The Social Stratification of English in New York City

affricates age levels analysis appears Atlas Atlas records careful speech casual speech Chapter VII class 9 class groups class shows class stratification context contrast contrastive analysis correlation deviation dialect differentiation discussion distribution English ethnic group evidence Figure formal styles Hubbell Hubbell's hypercorrection indicated informants ingliding Italians Jewish Jews language linguistic change lower class Lower East Side lower middle class Macy's mid vowels middle class speakers minimal pairs native speakers Negro speakers norms older open vowels over-all percentage phonemic phonological variables population present prestige pronunciation r-less ranking regular structure reported Saks sample scale Sentence shown social class social significance social variation socio-economic stigmatized stratification diagram stylistic variation subjective reactions Table television interview tendency tion upper middle class usage values vowel system women words York City speech Yorkers younger speakers