settlements on the Black Sea in 1475, and at length all access to this branch of trade was denied them by the Turks.

While the power and commercial rank of Genoa were attaining their height by means of their foreign trade and acquisitions of territory the city was internally convulsed by civil discord and party spirit. The hostility of the democrats and aristocrats and the different parties among the latter occasioned continual disorders. In 1339 a chief magistrate, the Doge, was elected for life by the people, but he had not sufficient influence to reconcile the contending parties. A council was appointed to aid him; yet after all attempts to restore order to the state, there was no internal tranquillity; indeed, the city sometimes submitted to a foreign yoke in order to get rid of the disastrous anarchy which the confict of parties produced.

In 1528 the disturbed state regained tranquillity and order which lasted till the end of the 18th century. The form of government established was a strict aristocracy. The doge was elected to be the head of the state. The nobility were divided into two classes the old and

new.

To the old belonged, besides the families of Grimaldi, Fieschi, Doria, Spinola, 24 others who stood nearest them in age, wealth and consequence. The new nobility comprised 437 families. The doge might be taken from the old or new nobles.

Little by little Genoa lost all her foreign possessions. Corsica, the last of all, revolted in 1730 and was ceded in 1768 to France. When the neighboring countries submitted to the French in 1797 the neutrality which the republic had strictly observed did not save the fluctuating government from ruin. Bonaparte gave to them a new constitution formed on the principles of the French representative system. Two years afterward a portion of the Genoese territory fell into the hands of the Austrians; but the fate of Genoa was decided by the battle of Marengo. A provisional government was established, and in 1802 it received a new constitution as the Ligurian republic and acquired some increase of territory, and had in 1804 a population exceeding 600,000. Its naval force, which was so formidable in the Middle Ages, at last dwindled down to a few gallevs and barques; the land force became almost equally insignificant.

On the overthrow of the French empire Genoa was occupied by the British with whose permission the ancient constitution was re-established. But the Congress of Vienna in 1815 assigned Genoa with its territories to Sardinia, stipulating that it should have a sort of representative constitution. In 1821 it joined for a moment the revolutionary movements of Italy. In the spring of 1849, after the defeat of Charles Albert of Novara and the conclusion of a truce with the Austrians, a revolutionary outbreak took place, the national guards occupied the forts, and the garrison was compelled to withdraw. A provisional government formed and the independence of the republic was proclaimed. But a large body of Sardinian troops under Gen. Della Marmora, soon appeared before the city; a bloody struggle ensued and the forts and principal points of the city were taken by the royal soldiery. Meanwhile a deputation was sent to Turin, which returned with the amnesty of the King, excluding the chief leaders of the movement, who,

was

however, escaped on board an American vessel. In April the city was disarmed and the monarchical government restored. Following the fortunes of the Sardinian states, Genoa became a portion of the kingdom of Italy. Pop. 272,221. Consult Bent, Genoa: How the Republic Rose and Fell) (London 1881); Canale, Nuova Istoria della Republica di Genova' (4 vols., Florence 1858-64); Carden, The City of Genoa (New York 1908); Duffy, The Tuscan Republics, with Genoa' (ib. 1893); Mallison, Studies from Genoese History' (London 1875); Staley, 'Heroines of Genoa and the Rivieras' (New York 1911).

GENOA, Bank of. The organization known to economic works as the Bank of Genoa was not originally a bank. In the 12th century it consisted of a group of enterprising persons connected with the cathedral and see of Genoa, who had the address to engage the military forces of the republic in the plunder of Saracenic Spain. At that period Genoa had secured a footing in the Balearic Isles, an advantageous base for such operations against the Moors as in a future age Cortes and Pizarro conducted against the Mexicans and Peruvians.

Says Anderson in his 'History of Commerce: "The Genoese were frequently instigated against the Moors of Spain. In 1136, with 153 ships and 60 galleys, aided by large land forces, they took Almeria with great slaughter and a vast booty. In 1137 they assembled their forces at Barcelona and were equally successful in the reduction of Tortosa."

