the remaining airs, added water to them, in order, he fays, to abforb the muriacid gas. Still imore surprising! When he fired these airs, viz. the hydrocarbonate and oxymuriacid gas, he did not obtain half the quantity of fixed air from them, as he did by fimple mixture. But then (as they are never at a lofs for reafons, however abfurd), he fays, that there was a depofition of charcoal. No doubt but there would be fuch an affertion, as their theory must be fupported. "In this instance, (he fays,) the hydrocarbonate did not yield above half the proportion of carbonic acid which it ought to have done. But this is fiufficiently accounted for from the copious depofition of charcoal." Here, Mr. Urban, are the fame identical airs, and in the very fame proportion; then, as they allow, the procefs being the fame, ought not alfo the refiduum to be the fame? Should not all the oxygen gas of the oxmuriatic acid have united with the charcoal; more particularly when burned, than when fimply mixed? But that it inuft, according to them; as the muriatic gas was equally decompounded; then what became of its oxygen? fixed air he I proved in my former paper, that fixed air, though ever so strongly heated with iron, will not form the gaseous oxyde. But But Mr. C. fays, that, b by pafling through iron, formed this air. But, Mr. Urban, how was this done? Why thus; by having two bladders and a great quantity of water to cool the iron tube applied to the ends of it, where the bladders were placed. Now, Mr. Urban, I affert, that the fixed air, when heated, will imbibe moif ture from the bladders. From Mr. C's affertions, he does not feem to know, that chalk contains fixed air and water in chemical combination. Mr. Lavoiber, their mafter, whose great character, they fay, was correctnels in his experiments, and a nice mathematical precifion, has been directly contradicted by Mr. C. in his Icading experiments, which gave birth to his theory. I have mentioned, one in my former paper; the other is, that, in burning oxygen gas and charcoal, the fixed air produced is heavier than the oxygen gas. Now they agree with is lighter. But then, by their doctrine, they try to prove what is equally abfurd, that charcoal poffefles what they call hydrogen. Mr. Urban, I haye, by experiments, clearly me that it is proved, that inflammable gafes are formed of a great quantity of fire; that, according to the quantity of fire, they will be inflammable, or light; that, by adding fire to those already formed, you will make them more inflamisable and lighter; therefore, that airs produced from charcoal ander an iminense degree of heat, will have more fire in them. This I very forcibly shewed in my obfervations on Mr. Henry's paper. In paffing the electric fire through the air, it became to much lighter, and receiving water for its aërial compofition at the time. But I muft make another obfervation upon Mr. C's experiments. This gafeons oxyde could not be fired by him in the oxmuriatic acid air; though they fay, that its oxygen is more eafily attracted by charcoal, than when in the Rate of oxygen gas; for charcoal burns in the former in any temperature, but requires a red heat in the latter. Pray, Mr. C. how comes it that this gafeous oxyde is fo light an air, as it is formed of oxygen gas and charcoal? You fay the charcoal makes the oxygen gas heavier, as the fixed air is heavier. Surely then, if we are allowed to reafon juttly, when it got half its faturation, it should have been heavier than oxygen gas, as its full proportion makes it fo much heavier. But, as I obferved before, I can fay with greater propriety, that fome heads have no brains in them, than that this gafeous oxyde has no inflanimable air in it! So alfo those heads are light, who can believe that oxygen gas, by receiving charcoal, should become lighter! And I would afk (for numerous abfurdities are fiill fiaring us in the face) how comes the oxygen of the muriatic acid gas to burn with charcoal, with this great brilliancy of light and heat, even more fo than when it burns in oxygen gas? as its oxygen is condenfed in the acid, or united to it; and even the gas it received was froin lead; and oxygen gas in metals gives out all its fire in its condenfation, or when it is imbibed. This is ftrikingly exemplified in the burning of iron; the fire produced by it is fo the immenfe, that the fron when will pass through the fides of the glais burning it is burning in, the fame as if it were foft palle. And all this fire and light, you fay, refided in the oxygen gas; and, when condented in the metals, it