Olymp. Yr. 102.-4.

103.-1.

The Athenians, under the command of Iphicrates,
come to the assistance of the Lacedæmonians
Aphareus, the adopted son of Isocrates, begins to
write tragedies.

Eudoxus of Cnidus flourished

Death of Dionysius the Elder, king of Syracuse. His
son,
of the same name, succeeds him in the spring
of the year.

Years

bef.C.

369

368

2.

Aristotle comes to reside at Athens when eighteen

104.-1.

2.

3.

years of age
Pelopidas attacks and defeats Alexander, the tyrant of
Pheræ, and is himself slain in the battle
Battle of Mantinea, and death of Epaminondas, on the
12th of the month Scirophorion (the 4th July) 363
Death of Agesilaus, king of Lacedæmon.
Death of Artaxerxes Mnemon. Ochus succeeds him
Conclusion of the History of Xenophon

367

364

.

362

Third voyage of Plato into Sicily towards the begin-
ning of the year

361

He remained there fifteen or sixteen months.

360

105.-1. Philip ascends the throne of Macedon

3.

Beginning of the History of Theopompus.
The Social War. The islands of Chios, Rhodes, and
Cos, and the city of Byzantium, detach themselves
from the Athenians

4. Expedition of Dion into Sicily. He embarks at Za-
cynthus in the month of August of the year
Eclipse of the moon the 19th of September, at 11h.

358

357

45m. A.M.

106.-1.

Birth of Alexander, on the 6th of Hecatombæon
(July 22), the day the temple of Diana was burnt
at Ephesus

Philip, his father, crowned conqueror at the Olympic
games about the same time.

Conclusion of the History of Ephorus; his son De-
mophilus continues it.

2. Beginning of the third Sacred War. Taking of
Delphi, and pillage of its temple by the Pho-
cians

3.

4.

107.-1.

4.

108.-1.

Iphicrates and Timotheus prosecuted, and deprived of
the command of the army

Death of Mausolus, king of Caria. Artemisia, his
wife and sister, succeeds him, and reigns two years
Demosthenes pronounces his first harangue against
Philip of Macedon

The Olynthians, besieged by Philip, implore succour
from the Athenians

Death of Plato

End of the third Sacred War.

2. Treaty of alliance and peace between Philip and the

Athenians

The deputies of Philip take their seats in the assembly
of the Amphictyons.

Olymp. Yr.

Years bef.C.

108.-3.

109.-2.

Philip seizes on the cities of Phocis, destroys them,
and compels the inhabitants to take up their resi-
dence in the villages

Timoleon drives the younger Dionysius from Syra

cuse, and sends him to Corinth

346

343

3.

Birth of Epicurus on the 7th of Gamelion (January
12)

342

2)

338

Death of Isocrates, aged a hundred and two years.

2.

Total eclipse of the moon the 20th of September, at
7h. 30m. P. M.

331

Battle of Gaugamela, or Arbela, the 26th of Boedro

mion (October 3).

3.

Death of Darius Codomannus, the last king of Per-
sia

330

Commencement of the period of Calippus, the 25th

of Posideon (December 20).

Death of Alexander at Babylon, aged thirty-three

years and eight months, on the 29th of Thar-
gelion (June 1)

328

On the same day Diogenes the Cynic dies at Corinth,

aged ninety years.

2.

The Lamiac war: Antipater is defeated

323

Aristotle, after having taught thirteen years in the
Lycæum, flies to Chalcis, and there dies.

End of the Lamiac war. The Athenians receive the
law of the victor
Demosthenes, having taken refuge in the island of
Calauria, is compelled to put himself to death on
the 16th of Pyanepsion, which corresponded to
the 12th of November, according to the cycle of
Calippus, and following the order of the Attic
months pointed out in the following table.

322

TABLE II.

ATTIC MONTHS.

FROM the time of Theodorus Gaza, a learned Greek of Thessalonica, who died at Rome in 1478, to that of Edward Corsini, the most able chronologist of the present age, the order of the ancient months of the Attic year has been continually rendered more uncertain and confused. Barthelemy alone, attaching himself to no system, has re-established this order with respect to the fourth and fifth months, and assigned to the others their true place. Of this he has given convincing proofs in his Observations on the Choiseul Marble. The perfect agreement on this subject, which is found between him and a Greek anonymous writer, appears to us at once remarkable, and a strong confirmation of the opinion of Barthelemy. This Greek writer, it is true, did not live till the time of the taking of Constantinople by Mahomet II., but he cites more ancient authors, from whom he gives the succession of Attic months in the same order assigned to them by Barthelemy. The work of this anonymous author has remained in manuscript, and is to be found in the National Library. Manus. Cod. Gr. in 8vo. No. 1630.

It was still extremely difficult to fix the day of each festival. Apollonius, and several ancient grammarians, had written works on this subject; but they are unfortunately all lost, and we are reduced to a small number of passages in the authors of antiquity, which are neither clear nor very decisive. Though Corsini has made use of them with much success, he was not able to determine the day of a great number of festivals, the names of which have come down to us. We have gone further, by making use of a fragment of the Rustic Calendar, preserved among the Oxford Marbles, which that learned man had neglected— and from some new observations.

The correspondence of the year of the Athenians with our solar year did not enter into the work we proposed. We shall only observe, that this people, to make these two years correspond, employed several cycles. In the time of Solon there was one of four years. Cleostratus and Harpalus invented others. The latter caused his Heccadecaeteris, or period of sixteen years, to be adopted, which preceded the Enneade

caeteris, or period of nineteen years, of Meton. The latter was corrected by Calippus, about the time of the death of Alexander. The year was at first purely lunar, that is to say, consisted of three hundred and fifty-four days afterwards it was civil and lunar, and consisted of three hundred and sixty. It began, before Meton, at the winter solstice, and after his time at the summer solstice. In order to render more apparent the result of such a change, with respect to the correspondence between the Attic months and ours, two Tables are added relative to it. This subject, no doubt, requires still more ample elucidations; but to attempt them would carry us too far; and we must refer the reader to the works of different chronologists-among others to that of Dodwell De veteribus Græcorum Romanorumque Cyclis.

N. B.—In the following table the days of the sittings of the Areopagus are given from Julius Pollux; and the festivals, the days of which cannot be ascertained, are placed at the bottom of the page.

ATTIC MONTHS.

HECATOMBÆON.

Days of the
Month.

Μηνος ίςαμεν8, Beginning of the Month.

FESTIVALS.

1 Neomenia, and sacrifice to Hecate. Eiseteria, sacrifice and repast, in common, of the magistrates and generals.

2

3

4

5 Battle of Leuctra.

6

7

8

9

Day dedicated to Apollo. Connideia in honour of the tutor of Theseus.

Festival of Neptune and Theseus.

Μήνος μεσάτος, Middle of the Month.

Μηνος φθίνοντος,
End of the Month.

16 Metœcia, or Xynoecia, in memory of the union of 17 the boroughs of Attica.

28 The great quinquennial Panathenæa in honour of Minerva.

29 Androgeonia, an expiatory festival in memory of the death of Androgeus the son of Minos.

30

HECATOMBEA, in honour of Juno.

HALOA, in honour of Ceres.