ters and schoolmasters in London. After the Restoration, in 1660, it was debated for several hours together, whether he and John Goodwin should be deprived of the benefits of the act of indemnity. The result was, that if Philip Nye, clerk, should, after the 1st September, 1660, accept or exercise any office, ecclesiastical, civil, or military, he should, to all intents and purposes in law, stand as if he had been totally excepted for life.' In November, 1662, he was suspected to be engaged in Tongue's plot; but the suspicion was never proved. He died in Cornhill, London, in September 27th, 1672, and was buried in the upper vault of the said church.

NYIREGYHÁZA, a town of Hungary, in the palatinate of Szaboles. It contains churches for Lutherans, Calvinists, Catholics, and Greek Christians. The employment of the inhabitants (about 8000) consists chiefly in the tillage of the vicinity, the rearing of cattle, and making wine. Twenty-nine miles north of Debreczin, and 123 E. N. E. of Pest.

NYKOPING, a town and government of Sweden, containing the western and most considerable part of Sodarmaria. The town is well built, with broad and straight streets; but its population is not above 2400. Its manufactures and its trade and navigation are considerable; and the Swedish language is supposed to be spoken in its greatest purity here. Forty-nine miles south-west of Stockholm.

NYLAND, a province of European Russia, in Finnland, bounded by the gulf of Finnland, Carelia, Tavastland, and Finnland Proper. Its area is 4880 square miles, consisting of good pasturage, and extensive forests. The fisheries supply a considerable part of the food; the mineral chiefly found is copper. It has several small lakes, from one of which issues the Kymmene. Inhabitants 115,000.

NYL-GHAU, in zoology, an East Indian animal, classed as a species of antelope, by Drs. Gmelin and Pallas, Messrs. Pennant, Kerr, &c., though others reckon it a species of bos. The name denotes a blue cow, or bull. The nyl-ghau is larger than any ruminant of this country, except the ox; its flesh is delicious. In size it appears to be between black cattle and deer; and in its form also there is a very evident resemblance to both. Its body, horns, and tail, are not unlike those of a bull, and the head, neck, and legs, are very like those of a deer. Mr. Hunter, who dissected it, apprehends that it is an entirely new and distinct genus. The color, in general, is ash or gray, from a mixture of black hairs and white; the height of the back is about four feet, and the trunk, from the root of the neck to the pendulous tail, is about the same length; along the ridge of the neck the hair forms a short and thin upright mane; the legs are small in proportion to their length; the neck is long and slender as in the deer; at the throat there is a shield-like spot of beautiful white hair; and lower down, on the beginning of the convexity of the neck, there is a mane-like tuft of long black hair. There are six grinders on each side of the jaw; and four incisores in each half of the lower jaw; the horns are seven inches long, and of a triangular shape. The nyl-ghau

eats oats, but is fonder of grass and hay. It is vicious and fierce in the rutting season, but at other times tame and gentle. The female differs so much from the male that we should scarcely suppose them to be of the same species. She is much smaller, both in height and thickness. In her shape and yellowish color she very much resembles deer, and has no horns; yet has four nipples, and is supposed to go nine months with young; she has commonly one at a birth, and sometimes twins. The young male nyl-ghau resembles the female in color.

NYMPH, n. s. Lat. nympha; Gr. vvμon. A
goddess of the woods, meadows, or waters.
And as the moisture which the thirsty earth
Sucks from the sea to fill her empty veins,
From out her womb at last doth take a birth,
And runs a nymph along the grassy plains. Davies.
This resolve no mortal dame,

None but those eyes could have overthrown;
The nymph I dare not, need not name. Waller.
Tending all to nymphish war.
Drayton.