The envoys, promoters, or speculators who initiated and incited these enterprises advanced to the Genoese Republic the pecuniary means to carry them out, upon condition, however, of being repaid in treasury bills secured by pledges of certain Genoese revenues and the further condition that such bills should be receivable as money at public sales of captured property and of taxed farms, or as right to collect the public revenues. Thus the state was induced to supply men, ships and munitions of war for these expeditions and to reward the promoters, who risked nothing, with the coveted privilege of being preferred creditors and bidders at the sales of spoil and tax-farms. Armed with these advantages, treated as preferred and favored creditors, they became, says Anderson, the richest citizens of Genoa, with "most of the cities and territories pawned, or rather sold to them, which terrains this Society (of San Giorgio) governed and defended. Machiavel was of opinion that in time this bank (of San Giorgio) would get possession of the whole city and republic." This is precisely what happened: the bank absorbed the republic.

The treasury bills issued by the republic for the advances made by the speculators, were called mahonas, probably after Port Mahon in the Balearics, whence the earlier expeditions sailed. Increased caution on the part of the Moors, the resulting scarcity of spoil, an expensive and fruitless war with Aragon, the destructive feuds of the Guelphs and Ghibellines and other circumstances, rendering Genoa unable to meet the outstanding certificates upon their maturity, the republic was fain to offer still further advantages to the bill-holders, who with the view to make the most of such advantages, assembled 1345 and organized 1346 as The Compera di San Giorgio, their certificates

taking the name of comperas (purchasers) probably in allusion to their legal attribute of purchasing any spoil or tax-farm offered at public sale.

After the drained and impoverished republic had fallen into the arms of France (reign of Charles VI), the Compera was reorganized by Marshal Boucicaut, 2 March 1408, as the Ufficio di San Giorgio, with a capital consisting of the outstanding comperas.

RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES CEDED TO THE BANKS.

A. D.

1417. Right to prescribe public laws, civil or criminal.

Right to apply the jus gladii, or penalty of death in all matters relating to the bank.

Right to establish exclusive and appellate tribunals and to appoint the judges.

1420. Privilege of being legally regarded as first mortgagee of all property, real or personal, of every individual indebted to the bank.

1425. Passports of departure from the state declared void as to persons indebted to the bank.

1453. Right to compel the doge or other executive of the State to swear upon his inauguration to maintain the privileges of the bank.

The "loughi (shares in the bank) declared to be inviolable, and exempt from taxes, attachment, seizure or any other process of law.

1463. Right to invoke the power of ecclesiastical excommunication against all refractory debtors to the bank, clergymen as well as laymen.

1539. Seventy-six branches of the public revenue pledged to the bank forever.

All existing compere declared unredeemable and perpetual. (Del Mar, Politics of Money").

The restrictions imposed upon their avidity by Marshal Boucicaut only lasted long enough for the influential proprietors to make suitable representations at Rome; when the marshal was removed and the process of absorbing the republic was resumed by the Ufficio, until the great events of the 16th century, the discovery of America by Columbus, the Protestant Reformation by Luther and the consolidation of the German Empire by Charles V confronted the Ufficio with foreign complications concerning which only a sovereign state was competent to deal. Hence the republic of Genoa was now once more enabled to raise its head; and after a long and vexatious process of reaction, the ambitious Ufficio was finally reduced to the modern condition of a bank, subject to the state and amenable to its laws. This conversion is usually assigned to the year 1673.

Although the Compera of 1346 and the Ufficio of 1408 had both, on certain critical occasions, stopped payment, the bank of 1673 had no such bar sinister in its escutcheon. It was practically a new organization, of ample capital and excellent connections both in Italy and the northern countries. On the other hand a new order of public affairs had arisen in which Genoa played but a very insignificant part, a fact that the Florentine navigator Vespucci lays great stress upon. The oriental trade of Genoa was lost, its Mediterranean trade was divided and dispersed among several rivals. The textile trades formerly largely engrossed in the Levant and Italy had found more favorable conditions in England, Flanders and the German states; while new empires had arisen in Spain and Portugal, with rich trades in America and the Orient, in none of which could Genoa now hope to take part.

