dent. The United States claimed damages both for direct and for indirect losses, and for injuries occasioned by 13 vessels. The tribunal decided to allow only direct losses caused by the Florida and the Alabama, with their tenders, and by the Shenandoah during part of her cruise. Various rules of international law were laid down which supported most of the contentions of our government. On 14 Sept. 1872, the tribunal "awarded to the United States a sum of $15,500,000 in gold as the indemnity to be paid by Great Britain to the United States as the satisfaction of all the claims referred to the consideration of the tribunal." The British representative cast the only dissenting vote, but Great Britain accepted the decision and paid the award within a year.

GENEVA BIBLE, a translation of the Bible into English, made and published at Geneva, chiefly by English Protestant refugees. It was the first English Bible which adopted the Roman instead of the obsolescent black type, and the first which recognized the division into verses; it was the first also which omitted the Apocrypha. From its stating (Genesis iii, 7) that our first parents made themselves "breeches," it is sometimes called the Breeches Bible. See BIBLE.

two cate

GENEVA CATECHISMS, chisms in French written by Calvin and published, the larger in 1536 and the smaller in 1541. The latter was subsequently translated into German and Hungarian and adopted as the formulary of the Reformed churches in Switzerland and Hungary.

GENEVA COLLEGE, Pa., a coeducational institution in Beaver Falls, founded in 1848, under the auspices of the Reformed Presbyterian Church; reported at the end of 1915-16: Professors and instructors, 17; students, 425; volumes in the library, 5,000; productive funds, $208,101; grounds and buildings valued at $250,000; income, $28,000.

GENEVA CONVENTION (1864 and 1868), international agreements for mitigating the sufferings of war. The first was initiated by the efforts of two Genevans: a physician named Dunant, who wrote a sickening description of the military hospitals at the battle of Solferino; and a public-spirited citizen named Moynier, who formed societies in various places to urge the neutralization of field ambulances, and called the attention of European governments to it. The majority of these sent representatives to an international conference held at Geneva under the presidency of Gen. William Henry Dufour, the eminent Swiss soldier and statesman. The agreement adopted was signed 22 August; all the European states have since joined in it, and the United States, and several Latin American and Asiatic countries have acceded also. The articles are in substance: (1) Ambulances and military hospitals shall be inviolable while containing sick or wounded; (2) so shall their staff; (3) whether they are occupied by the enemy or not; (4) if the attendants choose to leave the hospitals, they can only take their private property, not the relief appliances, except ambulances and their contents; (5) a house with a sick or wounded soldier shall be neutral and not subject to have

soldiers quartered in it, or to requisitions with specific exceptions; (6) the convalesced shall be sent back to their own country under parole for the remainder of the war; (7) hospitals and ambulances, to claim these rights, must carry a uniform flag with a red cross on a white ground as well as their national flag, and the staff must wear a like badge on their arms; (8) special arrangements to be made by the commanders. In 1868 a second convention at Geneva adopted a supplementary convention, to extend the principles of the first to naval warfare, and amplify the first. It provided on the latter point that the medical and surgical staff should receive their regular pay if they remained after occupation by the enemy, and if they left should do so at a time fixed by the commander; that military requisitions should be modified according to the expenditures of the given places in harboring the wounded, and to charities extended toward them; that the paroling home of convalesced soldiers shall not include officers, as they could make their knowledge very serviceable without serving in the field. The marine rules were, that hospital ships, merchant vessels with wounded on board, and boats rescuing men in the water, shall be inviolable, on consideration of carrying their red-cross flag and their crews wearing the red-cross arm badge, that government hospital ships shall be painted white with a green stripe, and private societies white with a red stripe; and that whenever one party in a naval war has sound reason to believe the other is abusing the convention, the first may suspend it till the other proves its honesty, and if proof is not given, may suspend it for the duration of the war. See RED CROSS SOCIETY'; WAR.

