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Lift of Books, 1. FOUR TRACTS, together, with Two SERMONS, on political and commercial Subjects. By Jofiah Tucker, D. D. Dean of Gloucefter. 8vo. Rivington.

HESE Tracts are, ift. A folution of the important queftion, Whether a poor country, where raw materials and provifions are cheap, and wages low, can fupplant the trade of a rich manufacturing country, where raw materials and provifions are dear, and the price of labour high with a poftfcript obviating objections. ad. The cafe of going to war for the fake of trade, confidered in a new light; being the fragment of a greater work. 3d.A letter from a merchant in London, to his nephew in America, concerning the late and prefent disturbances in the colonies, 4th. The true intereft of Great Britain fet forth in regard to the colonies; and the only means of living in peace and harmony with them... For the publication of these Tracts, (being by fome thought foreign to the profeffion of a preacher) Dr. Tucker makes this apology:

"I have been repeatedly accused of having made the whole of religion to confift in the promotion and extenfion of commerce; or in other words, of making trade my religion; and that, according to my theory, the moft extenfive merchant, or the greatest manufacturer, was THEREFORE the best Chriftian. Now, if it be true, that I do maintain any fuch frange and heterodox doctrine, I humbly apprehend, that the fermons here printed, will be the liklieft of any, which I have ever written, to confirm, or refute this heavy charge."

Dr. Tucker, in his fourth and last Tract, which, he fay, he has added to fhew what he thinks the true intereft of Great Britain in regard to the colo nies, confiders all the fchemes that have been propofed effectually to bring the Americans to terms of mutual a greement. As the third scheme which he confiders is the firft that has been fuggefted on the prefent occafion, what the Doctor fays on that head fhall tuffice as a fpecimen till a more ample account can be digested.

THIRD SCHEME.

"The expediency of having recourfe to arms in order to compel the colonies to fubmit to the authority and jurifdiction of the fupreme council of the British Empire, the parliament of Great Britain.

with Remarks.

29

"In regard to which important point, the gentleman reasons after the following manner :---" After such an offer of an union, and the contemp-. tuous refusal of it by the colonies, we may well fuppofe, that they (the inhabitants of Great Britain) will act as ful, and neceffary authority of the fuone man, to fupport the just and law-. preme legislature of the British nation The justice of their caufe will give viover all the dominions of the crown: gour to their meatures; and the colonies that shall have the folly and prefumption to refift them, will be quickly reduced to obedience."

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"It is poffible, nay indeed it is probable, that if a war was to be very Speedily undertaken, before Great Britain and Ireland had been too much grating to North America, the forces exhaufted of their inhabitants, emiof the mother-country might prevail, and America, however unwilling, be, forced to submit. But alas! victory alone is but a poor compenfation for all the blood and treasure which must be spilt on fuch an occafion. Not to mention, that after a conqueft of their country, the Americans would certainly be lefs difpofed, even than they are at prefent, to become our good customers, and to take our manufactures in return forthose injuries and oppreffions which they had fuffered from us :---I fay, injuries and oppreffions; because the colonies would moft undoubtedly give no fofter an appellation to this conquest, though perhaps it would be, no other in itself, than a just chaftifement for the manifold offences they had committed, Moreover, as the Americans are endeavouring even at prefent to fet up all forts of mechanic trades in order to rival us, or at least to fuperfede the ufe of our manufactures in their country, can any man fuppofe, that their ardor for fetting up manufactures would be abated by their being force.l to deal at the one only European thop, which they most detested?

"But what is ftill worse, if poffible, ...though the British troops might over-un the great continent of NorthAmerica at first, it doth by no means follow, that they could be able to maintain a fuperiority in it afterwards for any length of time; and my reafon is, because the governing of a country after a peace, is a much more arduous task, in certain circumstances, than the conquering it during a war. Thus, for example, when a peace en

fues

Lift of Books,—with Remarks.

30 fues (and furely it is not intended that we fhall be for ever in a state of war) then a civil conftitution of fome kind or other muft neceffarily be established; and in the cafe before us, there seems to be no other alternative, but either the permitting the colonies to enjoy once more those advantages of English liberty, and of an English conftitution, which they had forfeited; or else a refolution to govern them for the future by arbitrary fway and defpotic power. If the latter fhould be the plan adopted, I then humbly submit it to be duly weighed and confidered, what a baleful influence this government a la Pruffe would have on every other part of the British Empire. England free, and America in chains! And how foon would the enflaved part of the conftitution, and perhaps the greater, contaminate the free and the Jeffer? Nay, as America was found to encrease in ftrength and numbers, an army of English-born foldiers (for no others could be trusted) first of 50,000, and afterwards perhaps of 100,000, would fcarcely be fufficient to keep thefe turbulent fpirits in awe, and to prevent them, at fuch a prodigious diftance from the center of government, from breaking out into infurrections and rebellions at every favourable op. portunity. But if the former were to prevail, and a return of English ITberties was again to take place, it must alfo follow, that the fyftem of trials by juries must return with them: and then, when America shall grow ftrong. er and stronger every day, and England proportionably weaker, how is an infinreation to be quelled in America ? And what English officer, civil or miKitary, would dare to do it? Nay, I afk further, granting that he was fo brave, or rather fo fool hardy, as to attempt to do his duty, who is to protect him in the execution of his office? Or how is he to be preferved, by due forms of laro, against the determination of an American jury? A tumult is excited; the military is called forth;the foldiers are infulted ;-many per haps wounded, and fome even killed. The patience of the officers worn out, and in their own defence, they are ob. Jiged to give the word of command to fire. The relations of those who fell by this fire, bring on an appeal of blood. The American jury find the officers who commanded, and perhaps the whole corps who fired, guilty of wilful murder; and then all the power