NYMPH, in entomology, that state of winged insects between their living in the form of a worm, and their appearing in the winged or most perfect state. The eggs of insects are first hatched into a kind of worms or maggots; which afterwards pass into the nymph state, surrounded with shells or cases of their own skins; so that in reality, these nymphs are only the embryo insects wrapped up in this covering, from which they at last get loose, though not without great difficulty. During this nymph state the creature loses its motion. Swammerdam calls it nympha aurelia, or simply aurelia; and others give it the name of chrysalis, a term of the like import; but modern entomologists prefer the term pupa to both. See ENTOMOLOGY.

NYMPHS, in mythology, were certain inferior goddesses, inhabiting the mountains, woods, waters, &c., said to be the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys. All the universe was represented as full of these nymphs, who are distinguished into several ranks or classes. The general division of them was into celestial and terrestrial. The former were called Uraniæ, and were supposed to be intelligences that governed the heavenly bodies or spheres; the latter, called Epigeiæ, presided over the several parts of the inferior world, and were divided into those of the waters and those of the earth. The nymphs of the water were the oceanides, or nymphs of the ocean; the nereids, the nymphs of the sea; the naiads and ephydriades, the nymphs of the fountains; and the limniades the nymphs of the lakes. The nymphs of the earth were the oreades, or nymphs of the mountains; the napoæ, nymphs of the meadows; and the dryads and hamadryads, were nymphs of the forests and groves. Besides these we meet with nymphs who took their names from particular countries, rivers, &c., as the Cithæroniades, so called from Mount Citharon in Baotia; Dodonides, from Dodona; Tiberiades, from the Tiber, &c. Goats were sometimes sacrificed to the nymphs; but their constant offerings were milk, oil, honey, and wine. They were supposed to enjoy longevity, but not to be immortal. They are described as sleepless, and dreaded by the country people. They were su

ceptible of passion. The Argonauts landing on the shore of the Propontis, in their way to Colchos, sent Hylas, a boy, for water, who discovered a lonely fountain, in which the nymphs Eunica, Malis, and Nycheia, were preparing to dance; and these seeing him were enamoured, and, seizing him by the hand as he was filling his vase, pulled him in. The nymphs, it was the popular persuasion, occasionally appeared; and nympholepsy is characterised as a phrenzy which arose from having beheld them. On Citharon, in Boeotia, there were nymphs called Sphragitides, whose cave, once also oracular, was on a summit of the mountain. Their dwellings had generally a well or spring of water; the former often a collection of moisture condensed or exuding from the roof and sides; and this, in many instances, being pregnant with stony particles, concreted, and marked its passage by incrustations, the ground-work in all ages and countries of idle tales framed or adopted by superstitious and credulous people. A cave in Paphlagonia was sacred to the nymphs who inhabited the mountains about Heraclea. It was long and wide, and pervaded by water, clear as crystal. There also were seen bowls of stone, and nymphs and their webs and distaffs, and curious work, exciting admiration.

NYMPHE, in anatomy, two membranaceous parts, situated on each side of the rima. See ANATOMY.

NYMPHEA, in antiquity, structures about which the learned are not agreed. Some take them to have been grottoes, deriving their name from the statues of the nymphs with which they were adorned; but that they were considerable works appears from their being executed by the emperors, or by the city præfects. In an inscription, the term is written nymfium. Scarce any of these nymphæa have lasted down to our time; but one was discovered some years ago between Naples and Vesuvius. It is a square building, with only one entrance, and some steps that went down to it. On the right hand, in entering towards the head, there is a fountain of the purest water; along which is laid a naked Arethusa of the whitest marble; the bottom or ground' is of variegated marble, and encompassed with a canal fed by the water from the fountain; the walls are set round with shells and pebbles of various colors; by the setting of which, as in a mosaic picture, are expressed the twelve months of the year, and the four political virtues; also the rape of Proserpine; Pan, playing on his reed, and soothing his flock; besides the representations of nymphs swimming, sailing, and wantoning on fishes, &c. It seems pretty evident that the nymphæa were used as baths; for, at the same time that they were furnished with pleasing grottoes, they were also supplied with cooling streams, by which they were rendered exceedingly delightful, and drew great numbers of people to frequent them. Silence seems to have been a particular requisite here, as appears by this inscription: Nymphis loci, bibe, lava, tace.'