The bank of Genoa (properly the Bank of San Giorgio) received money on deposit, allowing interest for the same. It paid out money upon the presentation of warrants, bills

of exchange and orders (cheques); it discounted commercial paper; it issued bills of exchange payable in distant cities; it dealt in uncurrent coins; it also acted as negotiant, or umpire, or referee, in the matter of certain foreign claims upon Genoa for damages at sea. The promotion of companies to despoil the Spanish Moors and Jews, as organized under the Compera, seems to have been abandoned for lack of material. The commercial agency established by the Ufficio was continued by the bank and proved very useful to merchants both in Genoa and elsewhere. Genoa struck its first gold coin, the genovina (ducat) in 1252. From that time onward numerous changes of the ratio between gold and silver coins were made by the Compera and Ufficio, both of whom in turn had control of the mint. To the monetary confusion thus created the bank of 1673 contributed a further source of dispute. It instituted distinctions between moneta permesso, moneta di paghe and moneta cartularo, from which the profit was small in proportion as the public vexation was great. The republic was dead; and the bank, still living on its remains, was finally extinguished by Napoleon in 1797. For the history of other ancient banks, see BARCELONA, BANK OF; BYZANTIUM, BANK OF FUGGERS, BANK OF THE; MEDICI, BANKS OF THE; TYRE, BANK of; Venice, BANK OF,

GENOA, Gulf of, a large indentation in the north shore of the Mediterranean, north of Corsica, having between the towns of Oneglia and Spezia a width of nearly 90 miles.

GENOUDE, zha'nood', Antoine Eugène, French publicist: b. Montélimar, Drôme, 1792; d. 1849. He studied philosophy, subsequently became a devout Catholic and supporter of the Bourbon dynasty. He was a pioneer advocate of universal suffrage; founded Le Défenseur in 1820, which was followed a year later by L'Etoile. In 1825 he revived the Gazette de France. After 1830 he attacked the new party. In 1835 he took holy orders and in 1846 became a member of the Chamber of Deputies. He published 'Voyage dans la Vendée et dans le midi de la France (1820); 'La raison du christianisme (1835); 'Histoire de France) (16 vols., 1844-47), and a translation of the Church Fathers to 300 A.D.

GENOUILLERE, zha'noo'yār', in fortification, a part of the interior slope of a parapet which covers the lower portion of a gun carriage. See FORTIFICATION.

GENOVESI, jā'no-vā'sē, Antonio, Italian philosopher and political economist: b. 1712; d. 1769. With a view of entering the ministry of the Church he began the study of theology in a monastery, took holy orders and became professor of rhetoric at Salerno. He soon became dissatisfied with his position, went to Rome, studied law and was admitted to practice as an advocate. Later he abandoned this profession also and devoted his attention to philosophy. In the University of Naples he was made extraordinary professor of philosophy and opened a private college. In 1743 he published his 'Elements of Metaphysics,' and his 'Logic' appeared two years later. His discussions of metaphysics involved him in difficulties with the authorities and not without difficulty did he

obtain the chair of moral philosophy and that of theology was later denied him. Despite the opposition to Genovesi on the part of the Scholastics Benedict XIV, several cardinals and many learned men approved his course. Genovesi became first professor of political economy at Naples, in which he was the first to use Italian in the lecture room. He wrote 'Lezioni di commercio o sia economica civile (1765). His 'Opera scelte in four volumes was issued at Milan in 1835. Consult Bobba, Commemorazione di A. Genovesi' (Benevento 1867).