GENEVIEVE, zhón'vē-av', Saint, the patron saint of Paris: b. near Nanterre, Paris, 423; d. Paris, 3 Jan. 512. When yet very young she took a vow of perpetual virginity and subsequently she went to Paris. The city was about to be deserted when Attila with his Huns broke into France; but Geneviève assured the inhabitants of complete security if they would seek it in fervent prayers. Attila took his course from Champagne to Orleans, returned hence into Champagne without touching Paris, and was defeated in 451. By this event Geneviève's reputation was established. In a time of famine she went along the river Seine from city to city, and soon returned with 12 large vessels loaded with grain, which she distributed gratuitously among the sufferers. Her remains were placed in the subterranean chapel which Saint Denis had consecreated to the apostles Paul and Peter. Clovis, by her request, built a church over it, which was afterward called by her name, as was also the abbey founded there. Another church, consecrated to this saint, was built near the church of Notre Dame. By a decree of the National Convention, 1791, this edifice was named the Pantheon, but its original name was restored officially in 1851. Her relics, which were preserved in the former till its destruction at the Revolution, are now in the church of Saint Etienne du Mont. Her fête is held on 3 January. Consult Delalain, 'Life of Saint Geneviève) (Paris 1872); Lesetre, (Sainte Geneviève' (Paris 1900); Vidieu, 'Vie de Ste. Geneviève) (Paris 1884).

GENEVIEVE, Saint, duchess of Brabant, wife of Siegfried, count palatine in the reign of Charles Martel (about 750). Being accused by her intendant Golo of adultery during her husband's absence, on his return she was condemned to death; but the vassal to whom her execution was entrusted allowed her to escape, and she lived six years in a cavern upon nothing but herbs. She was finally found, and carried home by her husband, who in the meantime had become convinced of her innocence. This legend is the subject of one of the finest and most perfect of the German popular tales, which appears to have been written by Emmich about 1472. The story has been retold by Tieck and Maler Müller, and dramatized by Raupach.

GENGA, jen gä, Girolamo, Italian painter and architect: b. Urbino, 1476; d. 1551. He was for many years a pupil of Luca Signorelli, whom he assisted in numerous pictures, and also of Perugino; painted a Resurrection' in the church of Saint Catherine of Siena at Rome; and found a generous patron in the Duke Francesco Maria of Urbino, who finally appointed him court-architect. Among his architectural works were the church of Saint John the Baptist at Pesaro, the restoration of the palace courtyard there, and the bishop's palace of Sinigaglia. With the versatility of the Renaissance, he wrote on the fine arts, and was a musician and sculptor.

GENGHIS KHAN, jěnʼgis khän, or JENGHIS KHAN, Mongol conqueror: b. near the Onon River, Mongolia, 1162; d. 24 Aug. 1227. His father was chief over 30 or 40 clans, but paid tribute to the Tartar Khan. He succeeded his father when only 14 years of age, and made himself master of the neighboring tribes. A great number of tribes now combined their forces against him and he found himself hard pressed. He found a powerful protector in the great Khan of the Karaite Mongols, Oung, or Ung, who gave him his daughter in marriage; but who ultimately became jealous of his military talents and ordered his assassination, but Genghis made his escape to his own country. Subsequently after much intestine warfare with various Tartar tribes Genghis was proclaimed Khan of the United Mongol and Tartar tribes.

He now professed to have a divine call to conquer the world, and the idea so animated the spirit of his soldiers that they were easily led on to new wars. The country of the Uigurs, in the centre of Tartary, was easily subdued, and Genghis Khan was now master of the greatest part of Tartary. In 1209 he passed the great wall of China, the conquest of which country occupied him more than six years; the capital, Yenking, now Peking, was taken by storm in 1215 and plundered. The murder of the ambassadors whom Genghis Khan had sent to the king of Kharism (now Khiva) occasioned the invasion of Turkestan in 1218 with an army of 700,000 men; and the two cities of Bokhara and Samarcand were stormed, pillaged and burned. Seven years in succession was the conqueror busy in the work of destruction, pillage and subjugation, and extended his ravages to the banks of the Dnieper. In 1225, though more than 60 years old, he marched in person at the head of his whole army against the king of Tangut (northwestern China), who had given

shelter to two of his enemies. A great battle was fought, in which the king of Tangut was totally defeated with the loss of 300,000 men. The victor remained some time in his newly subdued provinces, from which he also sent two of his sons to complete the conquest of northern China. At his death which took place in Mongolia, his immense dominions were divided among three of his sons. A great part of the empire, however, came into the hands of Kublai, who is considered as the founder of the Mongol dynasty in China. The only memorial of the conqueror now known to exist is a granite tablet discovered among the ruins of Nertschinsk. The inscription in Mongol has been deciphered by Schmidt of Saint Petersburg. It had been erected by Genghis Khan in commemoration of his conquest of the kingdom of Saratogal (better known as Karakitai). His armies owed their success to their admirable discipline and organization, and to the celerity with which, being mainly horsemen, they moved. Merciless as a conqueror, he nevertheless showed high qualities of statesmanship, and it is said so organized his vast empire that one could travel from one end of it to the other without fear of molestation. Consult Douglas, 'Life of Genghis Khan' (London 1877); Howorth, History of the Mongols' (London 1876-88); Johnston, 'Famous Cavalry Leaders' (Boston 1908).