NYMPHEA, in botany, the water lily; a genus of the monogynia order, polyandria class of plants; natural order fifty-fourth, miscellaneæ: COR. polypetalous: CAL. tetraphyllous or penta

phyllous; berry multilocular and truncated, There are five species:

1. N. alba, the white water lily, is a native of Britain, and grows in lakes and ditches. The root has an astringent and bitter taste, like those of most aquatic plants that run deep into the mud. The Highlanders make a dye with it, of a dark chestnut color.

2. N. lien-hoa, or nenufar, a native of China, is highly extolled in that country for its virtues, and ranked among those plants which are employed in the composition of the liquor of immortality. The seeds are there eaten as we eat filberts in Europe: they are more delicate when they are green, but harder of digestion; they are preserved in many different ways with sugar. The root of this plant is also admitted by the Chinese to their tables: in whatever manner it be prepared, it is equally wholesome. Great quantities are pickled with salt and vinegar, which they reserve to eat with their rice. When reduced to powder, it makes excellent soup with water and milk. The leaves of the nenufar are much used for wrapping up fruits, fish, salt provision, &c. When dry, the Chinese mix them with their tobacco, to render it softer and milder.

3. N. lotus, the Egyptian lotus, with heart-shaped toothed leaves, thought to be peculiar to Egypt, is thus mentioned by Herodotus: when the river Nile is become full, and all the grounds round it are a perfect sea, there grow a vast quantity of lilies, which the Egyptians call lotus, in the water. After they have cut them, they dry them in the sun; then, having parched the seed within the lotus, which is most like the poppy, they make bread of it, baking it with fire. The root also of the lotus is eatable, easily becoming sweet, being round, and of the size of an apple.' M. Savary mentions it as growing in the rivulets and on the sides of the lakes; and there are two sorts of varieties of the plant, the one with a white, the other with a bluish flower. The calyx, he says, blows like a large tulip, and diffuses a sweet smell, resembling that of the lily. The first sort produces a round root like that of a potatoe; and the inhabitants of the banks of the lake Menzel feed upon it. The rivulets in the environs of Damietta are covered with this majestic flower, which rises upwards of two feet above the water.' The high veneration in which the nymphæa lotus was held by the Egyptians, is well known; and it is still equally venerated by the Hindoos. See LOTUS.

4. N. lutea, the yellow water lily, is a native of Britain, growing in lakes and ditches. Linnæus tells us that the swine are fond of the leaves and roots, and that the smoke of it will drive away crickets and blattæ, or cock-roaches, out of houses.

5. N. nelumbo, is a native of the East and West Indies, called nelumbo in Ceylon. The leaves which rest upon the surface of the water are smooth, undivided, perfectly round, thick, target-shaped, and about one foot and a half in diameter. The foot-stalk of the leaves is prickly; and inserted, not into the base, or margin, as in most plants, but in the centre of the lower disk or surface. From this centre, upon the upper

surface, issue, like rays, a great number of large ribs, or nerves, which, towards the circumference, are divided and subdivided into a small number of very minute parts. The flowers are large, flesh-colored, and consist of numerous petals, disposed, as in the other species of water-lily, in two or more rows. The seed-vessel is shaped like a top, being broad and circular above, narrow and almost pointed below. It is divided into several distinct cells, which form so many large round holes upon the surface of the fruit; each containing a single seed. The stalks, which are used as a pot herb, are of wonderful length. The root is very long, extends itself transversely, is of the thickness of a man's arm, jointed and fibrous, with long intervals betwixt the joints. The fibres surround the joints in verticilli or whirls.