GENRE (zhon-r) PAINTING, in art, from the French genre (sort or kind), which was originally employed to designate pictures of which the subjects were copied directly from nature, such as landscapes, scenes of every-day life, animals, fruit, and even portraits; in contradistinction to those which were more the product of the imagination, such as historical, religious, and purely ideal paintings. The term is now restricted to denote scenes of every-day life, such as Hogarth and Wilkie loved to depict. A genre painter is not confined to low subjects, nor need his paintings be vulgar in the ordinary acceptation of the word, though the great modern masters in this style, the Dutch, have owed their inspiration and fame to scenes of very humble and often coarse life. In short the human element is the dominant note in genre painting. This style of painting was not unknown to the ancients. Pyreicus, a Greek painter of the time of Alexander the Great, painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, and the like, and according to Pliny, his pictures were highly prized. Genre painting had become popular in the late Greek and Roman periods, and the excavation of ancient classical cities has brought to light numerous fine examples of the work of the artists of these later classical periods. In Italy the painters who have worked in this style are Caravaggio, Manfredi, Salvator Rosa, Benedetto Castiglione, etc. But the art received its highest development in the Netherlands; Teniers the younger, Jan Van Mill, D. Ryckaest, Rembrandt, Nicholas Maas, Gerard Dow, Jan Steen, the Van Ostades, Brauwer and Bega, are among the best exponents of the style. In Great Britain, after Hogarth and Wilkie, already mentioned, come Leslie, Mulready, Maclise, Egg, Millais, Faed and others. The British school has sought to lend a dignity to the style by the introduction of the dramatic element. But genre painting has never been neglected in any of the European countries since the days of the early Netherland masters who depicted every phase of the life in which they lived. In the 18th century the French artists carried out the traditions of the genre masters and elaborated them in their own distinctly national way. Among these who acquired an international reputation were Boucher, Chardin, Fragonard and Lancret. Since then France has never lacked genre painters. Bargue, Meissonier, Roybet and Vibert were brilliant exponents of the art in the middle of the 19th century; and they had many followers and imitators. See PAINTING.

GENS, among the Romans, denoted that those persons belonged to the same gens who bore the same name; were born of freemen; had no slave among their ancestors; and who had not been reduced from a superior to an inferior

VOL. 12-26

condition. The gens consisted of many families, supposedly of kindred blood, but was also applied to a whole community, the members of which were believed to be descended from a common stem. Consult Lange, 'Römische Alterthümer (3 vols., Berlin 1877).

+

GENSERIC, jen'sĕr-ik, or GAISERIC, king of the Vandals: b. about 400; d. 477 A.D. He was a natural son of Godigisdus, the great leader of the Vandals when they overran Spain. Goderic succeeded the latter as ruler of the conquered territory; and on his death Genseric, who had shown special capabilities as a ruler of men, became king. An invitation in 429 from Boniface, Count of Africa, viceroy under Valentinian III, to come and help him against his rival Aetius, gave him a chance to display his military ability. Genseric landed in Africa with 50,000 men and swept everything before him in Mauritania, where the natives flocked to his standard. Boniface realizing that he had made a mistake in inviting the terrible leader of the Vandals to aid him, hastily attempted to organize his forces to oppose him. Twice defeated he was finally driven into the mountains and slain, and all northern Africa from Carthage westward, and finally the latter city, surrendered to Genseric who extended his conquests to parts of the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. He made Carthage the capital of this new empire in 439. In 455, on the invitation of the Empress Eudoxia, Valentinian's widow, who sought his assistance against Maximus, the murderer of her husband, he landed at Ostia and marched to Rome, which he stormed and gave up to pillage for 14 days. On his departure he carried off the empress herself and her two daughters, one of whom he married to his son Huneric. Two attempts on the part of the empire to shake off the rule of Genseric were unsuccessful. The western emperor Majorian sent a great fleet against the Vandals in 457. This Genseric met and destroyed in the Bay of Carthage. A similar attempt on the part of the Eastern Emperor Leo, in 468, met with a like fate at Bona. Thus, under Genseric, the Vandals became as formidable on sea as they had become on land. Consult Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'; Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders (1892-95); Martroye, 'Genseric: La Conquête vandale en Afrique (Paris 1907); Cambridge Mediæval History (New York

1911).

GENSFLEISCH, gens'flish. See GUTENBERG, JOHANNES.