GENGLER, geng'ler, Heinrich Gottfried, German jurist: b. Bamberg, 1817; d. 1901. He received his education at the universities of Würzburg and Heidelberg, and for over half a century was professor of law at the University of Erlangen. He published 'Das deutsche Privatrecht in seinen Grundzügen für Studierende erörtert' (1856; later ed., 1892); Germanische Rechtsdenkmäler) (1875); 'Des Schwabenspiegels Landrechtsbuch ed., 1875); Ueber die deutschen Stadteprivilegien des 16., 17., and 18. Jahrhunderts' (1901).

(2d

GENII, je'ni-i, among the Romans, were protecting spirits, who were supposed to accompany every created thing from its origin to its final decay, like a second spiritual self. They belonged not only to men, but to all things animate and inanimate, and more especially to places, and were regarded as effluences of the divinity and worshipped with divine honors among the Romans and Greeks. Not only had every individual his genius, but likewise the whole people had theirs. The statute of the national genius was placed in the vicinity of the Roman forum and is often seen on the coins of Hadrian and Trajan. The genius of an individual was represented by the Romans as a figure in a toga, having the head veiled and the cornucopia or patera in the hands; while local genii appear under the figure of serpents eating fruit set before them. Quite different are the genii whose Arabic name, Djinn or Jinn, was translated by the Latin term genius, for want of a better word, or from the casual similarity of the sounds. The Romans came to believe in evil genii who seem to have been little different from the good genii except in their intentions toward the person to whom each attached himself.

The idea of protecting spirits was not original with the Romans and the Greeks, but has been held by most primitive races. Most of the

tribes of American Indians believed that every one had his guardian spirit who played a very important part in his life. In India, Persia and Egypt the belief in guardian spirits was common; and the Mohammedans not only believe in personal guardian spirits but have classified them and given them various ranks and rulers. Christian theology made of the guardian spirit a guardian angel, retaining for the latter practically all the functions and powers of the genii of classical Greek and Roman times. Consult Bekker, 'Le Monde enchante' (Amsterdam 1691); Conway, M. D., 'Demonology and Devil Love (New York 1889); Thompson, R. C., Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia' (London 1903). See FAMILIAR SPIRITS.

GENIPAP, a West Indian and South American fruit, which is produced from the Genipa Americana. It is a double-cell berry, with numerous seeds, grows to the size of an orange, is greenish-white in color, and has a very agreeable taste. It closely resembles the Cape jasmine.

GENISTA, jē-nis'tą, a genus of low, branching sometimes spiny shrubs, belonging to the pea family, with usually simple leaves and yellow flowers. There are about 100 species, a few of which are cultivated for ornament. See BROOM; DYE-WEED.

GENITIVE, the name of one of the cases in grammar, which indicates the source or origin of the thing associated with it. For a discussion of the logical notions of case and case endings consult Mauthner Zur Grammatik und Logik' (Stuttgart 1913); Paul, 'Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte (Halle 1909) and Van Ginneken, Principes de linguistique psychologique' (Paris 1907).

GENIUS, in Roman mythology, a tutelary deity. See GENII.

GENIUS OF CHRISTIANITY, The. Chateaubriand's 'Genius of Christianity) (Le Génie du Christianisme') is a book cardinal in the development of French literature as well as in that of the mind of its author. This becomes clearer if the story 'René' be regarded as an integral part of it. as it was in the book's initial publication. The year of its appearance, 1802, was a turning point also in the moral and political life of the French nation. Its immediate popularity and large influence was chiefly due to the fact that it echoed sentiments that were awaiting some such utterance. It fostered an ethical movement that it did not originate.

