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Yet man, fool man! here buries all his thoughts, Inters celestial hopes without one sigh, Prisoner of earth, and pent beneath the moon, Here pinions all his wishes.

Young.

PENTA, a town of the French empire, in the island and department of Corsica, seven miles north-east of Porta.

PENTACEROS, in natural history, a name given by Linkius and some other authors to a kind of stella marina, or sea-star fish, composed of five principal rays, with several transverse hairy or downy processes.

The PENTACHORD, of Gr. TεVTE five, xopon string, was an ancient musical instrument. The invention of the pentachord is referred to the Scythians; the strings were of bullock's leather; and they were struck with a plectrum made of goat's horn.

PENTACROSTIC, in poetry, a set of verses so disposed as that there are always five acrostics of the same name, in five divisions of each verse. See ACROSTIC.

PENTACTINODOS, in natural history, a name given by some authors to those species of star-fish which are composed of a body divided into five rays.

PENTADACTYLON, five fingers, in botany, a name given by some authors to the ricinus or palma Christi, from the figure of its leaf.

PENTADACTYLOS PISCIS, the five-fingered fish, in ichthyology, the name of a fish common in all the seas about the East Indies, and called by the Dutch there viif vinger visch. It has this name from five black streaks which it has on each side, resembling the prints of five fingers. Its head is flat, convex at the bottom, plain in the sides, and inclined in the fore part. The snout is thick, obtuse, and round; the lower jaw at its extremity bent and rounded; the nostrils are double; the balls of the eye oval; the iris of a silver color; the first fin of the back is small,

the second is more elevated; those of the breast are inserted obliquely, that of the anus is greatly extended, and that of the tail much sloped. The whole body is covered with scales of a moderate size, thin, flexible, and slightly indented on their hinder edge; the back is reddish, the sides of a silver color, and the fins white. The fish is described by some as about nine inches long; by others as a foot and a half. It is a dry but not ill-tasted fish.

PENTAEDROSTYLA, in the old system of mineralogy, a genus of spars. The bodies of this genus are spars in form of pentagonal columns, terminated by pentangular pyramids at one end, and regularly affixed at the other to some solid body.

PENTAE'DROUS, adj. Gr. TEVTe, five, and dpa, scat, or sides. Having five sides.

The pentaedrous columnar coralloid bodies are composed of plates set lengthways, and passing from the surface to the axis. Woodward. PENTAGON, n. s. Į Fr. pentagon; Gr. PENTAGONAL, adj. STEVTE, five, and yovia, an angle. A figure with five angles: pentagonal, quinquangular; having five angles.

I know of that famous piece at Capralora, cast by Barocchio into the form of a pentagon with a circle inscribed. Wotton. The body being cut transversely, its surface appears like a net made up of pentagonal meshes, with a Woodward. pentagonal star in each mesh.

PENTAGON, in geometry, is a figure of five sides and five angles. See GEOMETRY.

PENTAGON, in fortification, denotes a fort with five bastions.

PENTAGONOTHECA, in botany, the name given by Vaillant to the plant called by Linnæus, Plumier, Houston, and others, pisonia.

PENTAGRAPH, an instrument designed for copying figures in any given proportion without any general skill in the art of drawing. See MINIATURE. The instrument is otherwise called a parallelogram. The common pentagraph of the diagram

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consists of four brass or wooden rulers, two of them from fifteen to eighteen inches long, the other two half that length. At the ends, and in the middle, of the longer rulers, as also at the ends of the shorter, are holes, upon the exact fixing of which the perfection of the instrument chiefly depends. Those in the middle of the long rulers are to be at the same distance from those at the end of the long ones, and those of the short ones; so that when put together they may always make a parallelogram. The instrument is fitted together for use by several little pieces, particularly a little pillar, No. 1, having at one end a screw and nut, whereby the two long rulers are joined; and at the other a little knot for the instrument to slide on. The piece, No. 2, is a rivet with a screw and nut, wherewith each short ruler is fastened to the middle of each long one. The piece, No. 3, is a pillar, one end whereof, being hollowed into a screw, has a nut fitted to it. At the other end is a worm to screw into the table; when the instrument is to be used, it joins the end of the two short rulers. The piece, No. 4, is a pen, portcrayon, or pencil, screwed into a little pillar. The piece, No. 5, is a brass point, moderately blunt, screwed likewise into a little pillar.

