urn placed at its head." We have extracted this passage, thinking it may afford a new light to our present correspondent, as well as those who have preceded him. -EDIT. 1832.] Table of Commandments in Churches.-Calthorpe Family. 109 for the solution, which I deem a most satisfactory one, taking the local circumstances into account. He derives, then, Conygar from Keven-y-caerthe back of the fort or strong ridge. To the same quarter am I indebted for the derivation of Glastonbury, similarly borne out. The (burg) or fortified place of the green (glas) mount or tump (twim), and I believe in many cases, where ton is found in the name of a place, it does not mean town, but a mount near. Yours, &c. SOMERSETIENSIS. Mr. URBAN, Kensington, Jan. 16. I AM anxious to draw the attention of the proper authorities to an innovation which has attracted my notice, that the error may be at once corrected, and its repetition prevented. can In two places of public worship recently consecrated, the one a District Church, a few miles from town, the other a Chapel re-opened after repair, and which had not previously been thus solemnly set apart from all common and trivial uses, I observed a deviation from established usage, which only have arisen in culpable negligence or ignorance. What I allude to is the unauthorised, and unseemly DIVISION of the fourth commandment. So that instead of the fifth commandment standing where it was placed by the finger of God, at the head of the second table, a portion of the fourth usurps its place; at the same time that the fourth commandment, to hallow the Sabbath, is thus irreverently deprived of the honour due to it, in belonging exclusively to the first table, appropriated to the enforcement of the first and great commandment. I hope these animadversions, by finding a place in your well-known columns, may be the means of restoring one precious stone of our Zion, and preserving it unmutilated from the unhallowed hand of design, or profane indifference. But, if not, direct information will be conveyed to the authority from whose decision there can be no appeal. Yours, &c. M. S. Mr. URBAN, Ampton, Suffolk, Feb. 4. AGREEABLY to my promise, I send you some further notices of the descendants of Sir Henry Calthorpe, formerly of this parish, Knt. in continuation of the article inserted in your number for November, p. 406. JAMES CALTHORPE, Esq. his third and only surviving son, received his academical education at Catherine Hall, Cambridge; and served the office of High Sheriff for Suffolk, in 1656, during the protectorship of Oliver Cromwell, by whom he was knighted at Whitehall, Dec. 10, in the same year. He resided chiefly in this village, and married Dorothy, second daughter of Sir James Reynolds, of Castle Campo, co. Cambridge, Knt. sister to Sir John Reynolds, Knt. Commissarygeneral in Ireland, on whose death she became his sole heiress. The marriage contract bears date May 10, 1645, by which Sir James covenants to give his daughter a portion of 8001. for the payment of which he assigns over an estate called Gouldstons, in the parish of Ashdon, Essex. Mr. Calthorpe survived his father just twenty-one years, being interred in the chancel of Ampton Church the same day of the month on which Sir Henry died, Aug. 1, 1658, leaving issue by Dorothy his wife, three sons, James, Christopher, and Reynolds (of whom hereafter), and six daughters : 1. Henrietta-Mary. She 2. Dorothy, born at Ampton, Dec. 28, 1648; by will dated May 18, 1693, she bequeathed 1000l. for the endowment of an alms-house in her native village, for six poor old widows or old maids of the age of sixty years and upwards, the interest of the same to be applied to their use and benefit for ever. gave a further sum of one hundred pounds for building the said almshouse upon Ampton Green near the church, with particular directions as to its construction. She also bequeathed 500l. to the town of Bury St. Ed. mund's, to be put out to interest, or lands purchased therewith, and the annual income to be appropriated in apprenticing poor boys to handicraft trades, the Alderman and the two Ministers of the said town to superintend the business, and see to its faithful and careful performance. Small sums were also bequeathed to the poor of some adjoining parishes. This lady died unmarried, Nov. 8, 1693; and her remains were deposited within the altar rails, in the chancel of Ampton |