of the crown, legally exerted, is not able to fave the lives of thefe poor innocent men. Pitiable fure is fuch a cafe; and yet it is a cafe which would and must frequently then happen in the natural courfe of things, according to our legal conftitution."

2. The APOLOGY of Theophilus Lindley, M. A. on refigning the Vicarage of Catterick, Yorkshire. 35. Johnson.

MR. Lindley acknowledges him felf to have been connected from the beginning with the petitioners to parliament for redres in matter of fubfeription; but abfolves them of holding the fame opinions with him, if there fhould be any thing to blame in the freedom with which he now deli vers his fentiments on forme favourite points.

The clergy fociety of the Featherstavern, he fays, was made up of men differing in opinion from each other in many refpects, but united in this, that fubfcription to human formularies of faith was an unjust impofition upon the confciences of men; and he expreffes his entire fatisfaction, that he did not quit his minetry in the Church' eftablished, till the molt reafonable attempts for a reformation were rejected, fit in the honourable House of Gom

mons, and next in the abrupt negative put by the Governors of the Church upon the application made to them, namely, that, in their opinion, it was neither prudent nor faje to de any thing in the matter fubmitted to ther confideration.

Mr. Lindley divides his Apology into fix chapters: the first confits of an introduction; the fecond fhews the ftate of the unitarian doctrine from the era of the reformation; the third, the worship due to one God the Father only; the fourth, the causes of the defelion among Chriftians from the fimplicity of religious worship; the fifth, the union in God's true wor fhip how to be obtained; and the fixth, the writer's particular cafe and diffi culties, of which we cannot give a better relation than in the writer's own words:

"After the ufual time spent at fchool and in the univerfity, I entered into the ministry of the gospel, out of a free and delib rate choice, with a full perfuafion, that it was the heft way in which I could ferve God, and be useful to man, and with an earnest

Lift of Books-with Remarks.

defire that I might promote these the great ends' of it.

Some things in the xxxix articles of our church I always difapproved; but I was not under any fcruples, or great uneafinefs on this account. I had hitherto no doubts; or rather, I had never much thought of, or examined into the doctrine of the Trinity, but fuppofed all was right there.

"Some years after, many doubts concerning that doctrine, which had Sprung up in the mind at different times and from various caufes, compelled me to a closer study of the fcriptures with regard to it; for the ftate of fufpenle I was in was very uneafy to me. The, more I fearched, the more I faw the little foundation there was for the doctrine commonly received and interwoven with all the public devotions of the church, and could not but be disturbed at a discovery so ill fuiting my fituation.

In the courfe of time afterwards, in the progrefs and refult of this inquity, my fcruples wrought fo far as to put me upon actually taking some previous fleps, with a design to relieve myfelf by quitting my preferiment in the church. What prevented this refolution from taking place and being compleated, I go on to relate.

1. Destined early, and educated for the ministry, and my heart engaged in the fervice, when the moment of determination came, I felt a reluctance at calling myself out of my profeffion and way of usefulness, that quite difcouraged me,

"But I did not enough reflect, that when unlawful compliances of any fort are required, the first dictates of confcience, which are generally the rightest, are to be attended to, and that the plain road to duty and uprightnefs, will always be found to lead to the truest good in the end.

2. Many worthy perfons, and fome of my own acquaintance, whole opmions varied little from mine, could neverthelets fatisfy themfelves fo as to remain in the church and officiate in it. Why then, it often occured to me, and others did not ipare to remonitrate, why must I alone be fo fingularly nice and ferupulous, as not to comply with what wiler and better men-could-accommodate themlives o,bur disturb others, and diftets myself, by enthufaftic fancies, purely my own, bred in gloomy folitude, which by time, and the free communication and un

37

folding of them to others, might be difperfed and removed, and give way to a more chearful and enlarged way of thinking? It was worth the while to try such a method, and not rashly to take a step of which I might long repent.