I. To copy a design in the same scale or bigness as the original: screw the worm No. 3 into the table; lay a paper under the pencil No. 4, and the design under the point No. 5. This done, conducting the point over the several lines and parts of the design, the pencil will draw or repeat the same on the paper. II. If the design be to be reduced, e. g. into half the space, the worm must be placed at the end of the long ruler, No. 4, and the paper and pencil in the middle. In this situation, conduct the brass point over the several lines of the design, as before; and the pencil at the same time will draw its copy in the proportion required; the pencil here only moving half the lengths that the point moves. Hence, on the contrary, if the design be to be enlarged by one-half, the brass point, with the design, must be placed in the middle, at No. 3, the pencil and paper at the end of the long ruler, and the worm at the other. III. To enlarge or reduce in other proportions, there are holes drilled at equal distances on each ruler, viz. all along the short ones, and half way of the long ones, in order for placing the brass point, pencil, and worm, in a right line therein; i. e. if the piece carrying the point be put in the third hole, the two other pieces must be put in its third hole. If, then, the point and design be placed at any hole of the great rulers, and the pencil with the paper at any hole of the short ruler, which forms the angle therewith, the copy will be less than half the original. On the contrary, if it be placed at one of the holes of that short ruler, which is parallel to the long ruler, the copy will be greater than half the original.

The construction of this instrument requires a degree of accuracy which most of our instrument makers are strangers to; for which reason there are very few of the instruments that succeed. Few will do any thing tolerably but straight lines; and many of them not even these. To prove that the figure described by a pentagraph

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P the pencil for tracing the given figure PP, and p the pencil which traces the other figure pp; p, &c., must be so adjusted, that p, C, and P, may lie in one straight line; then, since Bp: A p: BP: A C, whatever be the situation of the pentagraph, the angles PC P and p Cp, are vertical: and therefore, P Cp will in every position of the instrument be a right line; but PC:pC :: BA: A p, in each of the two positions in the figure, and consequently the triangles PCP, p C p, are similar; and PP: pp (:: PC: Cp) :: BA: A p, or in a given ratio. Hence it appears, that, by moving the pencil p, A p may be equal to B A, or less in any proportion; and consequently pp may be equal to P P, or less in the same proportion.

γυνή,

PENTAGŸNIA, from Gr. TEVTE five, and a woman, or wife, in the Linnæan system of botany, an order in the classes pentandria, decandria, dodecandria, icosandria, and polyandria; consisting of plants which have hermaphrodite flowers, with five female organs. See BOTANY.

PENTAMETER, n. s. Fr. pentametre ; Lat. pentametrum. Á Latin verse of five feet.

Mr. Distich may probably play some pentameters upon us, but he shall be answered in Alexandrines.

Addison.

PENTANDRIA, from Gr. TEVTε five, and avno, a man, or husband, the fifth class in Linnæus's sexual method, consisting of plants which have hermaphrodite flowers, with five stamina or male organs. See BOTANY.

PENTANDRIA is also the name of an order in

the classes monadelphia, diadelphia, polyadelphia, gynandria, monœcia, and diœcia. See BOTANY. PENTAN'GULAR, adj. Gr. πεντε and angular. Five cornered.

His thick and bony scales stand in rows, so as to make the flesh almost pentangular.

Grew.

PENTAPETES, in botany, a genus of the dodecandria order, belonging to the monadelphia class of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the thirty-seventh order, columniferæ. The calyx is quinquepartite; the stamina are twenty in number, of which five are castrated and long; the capsule quinquelocular and polyspermous. There is but one species known, viz. P.

Phoenicia, with halbert-pointed, spear-shaped, sawed leaves. It is an annual plant, a native of India, and rises to two or three feet, adorned with fine scarlet flowers, consisting of one petal cut into five segments. In the centre of the flower arises a short thick column, to which adhere fifteen short stamina. It is a tender plant, and must be brought up in the hot-house.

PENTAPOLIS, a district of Cyrenaica, situated on the Mediterranean; denominated from its five cities; namely, Berenice, Arsinoe, Ptolemais, Cyrene, and Apollonia.—Ptol.

PENTAPOLIS OF THE PHILISTINES, the five cities of the Philistines, Gaza, Gath, Ascalon, Azotus, and Ekron.

PENTATEUCH, n. s. Fr. pentateuque ; Gr. πεντε and τευχος. The five books of Moses. The author in the ensuing part of the pentateuch makes not unfrequent mention of the angels. Bentley.

Hesiod in his commerce with the daughters of memory had recourse to foreign correspondents, and often drew bills at sight on the pentateuch."