NYMPHÆUM, in ancient geography, a sacred place near Apollonia, in Illyricum, sending forth continually fire in detached streams from a green valley and verdant meadows. Plutarch. Dio Cassius adds, that the fire neither burns up nor parches the earth, but that herbs and trees grow and thrive near it, and therefore the place is called Nymphæum; near which was an oracle. It was there that the sleeping satyr was caught, which is said to have been brought to Sylla as he returned from the Mithridatic war.

NYMPHIDIUS (Sabinus), a person of mean descent, but appointed by Nero colleague of Tigellinus in the command of the prætorian guards. About the time, however, that the German legions revolted from this despicable prince, he was also betrayed by Nymphidius, and abandoned by his guards. Nymphidius pretended to espouse, the cause of Galba, but, after Nero's death, usurped the supreme authority. Galba, however, was again acknowledged and proclaimed, and Nymphidius, notwithstanding his artifices, detected and slain by the soldiers who were proclaiming Galba.

NYS. Corrupted of ne is. None is; not is. Obsolete.

Thou findest fault, where nys to be found, And buildest strong work upon a weak ground.

Spenser.

NYSA, or NYSSA, in ancient geography, a town of Ethiopia, south of Egypt. Some place it in Arabia. This city, with another of the same name in India, was sacred to Bacchus, who was said to have been educated there by the nymphs of the place, and who received the name of Dionysius, from Acog, Jupiter, and Nvra, the place of his education. Bacchus made this place the seat of his empire, and the capital of the conquered nations of the east.

NYSSA, in botany, a genus of the order diœcia, and polygamia class of plants; natural order twelfth, holoraceæ: HERM. CAL. quinquepartite: COR. none: the stamina are five; there is one pistil; fruit a plum inferior: MALE CAL. quinquepartite, no corolla, and ten stamina. There is only one species, viz.

N. aquatica, the tupelo tree. It is a deciduous tree or shrub, a native of moist or watery places in America, and consists of two varieties; the entire-leaved, and the serrated-leaved tupelo. The entire-leaved tupelo tree, in its native soil and climate, grows to nearly twenty feet high; in

this country its size varies according to the soil or situation. In a moist rich earth, well sheltered, it rises to nearly twenty feet; in others, that are less so, it makes slower progress, and is proportionally lower. The branches are not very numerous; and it rises with a regular trunk, at the top of which they generally grow. The leaves are of a lanceolated figure, and of a fine light-green color. They end in acute points, and are very ornamental, of a thickish consistence, soft, grow alternately on pretty long foot-stalks, and often retain their verdure late in the autumn. The flowers, which are not very ornamental, are produced from the sides of the branches, growing sometimes singly, sometimes many together, on a foot-stalk. They are of a greenish color; and, in the countries where they naturally grow, are succeeded by oval drupes, enclosing oval, acute, furrowed nuts. In England they seldom produce fruit.

The serrated-leaved tupelo tree grows usually nearly thirty feet in height; and divides into branches, near the top, like the other. The leaves are oblong, pointed, of a light-green color, and come out without order on long foot-stalks. The flowers come out from the wings of leaves on long foot-stalks. They are small, of a greenish color; and are succeeded by oval drupes containing sharp-pointed nuts, about the size of a French olive. The propagation of these trees is from seeds, which come from America. As soon as they arrive they should be sown in large pots of light sandy earth an inch deep. No plants come up the first spring. The gardener, after this work is done, should plunge his pots up to their rims in the ground; and, if it be a moist place, it will be the better. Weeding must be observed during the summer; and a few furze bushes should be pricked round the pots in November, which will prevent the ground from freezing, and forward the coming up of the seeds. In the next spring the pots should be plunged into a hot-bed, after which the seeds will soon appear. As much air as possible, and watering, should be afforded them; and they must be hardened soon to be set out. The pots should then be plunged to their rims again in the natural mould; where they are to remain till October. Watering must be given them; and they should also be shaded in the heat of the day. In October they must be housed with other green-house plants, or else set under a hot-bed frame, or some other cover, during winter. The third spring they should be taken out of the larger pots, and each planted in a smaller, in which their growth may be assisted by a gentle heat in a bed; and if they are planted up to the rims in a moist place, and shaded in dry weather, they will grow very well. Though by this time they should have become hardy, yet it will be proper to shelter them the winter following in bad weather. They require little more care during their stay in the pots, which may be either two, three, or more years, if they are large enough; when in spring they may be turned out, with the mould, into the places where they are to remain, which ought always to be moist and properly sheltered.