parted with them. I have clearly shewn in my warks, that 1 1802.] Chemical Experiments--Harringtonversus Cruikshank.21 that charcoal is formed of an immenfe. unexceptionable manner in my Galvaquantity of fire; therefore in paffing water through it, the airs, which in conféquence are formed, will pofiefs a quantity of fire, according as the characid, and the earth of the lead and coal is heated at the time it gives out air; confequently, by its giving out less air, it will be fo much more faturated with fire. gas Mr. C's experiments shew he could not decompound the hydrocarbonate and the oxmuriatic airs by burning them together; for neither of them were totally decomposed. He is alto obliged to acknowledge the very different refults, in firing small proportions of oxygen gas and the oxmuriatic with the hydrocarbonate. In the former there is a finall production of carbonic acid gas; and, as he fays, "the whole-volume of gas instead of being diminitbed, is confiderably increafed." Which increase is owing to the too finall quantity of oxygen gas to burn the hydrocarbonate; confequently, part of the fire of both is fet loofe, and from the explofion they are intimately mixed, and the fire fet loofe par partly imbibed by them, and increases their violence; alfo the water fet loose from burning part of the oxygen-gus aids the increafe. Now Mr. C. to prove how unable your theory is to explain the phenomena, even from your own fiatement of the experiments; let us try how my theory agrees with them. I have, I flatter myself, shewn in the most nic obfervations, even from your experiments on the Pile, that the oxmuriatic gas is formed from the marine manganefe, and not from any fuppofed oxygen gas. Mr. Rupp acknowledges that, upon its decomposition, it always depofits an earth. Now, by these being united, they have a great attraction for phlogiston, or fixed fire: therefore, when exposed to phlogistic bodies, as inflammable airs, they will regularly attract the fixed fire of these airs, and decompound them. The fermentation produced will fet a great part of their fire loofe, and a phlogisticated marine acid, with a finall depofition of earth, be the refiduum. So alfo, (as I have shewn in my effays,) the nitrous air decompounds pure air; its acid attracts the fixed fire of the pure air, and they decompound each other. For if the acid of the nitrous air is neutralized with more phlogiston, as the dephlogitticated air (as Dr. P. abfurdly calls it), fo as to have loft its acidity, and become of a sweetish taste, they will not act upon each other. So alfo, the nitrous acid, upon the fame principle, decompounds volatile oils; a well known fact*. According to their theory, the oxygen of the oxmuriatic acid gas, has z stronger action upon inflammable air, than oxygen gas; as thie one acts upon inflammable airs under a low degree of heat, while the other requires a red. * I must here remark with respect to Mr. Davy's treatife upon the phlogificated air, as I call it, it being fomewhat fimilar to the nitrous ether, I do not know how far Dr. Beddoes and he have galled the credulous world, in his relation of their feeling upon breathing it; or if the good lady with the palsy continues to mount the hill with more alacrity than ufoal, as the maid obferved. But I defire every reader of common fenfe to reflect (for the aerial flights of French theorifts I have nothing to do with, Paracelfus was a modest man compared with them) upon this fact, which Mr. Davy himself allows, that it kills animals (which have no flights of imagination, and no theory to eftablish,) in four or five minutes. If it was so wonderfully pleased, how should it kill? Is death attended with these wonderfully pleafant sensations? I think they themselves allow that life confifts in excitement, and death in collapse. But I refer them to Dr. Haygarth's detection of Mr. Perkins's metallic tractors. This air is made from the Ditrous ammoniac, and therefore formed of the nitrous acid, and the volatile alkali; as Mr. Davy allows that it may be all formed into this air. But Dr. Austin proved that fome fixed air was always produced. He makes a wonderful dance or play of affinities, as he calls it, like a battle royal between a number of cocks.. These great theorifts are continually differing about the play of affinities (fee his observations upon Vanquelin and Humbold's experiments,) each differing from the other. Only to attend to Mr. Davy's opinion of the composition of atmospheric air, nitrous oxyde, &c. Atmospheric air confrits of 73 nitrogen, and 27 oxygen; nitrous oxyde, 