Whyte's Poems, Preliminary Essay. PENTATEUCH is derived from the Greek Πεντάτευχος, from πεντε, five, and τευχος, an instrument or volume; and signifies the collection of the five instruments or books of Moses, viz. GENESIS, EXODUS, LEVITICUS, NUMBERS, and

DEUTERONOMY. See these articles.

PENTATHLON, or PENTATHLUM, in antiquity, a general name for the five exercises performed at the Grecian games, viz. wrestling, boxing, leaping, running, and playing at the discus. PENTECOST, n. s. Į Gr. TEVTEKOSη; Fr. PENTECOSTAL, adj. pentacoste, i. e. the fiftieth, because kept fifty days after the passover. A feast among the Jews: pertaining to pentecost or Whitsuntide.

And whanne the daies of pentecoste weren filled all his disciplis wereen togedre in the same place. Wiclif. Dedis 2. But I will tarry at Ephesus until pentecost. 1 Cor. xvi. 8. "Tis since the nuptial of Lucentio, Come pentecost as quickly as it will, Some five-and-twenty years. Shakspeare. This was a feast, the feast of pentecost, but for the estate of these Jews it was a day of contrition, a day of deep hunger and thirst after righteousness.

Bp. Hall.

I have composed sundry collects, made up out of the church collects, with some little variation; as the collects adventual, quadregesimal, paschal, or pentecostal.

Sanderson.

At the time of Pentecost, when the Jews were obliged to rejoice before the Lord, rendering thanks unto him for the harvest newly gathered in-did God bountifully impart the first fruits of his Holy Spirit.

Barrow.

Pentecost signifies the fiftieth, because this feast was celebrated the fiftieth day after the sixteenth of Nisan, which was the second day of the feast of the passover; the Hebrews call it the feast of weeks, because it was kept seven weeks after the passover: they then offered the first fruits of the wheat harvest, which then was completed: it was instituted to oblige the Israelites to repair to the temple, there to acknowledge the Lord's dominion, and also to render thanks to God for the law he had given them from Mount Sinai, on the fiftieth day after their coming out of Egypt.

Calmet.

PENTECOST. At this feast the Jews presented at the temple seven lambs of that year, one calf, and two rams, for a burnt offering; two lambs for a peace offering; and a goat for a sin offering: Levit. xxiii. 15, 16; Exod. xxxiv. 22, and Deut. xvi. 9, 10. The modern Jews celebrate the pentecost for two days. They deck the synagogue and their own houses with garlands of flowers. They hear a sermon in praise of the law, which they suppose to have been delivered on this day. The Jews of Germany make a very thick cake, consisting of seven layers of paste, which they call Sinai. The seven layers represent the seven heavens, which they think God reascended from the top of this mountain. See Leo de Modena and Buxtorfii synag. Jud. It was on the feast of pentecost that the Holy Ghost miraculously descended on the apostles. Acts ii.

PENTECOST, an island in the Archipelago of the Great Cyclades. It was discovered by Bougainville on Pentecost day, 22d May, 1768. It

is six miles from Aurora Island.

PENTELICUS, a mountain of Attica, famous for beautiful marble.

PENTHESILIA, a queen of the Amazons, succeeded Orythia, and gave proofs of her courage at the siege of Troy, where she was killed by Achilles. Pliny says that she invented the

battle-axe.

PENTHEUS, in fabulous history, the son of Ethion and Agave, king of Thebes in Bœotia. He was murdered by the Bacchanalian women, for opposing the worship of Bacchus, then newly introduced; though others say it was for prying into the mysteries of the new deity. His mother and his aunts, Ino and Autonoe, were the first to tear him to pieces. Ovid. Met. iii. fab. 7, 8, 9. Virg. Æn. iv. 469. See MYSTERIES.

PENTHILUS, a son of Orestes and Erigone, the daughter of Egysthus; who reigned conjunctly with his brother Tisamenes at Argos, till they were expelled by the Heraclidæ. He then went to Achaia, and thence to Lesbos, where he planted a colony.--Paus. 4. Paterc. 1. c. 1.

PENTHORUM, in botany, a genus of the pentagynia order and pentandria class of plants: CAL. quinquefid; there are either five petals or none: CAPS. five-pointed and quinquelocular.

PENTHYLUS, a king of Paphos, who assisted Xerxes with twelve ships. Being seized by the Greeks he gave them much useful information as to the situation of the Persians.-Herod.

