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14, 15, "Good is fet against evil, and life against death: fo is the godly againft the finner, and the finner againfi the godly-fo look upon all the works of the Moft High-and there are two and two, one against another."

Grotius maintains in one of his letters, that the words 1 Tim. ch. ii. 2. "a bishop muat be the Innband of one wife," ought to be explained in this fenfe, that "a bishop have never taken in marriage more than one wife;" which fenfe excludes not merely a plurality of wives at one and the fame time, but alfo fecond marriages. Thus Lycophron calls Helen Tag, femme à trois maris, as Le Clerc tranflates it-Helen; who never had three husbands at once, Thefeus being already dead, at the time that Paris took her away from Menelaus. Afranius gives the appellation bivirem to a woman who had been twice married; and Tertullian calls a woman who had been but once mar

ried uniriram. The antient Chriftians, grounding on the above pafiage of St. Paul, and perhaps alfo in imitation of the Romans, who did not allow their fovereign Pontifis to marry a fecond time, prohibited their Ecclefiaftics from doing the fame. St. Paul alfo in the fame epifile ch. v. ver. 9. among the qualifications of widows that are to be chofen for the fervice of the church, mentions, having been the wife of one man," that is to fay, having only been once married; for women had never been permitted to have more than one hufband at a time; and it would be quite fuperfluous in the Apottle to enter a caution again a practice which never had any exilience. Bet, as the

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Roman laws allowed wives to repudiate their hofbauds, it frequently happened that women of licentious manners of ten made the experiment of a new hufland; in proof of which he cites the following paffage from Seneca; "Illuftres quidem ac nobiles famine, non Confulàm numero, fed maritorum, annos fuos computant, et exeunt magi

monii caufa, nabunt repudii." In Be manner, Juvenal, alluding to the profligacy of the Roman women,

Sic fiunt octo mariti
Quinque mer autumnos,

And Martial in one of his epigrams:

Ecubt. um jam Thelena vie, Qere gebit toties, non nabi; aðalera) geeft. Offer dor machá Garpit tore o-inu, Peter de Pay, Counsellor of Parlicment at Paris, propoted the following

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question to Grotius: "How it was to be accounted for, that the Evangelifts gave us no account of the hiftory of our Lord's life before the thirtieth year of his age; excepting the tranfaction which St. Luke records to have taken place in the Temple, when he was Twelve years old?" To this queftion Grotius antwered, "That we inuft judge of what a writer ought to lay, and what he ought to omit, by the end which he has in view; that it was not the defign of the Evangelifts to write fimply the life of Jefus Chrift, but to tranfinit to pofterity the Gofpel; that is to fay, a doctrine which upon the condition of repentance holds forth to finners pardon, and everlafting life: that the Gospel consists of two parts, of which the one regards doctrine, the other hijtory; which laft is introduced fo far as it ferves to confirm the former; as the hiftory of the miracles, the death, the refurrection, and the afcenfion of Jefus Chrift: that this hiftory does not commence, properly fpeaking, until the baptifin of Jefus Chrift, becaufe until then he had not begun to teach publickly, and without intermiffion, and to perform miracles: that it was therefore perfectly confiftent in the Evangelifts to pafs over intermediate events; and whatever notice is taken of the tranfactions from the birth of our Saviour until the commencement of his public ministry, ought to be regard ed rather as a fori of preamble in order to make known the perfon of Jefus Chrift, than as the beginning of an exact hiftory of his life.

Mr. URBAN,

Jun. 7.