GENSICHEN, gen'sik-en, Otto Franz, German author: b. Driesen, Prussia, 1847. He received his education at the University of Berlin; from 1874 to 1878 was engaged as dramaturgist at the Wallner Theatre, Berlin. After 1878 he devoted himself exclusively to literary work. He published 'Gedichte (2d ed., 1871); Vom Deutschen Kaiser' (4th ed., 1871); Felicia' (16th ed., 1882); Robespierre) (1873); (Phryne) 'Phryne (1878); Jungbrunnen' (1901); Blutschuld' (1905).

GENSONNÉ, zhän'so'na', Armand, French politician: b. Bordeaux, 1758; d. 1793. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly from the Gironde and subsequently served as commissioner to La Vendée. He proposed the law of

31 Dec. 1791 in which several accusations were hurled at the brothers of the king and members of the aristocracy. Many other projects were introduced by him, especially that confiscating the property of the emigrés. In March 1793 he presided over the National Convention, but in the following June he was thrown into prison, was tried on a charge of treason in October and was executed with other Girondists on the 31st of the same month.

GENTH, Frederick Augustus, American chemist: b. Wächtersbach, Hesse, 1820; d. 1893. He received his education at the University of Heidelberg, and also at other German seats of learning. In 1845-48 he was assistant to the celebrated Bunsen. In 1848 he came to Philadelphia and organized an analytical laboratory, He became professor of chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania in 1872, resigned_in 1888, and re-established his laboratory. wrote much on chemistry and mineralogy and isolated about 23 new minerals. His published works include 'Researches on the AmmoniaCobalt Bases (1856); 'Corundum' (in 'American Philosophical Society Proceedings,' 1873), and reports while employed as mineralogist of the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania.

He

GENTH, Lillian Mathilde, American artist: b. Philadelphia, 1876. She studied art at the Pennsylvania School of Design for Women, and under Whistler at Paris. She returned to her native land in 1903. She painted many female nudes with landscape backgrounds and also several portraits in which she became very popular. She was awarded the Mary Smith prize in 1904, the Shaw memorial prize in 1907 and the Hallgarten prize of the National Academy in 1911. She is represented in the National Gallery, Washington, the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, the Brooklyn Institute Museum, and the Metropolitan Museum, New York.

GENTHITE, a hydrous nickel-magnesium silicate, 2NiO2MgO3SiO.6H.O, but nickel content is variable. It occurs at Nickel Mountain near Riddle, Ore., also in Towns County, Ga.

GENTIAN, a genus, Gentiana, of plants of the family Gentianacea. More than 300 species are known, distributed throughout the temperate and mountainous regions of the world. Most of the species have blue flowers and many are celebrated for their beauty. In eastern North America the best known species are the fringed gentian, G. crinita, soapwort gentian, G. saponaria, and G. andrewsii, closed gentian, but many other species occur, scattered nearly throughout the continent.

In pharmacy gentian is the dried rhizome and root of Gentiana lutea. This is the yellow gentian of Europe, a tall mountain perennial, growing abundantly in southern and middle Europe and Asia Minor. The chief sources of supply to the drug market are Switzerland, southern France, and the hilly portions of Germany. The main constituent of the root is a bitter glycoside, gentiopicrin. It also contains sugar, gums, and salts. The action of gentian is that of a simple bitter and it is used to improve the appetite and thus secondarily affect the general constitution.

GENTILE, Da Fabriano. See FABRIANO, GENTILE DA.