66

3. It was fuggefteil that I was not the author or contriver of the things impofed and complained of. All I did was minifterial only, in fubmiffion to civil authority, which is, within certain limitations, the autho-. sity of God, and which had imposed these things only for peace and public good.That I ought not only to leave my benefice, but go out of the world, if I expected a perfect state of things, in which there was no flaw or hardhip. That, if there was a general tendency in what was established to serve the interefts of virtue and true religion, I ought to reft satisfied, and wait for a change in other incidental matters that were grievous to me, but not generally felt by others.-That, in the mean tiine, I had it in my power to forward the defired work, by pre paring men's minds for it, whenever there should be a difpofition in the state to rectify what was amifs. Therefore, if I could in any way of interpretation, reconcile the prefcribed forms with the fcripture in my own mind, and make myfelf eaty, I was not only juftified, but to be commended.

"These confiderations all together were of weight to divert me then trom the thought of quitting my ftation in the church, and brought me in time to remain tolerably quiet and eafy in it.

"The methods I took to fatisfy my own mind were thefe. My great difficulty was the point of worship. In comparison with this, fubfeription to the articles, however momentous in itself, gave me then but little concern. For as the devotions of the church are framed in fict agreement with the articles, and correfpond with them more efpecially in what relates to religious worship, I looked upon my continuing to officiate in them as a conftant virtual repetition of my fubfcription, and therefore I needed not, nor did decline the actual repetition of it when occafion ferved; though I was not forward in feeking fuch occafions.

"I brought myself to confider the Trinitarian forms in the liturgy, and the invocations at the entrance of the litany, as a breefeld representation of

the

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Lift of Books, -with Remarks.

the One God, the Father, governing all things by himself, and by his Son, and his Spirit; and as a threefold, way of addreffing him, as Creator and original benevolent cause of all things, as Redeemer of mankind by his Son, and their Sanctifier by his Holy Spirit.

"I took all opportunities, and have done for many years, both in public, and in private, to bear my teltimony to this great truth of holy fcripture, that there is but One God, the Father, with great plainnels, and without any referve; but I purpofely refiained from the ufe of thofe technical unscriptural names, Trinity, Perfon, Subftance, and the like, and every thing that bore the air of controversy, in the pulpit.

"Thus I went on in the difcharge of my duty, till a few years ago, when, from fome providential awaken. ings, I fecretly but firmly refolved to feek an opportunity to reiinquish a fituation, that was now become not very fupportable to me.

"It appeared to me a blameable duplicity, that whilft I was praying to the one God the Father, the people that heard me were led, by the language I used, to addrefs themfelves to two other perfons, or diftin&t inteliigent agents; for they would never fubtilize fo far, as to fancy the Son and Holy Spirit to be merely two modes, or refpects, or relations of God to them.

"From the first that I engaged with the affociated clergy for procuring the removal of fubfcription to formularies of faith and doctrine drawn up by fallible men, I forefaw, that if no reJief was obtained, nor any p ofpect opened of a reformation of the liturgy with regard to the great object of worhip, or of a difpofition to indulge a latitude to private perions to make difcretionary alterations in it for themjelves, by the express rule of holy fcripture it would certainly ter minate as to myself in a refignation of my office in the church: and I thought this would be a fitting feafon for pute ting it in execution.

"Moft true it is indeed, and I have found it by large experience, that the gofpel light of the knowledge of the one true God, and the wo ship to be paid to him only, through the one Mediator Jefus Chrift, has long been fpreading its beautiful ray through the Brit-fh nations, fo that many of all ranks begin to fee with concern the friking oppofition betwixt our public forms of wor hip and thofe laid down in the

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word of God; and a reformed liturgy in this refpect, whofe conformity to holy scripture could not but inftantly approve itself to thein, would be gladly received and admitted with a very ge neral confent. But it has appeared in the oppofition made to the petitioning clergy from the prefs, that not only thofe from whom it might be expected, but fome that were before esteemed of a more liberal cast, have fhewn a difpofition very contrary to the making or admitting of any reformation in our unfcriptural forms of worship. And declarations of the like import are faid to have fallen from their superiors in a ftill higher place.

In this state of things, therefore, I had no choice left, but either to change the public fervice of the church, and make it fuch as I could confcientiously officiate in, or quietly

to retire.

"I could not reconcile myself to the former, because I looked upon the declaration of conformity and fub. fcription to be fuch folemn ties,' that I could not be eafy under fo great a violation of them.

"Upon the most calm and serious deliberation, therefore, and weighing of every circumstance, I am obliged to give up my benefice, whatever I fuf, fer by it, unless I would lose all in-' ward peace and hope of God's favour and acceptance in the end. Somewhat of a tendency to an iffue of this fort, my friends may have occafionally ob ferved, or recollect to have been dropt in converfation, or by letter: but I refrained from naming it directly, and thought it became me to be filent till the time approached, as my reafons were not another's ; nor my conduct a rule for theirs; nor did I know, or believe, that any one had such cogent motives to leave his ftation and minif trations at inftitution in the church as I had."

