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the three sides; and cloistered on the inside with pillars, and not with arches below. As for offices, let them stand at distance, with some low galleries to pass from them to the palace itself.

OF GARDENS.

GOD Almighty first planted a garden; and, indeed, it is the purest of human pleasures; it is the greatest refreshment to the spirits of man; without which buildings and palaces are but gross handyworks; and a man shall ever see, that, when ages grow to civility and elegancy, men come to build stately, sooner than to garden finely; as if gardening were the greater perfection. I do hold it, in the royal ordering of gardens, there ought to be gardens for all the months in the year; in which, severally, things of beauty may be then in season. December and January, and the latter part of November, you must take such things as are green all winter; holly; ivy; bays; juniper; cypress trees; yew; pines; fir-trees; rosemary; lavender; periwinkle, the white, the

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purple, and the blue; germander; flags; orange trees; lemon trees, and myrtles, if they be stoved; and sweet marjoram warm set. There followeth, for the latter part of January and February, the mezereon tree, which then blossoms; crocus vernus, both the yellow and the grey; primroses; anemonies; the early tulip; hyacinthus orientalis; chamaïris; fritellaria. For March there come violets, especially the single blue, which are the earliest; the early daffodil; the daisy; the almond tree in blossom; the peach tree in blossom; the cornelian tree in blossom; sweet-briar. In April follow the double white violet; the wall-flower; the stockgilliflower; the cowslip; flower-de-luces; and lilies of all natures; rosemary-flowers; the tulip; the double peony; the pale daffodil; the French honeysuckle; the cherry tree in blossom; the damascene and plum trees, in blossom; the white thorn in leaf; the lilac tree. In May and June come pinks of all sorts, especially the blush pink; roses of all kinds, except the musk, which comes later; honeysuckles; strawberries; bugloss; columbine ; the French marygold; flos Africanus; cherry tree in fruit; ribes; figs in fruit; rasps; vine

flowers; lavender in flowers; the sweet satyrian, with the white flower; herba muscaria; lilium convallium; the apple tree in blossom. In July come gilliflowers of all varieties; musk roses; the lime tree in blossom; early pears, and plums in fruit; gennitings; codlins. In August come plums of all sorts in fruit ; pears; apricots; berberies; filberds; muskmelons; monks-hoods of all colours. In September come grapes; apples; poppeys of all colours; peaches; melocotones; nectarines; cornelians; wardens; quinces. In October and the beginning of November, come services; medlars; bullaces; roses cut or removed to come late; hollyoaks; and such like. These particulars are for the climate of London; but my meaning is perceived, that you may have

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ver perpetuum," as the place affords.

And because the breath of flowers is far sweeter in the air, (where it comes and goes, like the warbling of music) than in the hand, therefore nothing is more fit for that delight, than to know what be the flowers and plants, that do best perfume the air. Roses, damask and red, are fast flowers of their smells; so that you may walk by a whole row of them

and find nothing of their sweetness; yea, though it be in a morning's dew. Bays, likewise, yield no smell as they grow, rosemary little, nor sweet marjoram; that which, above all others, yields the sweetest smell in the air, is the violet; especially the white double violet, which comes twice a year, about the middle of April, and about Bartholomew-tide. Next to that is the musk-rose; then the strawberry leaves dying, with a most excellent cordial smell; then the flower of the vines; it is a little dust like the dust of a bent, which grows upon the cluster in the first coming forth; then sweet-briar, then wall-flowers, which are very delightful to be set under a parlour or lower chamber window; then pinks and gilliflowers, especially the matted pink and clove gilliflower; then the flowers of the lime tree; then the honey-suckles, so they be somewhat afar off. Of beanflowers I speak not, because they are field flowers but those which perfume the air most delightfully, not passed by as the rest, but being trodden upon and crushed are three; that is, burnet, wild thyme, and water-mints; therefore you are to set whole

alleys of them, to have the pleasure when you walk or tread.

For gardens, (speaking of those which are indeed prince-like, as we have done of buildings,) the contents ought not well to be under thirty acres of ground, and to be divided into three parts; a green in the entrance, a heath or desert in the going forth, and the main garden in the midst, besides alleys on both -sides; and I like well, that four acres of ground be assigned to the green, six to the heath, four and four to either side, and twelve to the main garden. The green hath two pleasures; the one, because nothing is more pleasant to the eye than green grass kept finely shorn; the other because it will give you a fair alley in the midst, by which you may go in front upon a stately hedge, which is to enclose the garden; but because the alley will be long, and, in great heat of the year or day, you ought not to buy the shade in the garden by going in the sun through the green; therefore you are, of either side the green, to plant a covert alley, upon carpenter's work, about twelve foot in height, by which you may go in shade into the garden. As for the

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