GENTILES (Latin gentilis, from gens, a tribe, clan or family), originally used by the Jews to signify non-Israelitic peoples. It is used to signify, in Scripture, all the nations of the world, excepting the Jews. In the Old Testament it is the rendering of the Hebrew word goim, peoples, nations, the plural of goi, a nation, a people. At first it was used as a mere ethnological word, and quite respectfully, but as the Jews became more conscious of their privileges they employed it more and more scornfully of the nations around (Gen. x, 5; Isa. lxvi, 19; Jer. xiv, 22). This attitude was especially noticeable after the occupancy of Canaan and the growth of Hebrew national spirit and power; and it was due, in part at least, to the fierce and frequent struggles with the surrounding nations, which had early taken on a semi-religious, semi-political complexion which tended to increase among the Jews the feeling that they were a race peculiarly favored by the Lord of Hosts and the God of Gods. In the New Testament Gentiles is the rendering of the Greek ethne, the plural of ethnos, a number of people living together, a nation. Saint Peter, moved by a vision, was the first of the Twelve to preach to the Gentiles (Acts x); but the Apostle of the Gentiles was Saint Paul (Gal. ii, 15). Jewish law divided the Gentile residents in Palestine into two classes, the permanent (ger), resident and stranger (within the gates, zar). The former had numerous privileges which the latter did not have; in fact they had some privileges not accorded to the Jews, as, for instance, the removal of certain food restrictions. In the course of time the idea that the Jewish people constituted a specially and divinely privileged people, a sort of holy entity, created peculiar relations between them and the Gentiles who were consequently looked upon as unholy, and as, therefore, the inferior of the Jews. They could not. therefore, be met by the latter as equals. This attitude accounts for the fact that the Jew has ever since retained his racial characteristics wherever he has preserved his religious faith. See BARBARIAN; PHILISTINES; ISRAEL.

Consult Bertholet, 'Die Stettung der Israeliten und der Juden zu den Fremden) (1896); Farrar, Saint Paul'; Josephus, 'History of the Jewish War'; Oehler, Old Testament Theology'; Pfleiderer, 'Paulinismus': Schultz, Old Testament Theology'; Scheurer, Ancient Hebrew Tradition'; Tacitus, 'Histories'; French, New Testament Synonims'; Weiss, 'New Testament Theology'; Weizäcker, 'The Apostolic Age.›

GENTILESSE, jěn'ti-les', a poem by Geoffrey Chaucer, preserved in a "morale balade" of Henry Scogan. The entire ballad has appeared in all editions of Chaucer, although as early as the 15th century John Shirley recognized the interpolation. In Skeat's edition the part by Chaucer was for the first time printed separately. Scogan was a disciple and admirer of Chaucer.

GENTILI, Alberico, Italian-English jurist, founder of the science of international law: b. Sanginesio, 14 Jan. 1552; d. London. 19 June 1608. He was educated at the University of Perugia, where he received the degree of doctor juris civilis. For a short time he held a judicial office at Ascoli, after which he re

He

turned to Sanginesio_and_set about recasting its ordinances. His Protestant opinions obliged him to seek refuge in Carniola. was designated as contumacious by the Inquisition and he soon had to quit Austrian territory. In 1580 he settled at Oxford and soon afterward began to lecture on Roman law. In 1587 he was appointed regius professor of civil law at Oxford University. His lectures and commentaries greatly enhanced his reputation as a jurist, especially his application of old legal maxims to the then new problems arising from the growing intercourse between nations. In 1584 Gentili was consulted by the English government in the Mendoza case. The latter, while Ambassador of Spain to the court of Elizabeth, had been discovered plotting against her. Gentili later expanded his answer in the work, 'De legationibus libri tres. A treatise on the law of war ('De jure belli commentatio prima') appeared in 1588, and was subsequently expanded to De jure belli libri tres' (1598). He was admitted member of Gray's Inn in 1600, and five years later became counsel to the king of Spain. The 'Libri duo Hispanicæ advocationis contains the record of his work in this service. Not until the last quarter of the 19th century did the world assign Gentili his true place as the first to define adequately the relations of states and to indicate the solution of international problems according to the principles of natural law and the common sense of mankind, without regard to precedent or the still more hampering rules of the Church. A monument to Gentili was erected in England in 1877 and in 1908, on the tercentenary of his death, a statue of him was unveiled in his native city. Consult Holland, T. E., Studies in International Law' (1898) and Walker, T. A., 'History of the Law of Nations' (Vol. I, 1899).

GENTILLY, zhän'të'ye', France, town in the department of the Seine, about two miles south of Paris, of which the city wall divides the town into Great and Little Gentilly. It contains a 13th century church, potteries, chemical works, tanneries, etc. Pop. 11,000.

GENTLE. See FLESH FLY.