"DOACER, king of the Heruli, was brought up in Italy among the emperor's guards. His birth was fo obleure, that it is not known in

what country he firft faw light. After various adventures, he becaine chief of the Heruli. An advantageous flature, united with much boldness and courage, foon gained him a name. The Roman empire drew near to its ruin.

number of barbarians, who all revolted The Roman foldiers confifted of a at once, and chofe Odoacer for their leader, who was foon acknowledged by part of the empire, weary of the ty ranny of Orelics and his fon Augulialus. Oreftes took refuge in Pavia, whither Odoacer partied him, and, after taking, plundering, and burning the city, put him to death. He next

proccede I

proceeded to Rome, and proclaimed himfelf king of Italy, Auguftulus being banifhed into Campania after being divefted of the mark of the imperial dignity. Thus fell the Western empire, and Rome was compelled to fubit to a king, a title fo odious to her for many centuries. This furprizing revolution happened A. D. 475. The world then changed face; Spain was inhabited by the Goths; the AngioSaxous paffed over into Britain; the Franes feuded in Gaul; the Almans feized on Germmy; the Herdi and Lombards remained matters of Italy. Barnavin, accompanied them every where: the monuments of feulpture and architecture were deftroyed; the mafter-pieces of poetry and cloquence at Athens and Rome were neglected; the fine arts were loft; and men, plunged into the groffelt favagenels, knew not what to think or feel. Odoacer, mafter of Italy, had to fight Theodoric. He was thrice beaten and befieged in Ravenna, A. D.490, and obtained peace only on condition of dividing his authority with his conqueror. Theodoric promited with an oath not to take away his crown or life; but, a few days after, having invited him to a fea, he killed him with his own hand, and put all his officers and friends to death, A. D. 493. Odoacer was a prince of great magnanimity and miiduels. Though an Arian, he did not perfecute the Catholicks. He made a moderate ufe of his fortune, and had nothing barbarous but the name. If he laid on many heavy taxes, he was compelled to do fo by the neccility of rewarding thofe to whom he owed his fceptre." Nouveau Dict. Hiftorique. Is there no perfon or flate in modern times whom this picture fuits? Q.

Jan. 9.

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Mr. URBAN, DM. F. vol. LXXI. p. 931, will D. find an answer to his enquiry about the fione crofles of Cornwall, in Dr. Borlafe's Antiquities of that county, p. 891, where, peaking of an antient inferibed flone at St. Clement's, near Truro, which has, at prefent a large crols on it in bas relief, he fays, "I question whether the crois may not be of later date than the infeription, and cut on the ftone in thofe times when it was none of the meaneft parts of religion to erect crofles in every churchyard, and at the meeting of highways." A fone with a erofs in a circle I have

feen in fimilar fituation in Derbyfhire, in the road from Chesterfield to Madock; and many fuch will be found in different parts of Cornwall and other counties.

Stratton Strawless hall, burnt Dec. 15. (fee LXXI. 1142), appears to have been the hell of the hall therein.mentioned as built 1074. The new one was furnithed and inhabited, and the materials of the old were intended for fale. Several chelis of tools Leinnging to the workmen were confumed in it., The poon-fork engraved pl. I. fig. 10, vol. LX. p. 596, belonged to this family. Yours,, &c. R. G.

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BEFORE I enter into the church

(fill carrying on the lines of the general plan), let me remark, that in the area of the cloifters is the remzant of the conduit, wherein the monks ufed to wash their hands and faces before dinner. The plan of this building, (from the two bafons one above the other confütuting the faid remnant), mult have taken an oétangular form, whofe interior was fo large as we find the religious could walk at their cafe round the fame. The enrichments belonging to this defign, we read likewife, were extremely profufe. I cannot leave the defeription of this area's decoratious, without foliciting the indulgence of my readers, to paufe a while on the fpot where once flood the monument erected to the memory of St. Cuthbert, the patron faint of Durham. After his body had been depofited in the cathedral, Dean Whittingham, the facri legious foe to antient art, was the defiroyer of this valuable piece of antiquity. I refer once more to the North cloister, where are two grand Saxon doorways entering into the church; the Wettern one has its feulptured treafure on its front within the South aile; and the other bearing towards the Eaft gives an excess of workmanship alfo, but is left to adorn the cloifters. Choice induced me to pafs through the Weftern entrance into the cathedral; where hefitating on what point to lay down the lines of fo mighty a fabric, I faw on each fide door-ways which led into the chapel called The Galilee. As this ftructure was raifed up directly against the Weft front of the cathedral, and gave its extremity of plan on this part, I determined here to begin my ground