O, as a letter, is the fourteenth in the alphabet, and the fourth vowel. In English, has a long sound; as in drone, groan, stone, alone, cloke, broke, coal, droll; or short, as in got, knot, shot, prong, long; the long sound is often denoted by a servile a or u subjoined; as in moan, soul; or by e at the end of a syllable; as in bone: when these vowels are not appended, it is generally short, except before ll; as, droll, scroll, and even then, sometimes, as in loll, poll. Its sound is often so soft as to require it double, and that chiefly in the middle of words; as, goose, reproof, &c. And in some words this oo is pronounced like u short; as in flood, blood, &c. In Irish O signifies a descendant, being abbreviated from og, ogha, young; it is also used as a possessive or equivalent to the English of, as in Clem o' Cleugh. O is also an interjection of wishing or exclamation. It is used with no great elegance by Shakspeare for a circle or oval.

O unexpected stroke, worse than of death! Must I thus leave thee, Paradise? thus leave Thee, native soil, these happy walks and shades Fit haunt of gods?

Id.

O that we, who have resisted all the designs of his love, would now try to defeat that of his anger! Decay of Piety. O! were he present, that his eyes and hands Might see, and urge the death which he commands. Dryden.

The Greeks had two O's; viz. omicron, o, and omega, w; the first pronounced on the tip of the lips with a sharper sound; the second in the middle of the mouth, with a fuller sound, equal to oo in our language. As a unmeral Ò was sometimes used for 11 among the ancients; and with a dash over it, thus Ū, for 11,000. In modern arithmetic it is used for the cypher, and represents nothing. (See ARITHMETIC.) As an abbreviation, in the notes of the ancients, O. CON. is read opus conductum; O. C. Q. opera consilioque; O. D. M. operæ donum munus; and O. LO. opus locatum. Among the Irish, the letter O, at the beginning of the name of a family, is said to be a character of dignity annexed to great houses. Thus, in the history of Ireland, we frequently meet with the O Neals, O Carrols, &c., considerable houses in that island. Cambden observes that it is the custom of the lords of Ireland

to prefix an O to their names, to distinguish them from the commonalty. In music, the ancients used O as a mark of triple time; from a notion that the ternary, or number three, was the most perfect of numbers, and therefore properly expressed by a circle, the most perfect of figures. It is not, strictly speaking, the letter O, but the

figure of a circle O, or double Cɔ, used to ex-
press tempo perfecto, or triple time. Hence the
Italians call it circolo. The seven antiphones,
or alternate hymns of seven verses, &c., sung by
the choir in the time of Advent, were formerly
called O, from their beginning with such an ex-
clamation.
OAF, n. s. This word is also written auff,
ofe, and oph. Goth. alf; Teut. auf. It seems
a corruption of ouph, a demon or fairy, says
Dr. Johnson; in Germ. alf, from which elf; and
means properly the same with changeling; a
foolish child left by malevolent ouphs or fairies
in the place of one more witty. A changeling
a foolish child left by the fairies.

These, when a child haps to be got
Which after proves an idiot,
When folk perceives it thriveth not,
The fault therein to smother :
Some silly doating brainless calf,
That understands things by the half,
Says that the fairy left this oaf,
And took away the other.