3. A FAREWELL ADDRESS to the

Parishioners of Catterick, By Theophilus Lindley, M.A. 6.1. Johnfon. IN this addrets, Mr. Lindley jays, "It is a great fatisfaction at this my departure from you, that I can truly fay, I have coveted no man's Gilver, nor gold, nor apparel. In nothing haye I made a gain of you, or fought to enrich myself, nor am I enriched by you at all; but what was over and a bove the supply of neceffary wants, has been freely expended in the various ways in which it was thought it might

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Lift of Books,-with Remarks.

be most useful for your prefent benefit and future happiness. I have not Tought your's, but you. And although humbled before God under a fente of many failings and neglects, yet, in fome low degree, I hope, I may fay, that in fimplicity and godly fincerity we have had our converfation in the world, and more abundantly towards you.

"To leave," adds he, "a ftation of ease and affluence, and to have to combat with various ftraits and hardhips of an uncertain world, is but a dark profpect. But we muft willingly fubmit to this hard lot, when not to be avoided without deferting our duty to God and his truth."

Upon the whole, this voluntary dif miffion of himself from a liberal provifion in the Church, is the most convincing teftimony of Mr. Lindley's fincerity; we forbear to affign the particular reafons that induced this confcientions divine to quit his preferment, because, to minds who are not accustomed to think deeply upon doubtful fubjects, they may be hurtful.

Medical and Philofophical Commentaries, Vol. I.

The following cafes of putrid fevers, in which fixed air was injected into the inteftines, with apparent advantage, by Thomas Percival, M. D. F. R. S. and S. A. claim the atten tion of the public, more particularly as the remedy is new, and confequently there can yet be but few trials to confirm its efficacy. ABOUT twelve months fince, my

learned friend, the reverend Doctor Priestley, fuggefted to me the trial of fixed air in putrid fevers, administered under the form of clyfters. And I was foon after favoured, by a gentleman of eminence in his profeffion at Leeds, with a very fatisfactory history of the fuccefsful exhibition of this remedy. This encouraged me to try it in the following deplorable cafe. And though the difeafe proved fatal to the patient, it feems probable to me, and to another gentleman of the faculty who attended him, that his life was protracted, and his fufferings mitigated, by the continued use of this remedy.

Mr. W, aged 44,corpulent, inactive, with a short neck, and addicted to habits of intemperance, was attacked, on the 7th of July, 1772,with fymptoms which feemed to threaten an apɔGENT. MAG! Jan. 1774

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plexy. On the 8th, a bilious looseness fucceeded, with a profufe hæmorrhage from the nofe. On the 9th, I was called to his affiftance. His countenance was bloated, his eyes heavy, his fkin hot, and his pulfe hard, full, and oppreffed. The diarrhoea continued; his tools were bilious and very offenfive; and he complained of griping pains in his bowels. He had loft, before I faw him, eight ounces of blood from the arm, which was of a lax texture; and he had taken a faline mixture every fixth hour. The following draught was prescribed, and a dose of rhubarb directed to be adminiftred at night.

R. Aq. Cinnam, ten. Zi. Succ. Limona

3s. Salis Nitri gr. xii. Syr. e Succo Limon. i. M. f. bauft. 4is boris fu

mendus.

"Take of Simple Cinnamo. Water one ounce, Lemon Juice half an ounce, Salt of Nitre grains twelve, Syrup of Lemon Juice one drachm; mix and make a draught, to be taken every four hours.'

July 11. The diari hoea was more moderate, his griping pains were abated, and he had lefs upor and dejection in his countenance; puifle 90, not fo hard or oppreffed. As his tools continued foetid, the dofe of rhubarb was repeated; and, instead of fimple cinnamon water, his draughts were prepared with an infufion of Columbo

root.

12. The diarrhoea continued; his ftools were involuntary, and he dif charged in this way a quantity of black, grumous, and foctid blood. Pule. hard and quick; skin hot; tongue covered with a dark fur; abdomen fwelled; great fupor. Ten grains of the .Columbo root, and fifteen of the gummi rubrum aftringens were added to each draught. Fixed air, under the form of clyfters, was injected every lecond or third hour, and directions were given to fupply the patient plentifully with water artificially impregnated with mephitic air. A blifter was allo

laid between his fhoulders. 13. The diar hoea continued, with frequent difcharges of blood; but the tools had now lolt their factor. Pulfe 120; great flatulence in the bowels, and fulness in the belly. The clyfters of fixed air always diminished the tenfion of the abdomen, abated flatulence, and made the patient more eafy and compofed for fome time after their injection. They were directed to be con◄

tina.d,

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