lines in a regular manner, paffing up to the other extremity at the East. This chapel of the Galilee was originally constructed in the Saxon ftyle, about the year 1153, by Bp. Hugh Pudley; and repaired about 1406, in the pointed arch manner, by Bp. Langley. The blending together of thefe two fpecies of architecture has a happy and pic ture que effect, not alone from this junction, but by the arrangement of the plan, it being divided into five ailes North and South, and four ailes Weft and Eaft, by clusters of columns Supporting femicircular arches, &c. At the Eaft ends of the three centre ailes are preferved nearly entire three curious altars: that nearest to the North is Our Lady of Pity's altar; the next, being in the centre of the two, Our Lady's altar, where directly before its fteps is the tomb of Bp. Langley: the third altar is St. Bede's, and before it alfo is the tomb whereon stood the thrine of this memorable faint. At the North-welt angle of the chapel is a fmall oratory. To purfue the farther elucidation of the decorations, namely the font, iron pulpit, and the hiftorical paintings in the windows, which were here formerly feen, would be to add more regrets to thofe I must now give way to, by recounting that the condition of this confecrated place was the moft reprehenfible, in regard to the roof being in many parts left without covering, the pavement firewed with heaps of coals and all kinds of building materials, the North aile partitioned off into offices, and the above-mentioned oratory converted into a clofet for occafional retirement. How the extremes of fentiment are here excited! delight in particularizing the architectural objects, mortification in witneffing their abufe! Thefe perceptions naturally belong to me. Others, who are the guardians of this chapel, it is apparent, thought in a very different manner; one of whoin was pleafed to turn my pleadings in behalf of fach fuffering relicks into a theme of merriment, and fported many good jokes at my coft on the occafion. I vented fighs, he burfis of laughter; I was difcouraged, he elevated! Ye three recelles that fill authenticate hiftoric facts, ye were witness to this conference. Shame then be where it may! And he who fhould have been most forward to fet afide the premeditated blow then hovering over the walls,

who has feated himself as prime imitator and preferver of our antient architectural glories, to come thefe ailes among, and tread where Durham's benefactors lie interred; when, after turning afkance his eyes on this and that, to give his orders thus: "All this work mult come down, I want a walk here!"

By way of digreflion; it is a matter of much difpute with fome Antiquaries, whether this chapel is down at prefent or ftanding. I have heard it affirmed by more than one, that it had been deftroyed; by many more than one, that it had not been deftroyed: that it was ftanding indeed, but in fuch a fiate that-Why, filence will best become me on this occafion. No doubt, after this hesitation on my part, fome communicative friend will fupply the deficiency, and clear up this matter, which at prefent rests on very doubtful authority.

The nave and fide ailes of the cathedral, in whole works all the maguificent features of the Saxon tatie are confpicuous, marking thereby the art of defign when this church began to be erected, in 1093, in the life-time of Bp. Aldwine, are feen in fugle and clustered columns, the former of which have indents of varioutly deviced forms, perpendicular, fpiral, diamond-wife, or diagonal; in the windows, which of later times have had infertious of the pointed arch tracing; in the doorways, where the enrichments on them are moft elaborate; and in the groins, by whole interfection they of necellity produce a combination of curious femicircular and pointed fweeps. The proportions of all thefe parts are truly juti, and their dimenfious are on an extended feale, vying in this refpect with any other of our religious fiructures.

Speaking thus on the merits of the Architect, I muft alfo do the like juftice, from a retrospective view, to the other Artifts, who had contributed to decorate every space between coluinn and column, with a font, a pavement, crols, brafles, tombs, holy-water ba fons, fereens, altars, and the feulptures and paintings belonging there. unto, by fuppofing their qualifications equal at leaft to thofe prefumptive glories which till endure. What particulars are there left to warrant this partiality of mine in regard to fuch an union of church adornments itemed in the hiftory of Durham? The font.