The 'Genius of Christianity' appeared at the moment when Napoleon, having attained almost unchallenged power in a France weary of the political disorders and moral negations of revolution, was about to give official recognition and restoration to the chastened national church. France had shown abundant practical evidence since 1796 that it was ready for this act, and Chateaubriand's book served at once as its glorification and its justification. It is a brilliant piece of special pleading for the supreme and unique excellence of traditional Christianity, rigidly logical in form, systematically analytic in the development of its theme, but based rather on what its author called "a rational instinct of submission to all that was beautiful religion, justice, equality, liberty,

glory" than on reasoned dogmatic conviction. To the France of the Consulate he commended Christianity rather because it was beautiful in its works and ways than because it was true in its teachings. In doing this he laid aside neither his pesimism nor even his underlying scepticism, as is clear from his incorporation in the book of the little half-autobiographical story of René, a morbid toying with melancholy. His ambition was rather "to rival Bossuet and ruin Voltaire" than to maintain logical consistency in a mind, made, as he said, "to believe in nothing, not even in itself."

'The Genius of Christianity' in its four parts, discusses first the dogmas and mysteries of the faith; then, with more zest, its manifestations in poetry, art and literature, and, in the closing section, in worship and ritual. Christianity, the author contends, has more to convince the mind and satisfy the heart than any other faith; it has contributed more to man's æsthetic enjoyments; it has rendered greater services and benefits. The reasoning is often puerile, but the passionate eloquence is still stirring. The doctrine of divine fatherhood is supported by such observations as that "domestic animals are born with just enough instinct to be tamed," that birds migrate just at the season when they are convenient for human food, and that in French the first syllable of the word for hearthstone (foyer) sounds like the word for faith (foi). The three Graces of classical mythology are offered as an adumbration of the Trinity, the constellation of the Southern Cross as a witness to the Crucifixion. Not much is gained for Christian apologetics by the discussion "whether the divinities of paganism have poetically a superiority over the Christian divinities," but there is a stirring emotional appeal in the cumulative contrasts of pagan and Christian fathers, mothers, sons, daughters, priests, soldiers; of Christian poetry and pagan, and especially of the Bible with Homer. Oratorically notable are the descriptive passages, leading the mind through the marvels of nature to the acceptance of Divinity, and the remarkable chapters on Christian Missions and the Eucharistic Sacrifice.

The Genius of Christianity' was a revindication of the rights of sentiment from the materialism of the encyclopædists and the Philosophes. Thus it contributed essentially not only to the re-establishment of Roman Catholicism in France but to the approaching revival of the more personal forms of writing, especially of lyric poetry and of introspective prose, that literature of "confessions," of whose morbidity René was the prototype, which was so characteristic of the young Romantic School. The Genius of Christianity' has been translated and edited by C. L. White, and selections from it under the title 'Spirit and Beauty of the Christian Religion' by E. B. Stork. Consult also Sainte Beuve, Chateaubriand et son groupe littéraire sous l'empire' (2 vols., 1861).

BENJAMIN W. WELLS,

Author of Modern French Literature.' GENLIS, zhon'les', Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de St.-Aubin, COMTESSE DE, French writer: b. Champceri, Burgundy, 25 Jan. 1746;

d. Paris, 31 Dec. 1830. At the age of 16 she was married to the Comte de Genlis, and in 1770 was made lady-in-waiting to the Duchesse de Chartres. In 1782 the Duc de Chartres, afterward known as Egalité, appointed her "governor of his children, including LouisPhilippe. She wrote a variety of works for her pupils, among others: Theatre of Education (1779-80), a collection of short comedies; Annals of Virtue' (1781); 'Adèle and Theodore, or Letters on Education' (1782); 'The Virgils of the Château' (1784). On the breaking out of the Revolution she took the liberal side, but was ultimately compelled to seek refuge (1793) in Switzerland and Germany. When Bonaparte became consul she returned (1799) to Paris and received from him a pension. Her writings fill some 90 volumes. Among them are 'Précis de la Conduite de Madame de Genlis' (1795); Chevaliers du Cygne' (1795); 'Madame de la Vallière'; the romance, Mademoiselle de Clermont (1802); 'Memoirs (1825); Baron d'Holbach's Dinners. The last contains a great deal of curious but malicious information concerning the freethinkers of the 18th century. Consult Bearne, C. M., 'Heroines of French Society' (New York 1907); Chaband, L., Les précurseurs du féminisme' (Paris 1901); Harmand, J., 'A Keeper of Royal Secrets (London 1913); Sainte-Beuve, Causeries' (Vol. III, Paris 1857).