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withstand it. The spray is often driven several miles on land. These storms however, afford many natives on the opposite shores a better livelihood than they could obtain by fishing or husbandry. They search from place to place, and from one cavern to another, in the hopes of finding timber, casks, and other floating articles of the wrecked vessels. The navigation of this pass is rendered more dangerous by the island of Stroma, and two rocks called the Skerries, lying near the middle of it. It may be crossed and sailed through, however, without danger, at particular times, known to the pilots on that coast.

PENTLAND HILLS, a ridge of hills which begin about four miles south by west of Edinburgh, and extend ten miles west towards the west borders of Mid Lothian. They are mostly green to the top, and afford excellent pasture to numerous flocks of sheep. The valleys between them are watered by several romantic streams; particularly the North Esk, Glencross, and Logan Water. Some of the hills are very high. Carketan Craig, the most northern, is 1450 feet above the sea level; Capelaw, west of it, is 1550; and Logan House hill is 1700. In this last is found the stone called Petunse Pentlandica, from its resemblance to the materials used in China for making china wares. The hills of Braid and Blackford are a continuation of this ridge.

PENTLAND SKERRIES, three islands in the east end of Pentland Frith; on the largest of which two light-houses were erected in 1794; four miles north-east of Duncan's-bay Head.

PENUCONDA, or Bilconda, an old town and fortress of the Mysore, south of India. On the defeat of the Hindoo sovereign of Bijanagur, in 1564, he fixed his residence here for some time, but finding it inconvenient removed back to Chandgherry. In 1575 Penuconda was besieged by the Mahometans, but nobly defended by Jug Deo, a relation of the Maha rajah, in recompense for which he received the government of an extensive district, which remained in his family, till dispossessed by the rajah of Mysore; since this period it has fallen to decay. It is now included in the British territories. Long. 77° 40′ E., lat. 14° 1' N.

PENULA, among the ancient Romans, was a coarse garment or cloak worn in cold or rainy weather. It was shorter than the lacerna, and therefore more proper for travellers. It was generally brown, and succeeded the toga after the state became monarchical. Augustus abolished the custom of wearing the penula over the toga, considering it as too effeminate for Romans; and the ædiles had orders to suffer none to appear in the circus or forum with the lacerna or penula. Writers are not agreed as to the precise difference between these two articles of dress; but we are told that they were chiefly worn by the lower orders of people.

PENULTIMA, or PENULTIMATE SYLLABLE, in grammar, the last syllable but one of a word. PENUMBRA, a. s. Lat. pene and umbra. An imperfect shadow; that part of the shadow which is half enlightened.

The breadth of this image answered to the sun's diameter, and was about two inches and the eighth part of an inch, including the penumbra. Newton.

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Sometimes am I a king

Hooker.

Then treason makes me wish myself a beggar;
And so I am: then crushing penury
Persuades me I was better when a king;
Then I am kinged again.

Shakspeare. Richard III.
Let them not still be obstinately blind,
Still to divert the good designed,
Or with malignant penury

To starve the royal virtues of his mind. Dryden. All innocent they were exposed to hardship and penury, which, without you, they could never have escaped. Sprat.

Some penurious spring by chance appeared Scanty of water.

Addison.

If we consider the infinite industry and penuriousness of that people, it is no wonder that, notwithstanding they furnish as great taxes as their neighbours, they make a better figure.

What more can our penurious reason grant

To the large whale or castled elephant?
May they not justly to our climes upbraid
Shortness of night, and penury of shade?

Id.

Prior.

Id.

O blessed effect of penury and want, The seed sown there, how vigorous is the plant! No soil like poverty for growth divine, As leanest land supplies the richest wine.

Cowper.

PENZANCE, a sea-port and market-town of Penwith hundred, Cornwall, on the north-west side of Mount's Bay, three miles from Marazion, and 280 W. S. W. from London. The town is well built, and is formed principally of four streets. Several ships belong to the port, although the harbour will not admit large vessels. The pier, which was first erected nearly fifty years since, was considerably extended in 1813, and was improved in 1816 by the erection of a light-house. It has several meeting houses for dissenters, a Jews' synagogue: a grammar school, dispensary, geological society, an agricultural institution, &c. The surrounding country abounds with metallic ore, and it is said that at low water veins of lead, copper, and tin, are to be discovered in the sea. The tin mines furnish considerable traffic and employment here, and hot and cold baths have been established for the accommodation of invalids. The town is governed by a mayor, recorder, twelve aldermen, and twenty-four common-councilmen.

In 1595

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it was burnt by the Spaniards, but it was soon after rebuilt, and made a coinage town. High water, spring tides, at 5 o'clock. Market on Thursday. Fairs, Trinity Thursday and Holy Thursday.