63 nitrogen, and 37 oxygen; nitrous gas, 56 oxygen, and 44 nitrogen; nitric acid composed of 1 mtrogen, and 23 oxygen. And all thefe, he fays, are united by chemical union. Then how comes that air with the least proportion of oxygen to be the proper air for annual life, and the others to produce instant death Away with fuch abfurdities. heat 1 heat. Then how comes the oxmuriatic acid gas not to unite itself instantaneoufly to the inflammable airs, as oxygen gas does? for, as it is capable of uniting under a low degree of heat, why does it not infantly unite? Does not this imply that they are chemically uniting together, in the fame flow and gradual manner, as an acid diffolves a metal? For it appears that heat did not affitt the union of the oxmuriatic gas, and the gaseous oxyde; for Mr. C. could not inflame them, but they acted upon each other gradnally, in a low temperature. Mr. C. fays he was forprised; and certainly he ought to be, under his theory. But they will meet with nothing but surprise and mortification. Now, Mr. Urban, I hope if the candid reader will attend to both our explanations of the phænomena, he will find mine perfectly conformable to the experiments, even of Mr. C's. statement of them; thewing a clear, fimple, and flf-evident explanation, according to all the known and acknowledged laws of chemistry; fo that I will not trouble him with the immediate application, it must be so evident and fatisfactory. But indeed my former paper muft be clear and demonftrative to every impartial chemift, and which Mir. C. cannot, or dare not refute. Mr. C. found a quantity of azote in his experiments; from whence did it proceed? but, indeed, their hypothefes are a bundle of abfurdities. For instance, they fuppofe that vegetable bodies confift principally of charcoal, and the office of refpiration is to receive oxygen into the fyftem, to difcharge this charcoal; and that animal bodies confitt principally of azote. Then from whence did this azote proceed, or what produced it? And how comes the oxygen, received into the system, not to form with it the nitrous acid But if the reader will peruse my appendix to my planetary life, its price being only fixpence, he will there fee the wonderful operation of fire demonArated. ROB. HARRINGTON. general outlines of the works may be eafily made out. If we may form an opinion of the design of the cafile itself from the remnant gateway, it must have been on a very grand scale; and it was impoflible to overlook the excellent quality of the masonry, in its composure of materials, and that juft principle by which the whole of the parts are coinbined; thefe, like Abergavenny's defenfive relicks, appearing to bid Time keep aloof, if man forbear his force. Standing in the area of these ruins, I, as I turned, still beheld encircling mountains, many of which shewed themselves in shapes most strange and marvellous. The CHURCH. Being defirous to fee fome monuments of the Herberts, which I had been given to understand were in the chancel, I first observed one which stands on the North fide, where, on the tomb part, or pedeftal, is a reclining statue of Sir John Herbert; he rests on his left fide, and a ftatue of Joan his wife lays in the ufual recumbent attitude: there are likewise two half-length figures at the East end of the pedestal. Sir John is in armour, which, with the drefles of the other figures, thew the fashion to be Oliverian, as the date in the infcription (1666) evinces that he died not long after the termination of the Ufurper's existence. I cannot preciselv determine as I now write whether, at this regicide hour of change in political and religious affairs, fepulchral Qatues began to be put up in our churches in that indecent way we are conftrained to witness, of their either turning their heads from, or their backs against the altar, or Communion table; but so it is; in the infrance before us, Sir John is in the action of quitting his appeal to so holy a fpot; and his lady reposes with her head to the Eaft, and her feet to the Weft, her arms remaining in careless unemploy, inftead of that reverential raifing of the hands we in antient fiatues are wont to behold. Here, no doubt, fome enlightened readers will fimile at my weakness in leaning (by this my remark) so near the verge of that dreadful gulph fuperftition. I beg them to be merciful to me, a frail mortal, in their stern conclufions on this point, and impute error as the cause of so manifell a tranfgreffion. Not being fatisfied with the fight of fuch a memorial as I have here defcribed, I searched about for those