Here

Here I was much in doubt if any part of this fubject, though covered with abundance of carvings and tracery, was of the pure antient flock. The blue pavement, bearing the figure of a crofs, thewing how far women were permitted do advance into the church before the Fifteenth Century. Grave fione of prior Caftell, brafs gone; ditto of Robert Nevil, bithop of this fee; brats gone. Tomb of Ralph Nevil and his wife; and the tomb of John Nevil, his fon, and his wife, likewife: This father and fon were the two great heroes of the famous battle fought with the king of the Scots under the walls of this city in the reign of Edward III; queen Philippa his confort being at the head of the English in this decifive conteft; Edward then purfing his conquels in France. Here my existing witnelles in this part or the church muft clofe; when, proceeding on my plan, I next specify the authern in the great tower, which tower is fituated in the centre between the North and South tranfepts. In directing my fight upward, to behold the afcending vifion of galleries, windows, groins, &c. &c. all in the finest file of the pointed arch workmanship; I gazed but to be tranfported at fuch confummate perfection. The North and South tranfepts; the architecture here is a continuation of the mode feen in the nave, whofe Enfiern fides are partitioned off into fix diftinét chapels, dedicated to as many Saints; have of courfe been demolished. At the South end of the South tranfept is the great clock; the ornaments wherewith it is charged are given with a liberal hand, but they are of that questionable fashion we deinurred upon with regard to the font. The fereen entering into the choir; the

cthod of enrichments laid over this fereen give those kind of carvings in wood which are so peculiar to the reign of Charles II. when Dr. Cofens was bishop, evincing very little genius in the carver, or inclination in him to adhere to the character of the edinice. The original fereen (which I much fufpect is vet ftanding behind the above difguiling piece of perverted skill) was an excoifive high-wrought object of the kind, comprifing, besides the entrance, two tiers of niches, containing the fiatres of kings, queens, founders, and benefactors. North aile of the choir; the chapels in this range were very fumptuonly fet forth, with ftatues,

paintings, and other embellishments : very finall traces of thele performances are now to be met with in the South aile of the choir. Again fome columns at the Eaft end of the' fame was placed the portentous Black Rood of Scotland, brought by the King of Scots from Holy-rood houfe to the walls of Durham, and there Won by our victorious countrymen under Queen Philippa in the battle before cited. This Rood reprefented our Saviour, with St. Mary, and St. John ; the carvings and gildings furround ing them were of the moft fplendid kind, and extended in height to the very top of the groins of this aile. I might aloft fpare myself the trouble to fay, that all my diligence in the endeavour to find out any refliges of this extraordinery trophy of Philippa's victory were entirely ulelefs. On the South fide of this aile is a door entering into the Reveftry; here change has had but finall employ fince the reign of Henry VIII; and that merely in the removal of the altar table at the Eafi end, which altar was for the private ufe of the bithop, &c. (entirely putting out of the quellion the jewels, plate, &c. &c.)-1 enumerated much of the original furniture, in benches, chefts, and almeries for the keeping of the veftments belonging to the choir; and, however incredible it may feen to certain minds, four of the antient copes are here to be feen. To me thefe copes appeared precious famples of the very great perfection to which the art of embroidery was carried by our ancestors: most probably others may look over their curious threads with the fame apathy as is fo conftantly evinced when church visitors are de fired to wonder at the monument of an Edward, an Henry, an Eleanor, or a Philippa, a founder of a church, or a Chrifiian knight. Not fo would their privation of paffion remain, if oppofed to the Weimintier abbey waxwork, Exeter cathedral's "notomize,” St. Alban's abbey's bones of Duke Humphry, Rippon miatter's St. Wilfred's kneedle, Glofter cathedral's whifpering hole, Salisbury and Lichfield cathedrals in their new-modeled choirs, and other the like edifying and touriftical fights, calculated as wel! for grown, as little gentlemen time-killers of the prefent day. Apologifing for this vein of fancy, I beg permiflion to proceed. One of thefe copes under our notice is