PEOŇ, in the language of Hindostan, a foot soldier, armed with sword and target. In common use, it is a footman, so armed, employed to run before a palanquin. Piada is the proper word, of which peon is a corruption.

PEONY, n. s. Lat. paronia. A flower.

A physician had often tried the peony root unseasonably gathered without success; but having gathered it when the decreasing moon passes under Aries, and tied the slit root about the neck of his patients, he had freed more than one from epileptical fits. Boyle. Fr. peuple; Lat. populus. A nation; in this sense it admits the plural, frequent in Scripture, people; the multitude; the commonalty or vulgar; men in general: to people is to stock with people.

PEOPLE, n. s.

For myn yghen han seyn thin helth: which thou hast maad redy before the face of alle peeplis. Wiclif. Luk. i. Ants are a people not strong, yet they prepare their

meat in summer.

Proverbs xxx. 25,

Prophesy again before many peoples and nations and tongues.

Revelations x. 11.

What is the city, but the people? -True, the people are the city.

Shakspeare. Coriolanus. Suppose that Brute, or whosoever else that first peopled this island, had arrived upon Thames, and called the island after his name Britannia. Raleigh. If a man temper his actions to content every combination of people, the musick will be the fuller.

Bacon.

A small red flower in the stubble field country people call the wincopipe.

I must like beasts or common people dye, Unless you write my elegy.

The knowing artist may

Judge better than the people, but a play
Made for delight,

Id.

Cowley.

If you approve it not, has no excuse. Waller. He would not be alone, who all things can: But peopled heaven with angels, earth with man.

Dryden.

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same chain. It is very likely that Peor took its name from some deity, for Peor, Phegor, or Baal-Peor, was worshipped in this country. See Numb. xxv. 3; Deut. iv. 3; Psal. cv. 28; and BAAL-PEOR.

PEOR, a city of Judah, which is not mentioned in the Hebrew, nor in the Vulgate, but only in the Greek of the Septuagint. Josh. xv. 60. Eusebius says it was near Bethlehem, and Jerome adds, that in his time it was called Paora.

PEPARETHOS, an island in the Agean Sea, on the coast of Macedonia, twenty miles in circumference; famous for excellent wme and olives. Plin. iv. 12; Ovid. Met. vii. 470; Liv. xxviii. 5.

PEPIN DE HERISTAL, or Le Gros, mayor of the palace under Clovis III., Childebert, and Dagobert III. The power of these mayors in France was so great that they left the sovereign only the empty title, and in the end seized on the throne itself.

PEPIN LE PETIT, or le Brief (i. e. the short), grandson to Pepin le Gros, and first king of the second race of French monarchs, was mayor of

the palace to Childeric III., a weak prince: he

contrived to confine him and his son Theodoric

in different monasteries; and then with the assistance of pope Stephen III. he usurped the sovereign power. He died in 768, aged fiftyfour. See FRANCE.

PEPLIS, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and hexandria class of plants: natural order seventeenth, calycantheme. The perianthium is campanulated; the mouth cleft in twelve parts; there are six petals inserted into the calyx: CAPS. bilocular.

ancient times, reaching down to the feet, without PEPLUS, a long robe worn by the women in sleeves, and so very fine that the shape of the body might be seen through it. The Athenians used much ceremony in making the peplus, and dressing the statue of Minerva in it. Homer makes frequent mention of the peplus of that goddess.

PEPOZIANS, a sect of Christian heretics, who sprung up in the second century; a branch of the Montanists.

PEPPER, n. s. peрen; Gr. TεTEOL.

Fr. poivre: Lat. ¡ipr; Ital.
A pungent spice.

We have three kinds of pepper; the black, the white, and the long, which are three different fruits produced by three distinct plants: black pepper is

a dried fruit of the size of a vetch and roundish, with this we are supplied from Java, Malabar, and but rather of a deep brown than a black colour: Sumatra, and the plant has the same heat and fiery taste that we find in the pepper: white pepper is onmonly factitious, and prepared from the black, by taking off the outer bark; but there is a rarer sort, which is a genuine fruit, naturally white. long pepper is a fruit gathered while unripe and dried, of an inch or an inch and half in length, and of the thickness of a large goose quill.

Hill.

I have peppered two of them; two I have paid, two rogues in buckram suits.

Shakspeare. Henry IV. I will now take the leacher; he cannot creep into a halfpenny purse nor into a pepper-box.

Shakspeare. Our performances, though dues, are like those

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