GENNADIUS, Greek patriarch of Constantinople: b. about 1400; d. 1478. In secular life he was known as George Scholarius. He visited the Council of Florence with John Palæologus in 1439, where he tried to bring about a union of the Eastern and Western churches. After his return to Constantinople he became a monk and in 1453, after the capture of the city by the Turks, he was chosen patriarch.. At the request of the invaders he drew up a confession of faith, which is a complete exposition of the doctrines of the Greek church. Gennadius resigned his high office in 1459 and retired to a monastery. He wrote many works, few of which have been published. Consult Schaff, 'Creeds of Christendom (4th ed., 3 vols., New York 1905). For some of Gennadius' works consult Migne's 'Patrology) (Vol. CLX, Paris 1856).

GENNESARET, jě-něs'a-rět, LAKE or SEA. See Galilee, Sea of.

GENOA, jěn'ō-a (ancient GENUA), Italy, a fortified city, situated on the Gulf of Genoa, at the foot of the Apennines, on the Bisagno River, the capital of the province and the most important seaport. While worthy of its title, "Genoa the Superb," as viewed from the sea, it is in reality built awkwardly on irregular rising ground, and consists of a labyrinth of narrow and intricate streets. Of the palaces the most famous are the ducal palace formerly inhabited by the Doges, now appropriated to the meetings of the senate; and the Doria, presented in 1529 to the great Genoese citizen Andrea Doria, whose residence it was during his presidency of the republic. The palaces Brignole-Sale, Reale, Durazzo-Pallavicini, Spinola, Balbi-Senarega, and others possess great interest on account of their historical fame and architectural beauty. Many of them contain galleries of paintings:

the Brignole-Sale has works by Van Dyck, Rubens, Albrecht Dürer, Paolo Veronese, Guercino, etc. Among the churches are the Cathedral of Saint Lorenzo, in the Italian Gothic style; the Church of Saint Ambrogio (1589), containing pictures by Guido Reni and Rubens. The marble municipal palace, built in the Late Renaissance style, with a magnificent vestibule, courtyard and galleries, and the palace of the Dogana must also be mentioned. Genoa has a university, founded in 1243, a library of 116,000 volumes; also numerous technical schools, and institutions of higher education. The hospital, the asylum for the poor (capacity 2,200), the deaf and dumb institution, and the hospital for the insane are among the finest institutions of their kind in Italy. There are numerous excellent philanthropic foundations, as the Fieschi, an asylum for female orphans. The public library contains 50,000 volumes; and there are the Academy of Fine Arts, founded (1751) by the Doria family; the Carlo Felice Theatre, one of the finest in Italy: and the Verdi Institute of Music. Genoa is the commercial outlet of a wide extent of country, of which the chief exports are rice, wine, olive oil, silk goods, coral, paper, macaroni and marble. The imports are principally raw cotton, wheat, sugar, coal, hides, coffee, raw wool, fish, petroleum, iron, machinery and cotton and woolen textiles. The total commerce in 1912 amounted to $306,140,000. The imports equalled $207,680,100; and the exports $98,360,000. The chief imports were coal, about $20,000,000; wheat, $25,310,000; cotton, about $44,000,000; metals, $24,000,000. The manufactures are velvet and silk fabrics, woolen goods, cotton goods, ribbons, damask, embroidery, artificial flowers, hats, paper, leather and leather goods, furniture, objects in gold, silver, ivory, marble, alabaster and coral, essences, soap, preserved fruits, chocolates, macaroni and vermicelli. There are also several flour mills. The harbor has an area of over 600 acres, and consists of the Porto, with a depth of 19 feet, the Porto Nuovo with 32 feet of water, and the Avamporto with 45 feet of water. There is an elaborate system of quays, floating docks, etc. The improvements to the harbor began in 1877 and were completed at a cost of $12,000,000 in 1895.

The history of Genoa may be traced back in legendary traditions to a time preceding the foundation of Rome. It was one of the most considerable cities of the Ligurians, and is mentioned by Livy (under the name of Genua) as being in friendly relations with Rome at the beginning of the second Punic war. It was subdued and partly destroyed during that war by a Carthaginian fleet under the command of Mago. The Romans rebuilt it, and it afterward became a Roman municipium. After the decline of the Roman empire in the West it fell into the hands of the Lombards, and with them became subject to the Franks. After the downfall of the empire of Charlemagne, Genoa erected itself into a republic, and till the 11th century shared the fortunes of the cities of Lombardy,

If Genoa had adopted a wise colonial system she would have held the first rank among the commercial nations at the end of the Middle Ages. After the conquest of Constantinople by Mohammed II in 1453, the Genoese soon suffered for the aid they had imprudently afforded the Turks. Mohammed took from them their