hiftorted,

hiftorical, as it was given to the church by the ever-to-be-adored queen Philip pa, in honour of the Durham conqueft; the other three want the names of their donor. Indeed there is a fifth cope: though of more modern ufe, it is not the lefs to be valued; being a prefent from the religious, and the brave, though unfortunate Charles I. It may not be without its purpofe to fet down

that on this citment there is worked a

figure of a man with a decapitated head in his hand. The vergers tell you it is meant for David carrying the head of Goliah. Imagining I may yet more furprife the premifed few, thefe very copes, among others of the like make, were, until within thefe 20 years, worn by the clergy at the celebration of the Communion, to add dignity and folenmity to fo awful a facrament. Great fublimity is ftill maintained on thefe occafions. from the very impreffive and devout affiance the fervice acquires by the addition of the organ, and the voices of the choir, which never fail to infufe into the fouls of the communicants a real fenfe of the benefits they there JOHN CARTER.

receive.

(To be continued.)

Mr. URBAN,

Jan. 11. MONG the various attentions en

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66

there is none which has excited more general notice than Dr. Vincent's Defence of Public Education." The fubject difcuffed in this defence is doubtlefs of the greatest importance, and the authors concerned are all men of known literary eminence. The pamphlet itfelf is eertainly well written; and the charge of neglect in the religious inftruction of youth, as far as it may have been directed against Welt

infier School, is ably refifted and denied. But it appears to me, after an attentive perufal of the above pamphlet, that Dr. Vincent, in his zeal to defend the feminary over which he prefides from what he deems an unjust accufation, has mifunderflood and confequently mifreprefented the obfervations both of the Bishop of Meath, and of the Mafter of the Temple. But, that you may not fuppofe my opinion to be

A deavoured, in this are of ipecu- founded on a fuperficial view of this

lative benevolence, to be fhewn to the condition of the poor, who is not fhocked at the molt wretched flate of parith-apprentices; who, having been ftarved or beaten to death at one or two different times, are now (as your Obituary, vol. LXXI. p. 1187, informs us) fiarved en maffe, not fewer than 80 having been apprenticed to the manufactory there recorded, and the greater number from Greenwich! You may record parishes who had the virtue to refift the folicitations of the late Sir Richard Arkwright for his cottonwork, and others who diftrufted a pinmanufacturer. But this does not account for or obviate the grievance. That there are many orphans who, un happily, cannot be provided for without a workhoufe, may be true; and that there are many boys and girls, under 15 and 20, who will not do the work which the overfeers find for them, but pawn their tools and run away, or get fent to Bridewell; but the more thefe grievances are complained of, the lefs they are remedied. While all the neceffaries of life are advanced, and raGENT. MAG. January, 1802.

pamphlet, I will fubmit to the confideration of your readers a few remarks, in confirmation of it.

At the commencement of his attack upon the Bishop of Meath, Dr. Vincent obferves, that "without any knowtedge of his own, without any enquiry or examination, the Bishop affumes the teftimony of Dr. Rennell as incontrover tible; not reflecting that, if Dr. Rennell's evidence cannot be fubftantiated, the Bishop's accufation has nothing for its fupport." Now I would afk, Mr. Urban, upon what authority Dr. Vincent afferts, that the Bishop charges the mafters of public fchools with neg lect of Chriftian inftruction, “without any knowledge of his own, without inquiry or examination?" and where does it appear, that the Bishop founds this acoufation folely on the testimony of Dr. Rennell?" Surely not in the Bishop's note to which Dr. Vincent alludes, for that speaks a very different language. The Bishop there fays, that he was about to lay fomething on this fubject (as it must appear to all unprejudiced readers) from his own objervation;

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