monumental numental works which so admirably combine antient devotion and feulpture together; and it was fome time before I could fatisfy my curiolity, this part of the fabrick being fo filled up with pew lumber, and the other ufual obstructions of ragged mats and haffocks. On each fide of this chancel then I perceived, under arched receffes, ftatues of a lady on the North, and a knight on the South fide; but they were covered with all kinds of rubbish, and it was not until the fexton had cleared out the recefies that I could have a proper view of them; and before I was enabled to pafs afs any any opinion on their merits, I was obliged to reinftate the mutilated parts, by fixing on the lady's head, and putting together the feveral extremi ties of theknight. How was I grieved and charmed at the fame time, in witnelling fuch neglect and havock! fuch elegance and grace! Yet, in this abase of these statues, I obtained much information, as they had not been thought worthy by church-warden authority of being white-washed, to decypher out many a rare embellishment, either of the ray ment of the fofter fex, or the maily guife of manhood. By the arms on the furcoat of the knight he was a Herbert. In this way I added ftore to my antiquarian hoard, a ftock which I have but few opportunities to lay out to use, or to benefit our pretenders to antiquity, who in general, and the more fo if profeffional men, prefume too much on their own notions of improving on antient lore, than taking up upon credit from my firm of felections worked out of the mine of science known among us in elder times. Well; another age may think lefs of themselves, and more of their ancestors; lefs of the "new Fantaltie order of architecture," and more of the old Englitch order of architecture; lefs of " capricious faney," and more of refined tafte. WHITE CASTLE. When we are in a difpofition to be morofe, fociety does not always drive away fo ungracious a patlion: therefore we are beft left to ourselves till this phlegmatic propenfity has fubfided, and a return of our natural gaiety inclines us to think all we find addressed to our fenfes pleafant and agreeable. In this mood of fullen restraint I have trod many a weary step: I welcome now the other operation of the mind, a difpofition to be happy. Quick flew the moments, and lightly tripped our feet as forth we walked towards this warlike structure. A guide led the way, a worthy foul, an open and a chearful heart, a learned too, and one who venerated in truth our antient works; now the merry tale, anon the ferious record; combining thus the entertaining and instructive ways of men to keep alive that genial flow of spirits, fo necellary to bear us out in life's pilgrimage, with due fortitude and refignation, towards "that bourne from whence no traveller returns." This cafile is now far removed from all refort of men, fave a few cottagers, who with their humble roofs were hid by their infignificance froin standing in any feeming before its mighty front. Around we went the strong enduring circle; told every tower, wall, and loop-hole; an arduous task it was, the circuit being of fuch a prodigious girt. The works are divided into three diftinét courts; one of which has little to mark its order but the bafe line of demolished matonry. The other courts stand almost entire in their exterior do figu, fimple in architectural forms, but fublime in in effect. ef The grand entrance into the centre or principal court is romantic to a degree; and, as I eflayed to gain its rugged afcent, feeing on either band no objects but wild underwood and a deep-cut foss, and before me two tremendous towers, and an arched entrance which feemed to grin deftruction, I wholly gave into the impulfe of the moment, that I was an adventurous being of old times, about to atchiere some perilous exploit. I already heard the trumpet found, and the clang of the iron defenders of the dreadful país. My nerves, however, foon told me I was no valorous knight; and, full of modern fear and trembling, I fcrambled up the height I had thus fought to gain. And now a new fanev took bold of my weak ideas; for, not being able to trace out any vestiges of either the great hall, chamber, or bower, the inner lines of the exterior walls alone remaining, and looking round in vain for my guide (who, by the by, had taken fome other route about the ruins), I concluded that I was left here to enjoy at leifure my propenfity to contemplate on the pleafures of Antiquity, until the shades of night and the bletfings of repose thould invite me to forget my-prefent