GENTLEMAN DANCING-MASTER, The, a comedy of Wycherley (q.v.). It first saw the light in 1671.

GENTLEMEN-AT-ARMS, a bodyguard of the king of England, of which the full designation runs "His Majesty's Bodyguard of the Honorable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms." It was instituted by Henry VIII in 1509 and was at first called "Speers," and later "Gentlemen Pensioners." Its present designation dates from 1834. It is the second oldest corps in the British service and does duty only at drawing rooms, levées and other important functions. The Crown appoints the members from among military officers of distinction on the retired list and on the recommendation of the commander-in-chief. The captaincy of the corps is vacated with each ministry.

GENTOO, corrupt form of the Portuguese gentio, heathen, which was formerly employed to designate some peoples of India, especially the Telugu.

GENTZ, Friedrich von, German statesman: b. Breslau, 1764; d. 1832. He was educated at

Frankfort and Königsberg and in 1786 was appointed secretary of the General Directory and in 1793 became war councilor of Prussia. At first a follower of Rousseau and Kant he was in favor of the great popular movement in France, but was soon diverted from this course by the writings of Burke, Mallet du Pan and Mounier. A stay in England made him a strong advocate of the constitutional system of that country. He founded the Neue Deutsche Monatsschrift in 1795 and after its demise in 1798 the Historisches Journal. In the latter he attacked the Revolution so persistently that he was obliged to leave the country. In 1802 he became Imperial councilor in Austria and bitterly opposed Napoleon. He wrote several proclamations against the French. Subsequently he supported Metternich's policy and in 1818 founded the Wiener Jahrbücher der Litteratur. In 1815 he served as secretary to the Austrian plenipotentiaries at the Congress of Vienna and at the subsequent conferences of Aix-la-Chapelle, Troppau, Laibach, and Verona. He led a dissipated life and squandered his substance. His motives were seldom pure and were nearly always mercenary. His writings are contained in Ausgewählte Schriften' edited by Weickz (5 vols., Stuttgart 1838) and in 'Kleine Schriften' edited by Schlesier (5 vols., Mannheim 1840) and in Mémoires et lettres edited by Prokesch-Osten (4 vols., Vienna 1874). Consult Briefwechsel zwischen Friedrich Gentz und Adam Müller 180029) (Stuttgart 1857); Dépêches inédites du Chevalier de Gentz aux hospodars de Valachie 1819-28) (Paris 1876); Fournier, Gentz und Cobenzl (Vienna 1880); Reiff, Friedrich Gentz, an opponent of the French Revolution and Napoleon' (Urbana, Ill., 1912); Lüblee, "Friedrich Gentz und Heinrich von Sybil' (Göttingen 1913).

GENTZ, Wilhelm Karl, vil'hělm kärl gents, German painter: b. Neuruppin, Brandenburg, 9 Dec. 1822; d. Berlin, 23 Aug. 1890. He traveled in Spain, Morocco, and Egypt, depicted Oriental civilization and the life of the desert with increasing insight and success, and at first turned his attention to the rendering of biblical scenes in the spirit of the actual East. Of the works of this period are 'Christ in the House of Simon'; Christ among the Pharisees and Publicans. Despite the skill with which he rendered the brilliant light effects peculiar to those regions, his work was slow in making its way. Ultimately, however, he was ranked not at all inferior to the most distinguished French colorists. He was a professor in the Berlin Academy, from 1877 a member of the Senate; and obtained the great medals of Berlin (1866), Vienna (1873) and Munich (1876). In 1873 he visited Palestine to make local studies for his greatest achievement, 'Entry of the German Crown Prince into Jerusalem, 1869, which was completed in 1876 and hung in the National Gallery of Berlin. Other of his canvases_are 'Mecca Caravan at Prayer); 'Meeting of Two Caravans in the Desert'; 'Evening on the Nile'; 'Funeral Celebration at Cairo'; 'Serpent Charmer); Alley of Sphinxes in the Thebaid'; 'Bazaar in Algiers'; 'Palm Sunday in Early Christian Times' (1853). He published 'Briefe aus Aegypten und Nebien.' He also