fituation. Getting rid of this thought, I was abont to return the way I came; but that was hazardous beyond measure; and to scale the ftone-wrought mounds impoffible. Several times did I call on my abfent friend; when Echo answered with her hundred tongues, that my voice (which, like the babbling reeds, told nought but hateful truths) still cried out in vain, for no one heeded what I faid. In this dilemma, looking into an avenue cut through the thickness of the wall on the left within the portal, fo bewildered and destracted as I was, I pictured to myself that I faw hollow eyed Envy, pashed on by unwieldiy Arrogance, stalking through the gloomy aperture to end at once nay labours and my troubles. Determining, however, (thus apparently deferted) to fight my own caufe, I advanced forward to meet the hideous spectres, when, aiming to feize the Furies by their fealy throats, I received fuch a death-dealing blow from fome unfeen adverfary, that I fell fenfelefs to the ground. On recovering my fenfes, I found my kind guide with fome reflorative cordials (which he had taken with him at our outfit) ready to adminifter confolatiou and relief. As foon as I had made my friend acquainted with my mif-hap, he, after a hearty Jaugh, eafily brought me to own that I had been overcome by wearinets, and had laid down to indulge me in a thort flumber. He then pointed out to me on the oppofite fide of the court another gate of entrance, through which he had without the leaft difficulty (after having first been to a neighbouring hamlet on fome agricultural matters) made his entry to ine. Through this fecond outlet at last we returned; and in our way back to Abergavenny we were induced to look at Lanvethrin church; the tower of which, forming the West front, is remarkable, as are inany other particulars both on the exterior as well as the interior of the church. We were most attracted by a very antient monumental fiatue of religions, placed in a filly way on its edge againft the South exterior or wall of the building. There are some readings on it, which have exercised the learning as well as the wit of many literary nien. Here Sir H. Spelman's "History and Fate of Sacrilege" renminds me to follow his example, by repeating a circumfiance which the clerk of the church acquainted me with, relative to this fatne, About an hundred years ago, a grave was dug at the East end within the fa bric, when, coming to a certain depth, a the statue before us was discovered. Four men employed themselves to raife it up, who afterwards caft it out into the church-yard, and otherwise facrile-. giously used it. Some time after this transaction, these four perfons all met with violent deaths; one was loft at fea, another was drowned in Lincolnshire, a third drowned himself in an adjoining brook, and the fourth hanged himself. Whether from these warnings, or from whatever cause it may be, this statue has a shew of much veneration paid to it: which is fufficiently made appear by the very perfect fiate it is in at prefent, although placed in the way ahore specified. We Antiquity-tollowers now prepared to reach our quarters. Enlivening converse on the bufinefs of the day held us out until we arrived at that turn where we were detined to bid each other farewell. Night faw us part; and under her wings I paffed the reft of the way (fome half pile or fo), listening by turns to murmuring brook, or rufbing tide; to whifpering breeze, or nightbird's fong. -I was cheerful, was contented! AN ARCHITECT. (To be contimed.) NOW beg leave to trouble you with a few remarks upon Clericus Leiceftrienfis's account of Gouda and Rotterdam. The road from Utrecht to the former place pafies through Woerden, a very firong fortress, and Bodegraven. (This village was burned by the French in 1672, in their retreat from an expedition which they had taken upon the ice against Leyden). Here the road divides; one branch leads to Leyden and the Hague, the other through a very fwampy country to Gouda. Several of the windows of the church, fo juftly celebrated for their beautiful paintings, were greatly damaged fome years ago by a violent fiom of hail, thunder and lightuing, which fet fire to the fleeple, and threatened the whole building with deftruction. The flames were extinguished by great exertions, and the windows reBired as well as poffible. The pott waggon, which goes from this place to Rotterdam, is the worst vehicle which I ever faw. In Holland the public carriages are in general very bad, and in the fame ftate in which they were 100 years ago. Rotterdam derives its name from the |