Drayton's Nymphid. OAK, n. s. Sax. ac, oc, signifying OAK-APPLE, strength,' Skinner says, 'to OAK'EN, adj. show how easy it is to play OAKEN-PIN, n. s. the fool, under a show of literature and deep researches, I will, for the diversion of my reader, derive from ouros, a house; the oak being the best timber for building.' He seems to have had Junius in his thoughts, who on this word has shown his usual fondness for Greek etymology. Ac or oak,' says that critic, ́ signified among the Saxons, like robur among the Latins, not only an oak but strength, and may be well enough derived, 'non incommode deduci potest,' from aλen strength; by taking the three first letters, and then sinking the A, as is not uncommon. The QUERCUS, which see: oaken is made of oak: oaken-pin, a kind of apple. He returned with his brows bound with oak Shakspeare:

He lay along

Under an oak, whose antique root peeps out Upon the brook that brawls along this wood. Id. No tree beareth so many bastard fruits as the oak: for, besides the acorns, it beareth galls, oak apples, oak nuts, which are inflammable, and oak berries,

sticking close to the body of the tree without stalk.

Bacon's Natural History. No nation doth equal England for oaken timber wherewith to build ships. Bacom's Advice to Villiers.

By lot from Jove I am the power, Of this fair wood, and live in oaken bower. Milton. The monarch oak, the patriarch of the trees, Shoots rising up, and spreads by słow degrees: Three centuries he grows, and three he stays Supreme in state; and in three more decays.

Dryden.

With each an oaken chaplet on his head.
Clad in white velvet all their troop they led,

Id.

then lopped, is still the same oak. An oak growing from a plant to a great tree, and Locke.

Ouken pin, so called from its hardness, is a lasting fruit, yields excellent liquor, and is near the nature of the Westbury apple, though not in form. Mortimer

Let India boast her plants, nor envy we
The weeping amber and the balmy tree,
While by our oaks the precious loads are born,
And realms commanded which those trees adorn.

Pope. The oak-tree hath male flowers, or katkins, which consist of a great number of small slender threads. The embryos, which are produced at remote distances from these on the same tree, do afterwards become acorns, which are produced in hard scaly cups: the leaves are sinuated. The species are five. Miller.

The fruit is an acorn like the common oak. The wood of this tree is accounted very good for many sorts of tools and utensils; and affords the most durable charcoal in the world.

It seems idolatry, with some excuse, When our fore-father Druids in their oaks Imagined sanctity.

Id.

Cowper

And such in ancient halls and mansions drear May still be seen; but perforated sore, And drilled in holes, the solid oak is found, By worms voracious eating through and through.

Id.

OAK BARK, the bark of the oak, which is very useful in tanning. See TANNING. The bark of oak trees was formerly thought to be extremely useful in vegetation. One load (Mr. Mills in his Treatise on Husbandry informs us) of oak bark, laid in a heap and rotted, after the tanners have used it for dressing of leather, will do more service to stiffen cold land, and its effects will last longer, than two loads of the richest dung; but this has been strenuously controverted. The bark, in medicine, is also a strong astringent; and hence is recommended in hæmorrhages, alvine fluxes, and other preternatural or immoderate secretions; and in these it is sometimes attended with good effects. Some have alleged that by the use of this bark every purpose can be answered which may be obtained from Peruvian bark. But, after several very fair trials, this is found not to be the case. Besides the bark, the buds, the acorns, and their cups are used; as also the galls, which are excrescences, caused by insects, on the oaks of the eastern countries, of which there are divers sorts; some perfectly round and smooth, some rougher with small protuberances, but all generally having a round hole in them. All the parts of the oak are styptic, binding, and useful in all kinds of fluxes and bleedings, either inward or outward. The bark is frequently used in gargarisms, for the relaxation of the uvula, and for sore mouths and throats: it is also used in restringent clysters and injections, against the prolapsus uteri or ani. The acorns, beaten to powder, are frequently taken by the vulgar for pains in the side.

OAK LEAF GALLS are of several kinds; the remarkable species, called the mushroom gall, is never found on any other vegetable substance but these leaves; and, besides this, there are a great number of other kinds. The double gall of these leaves is very singular, because the generality of productions of this kind affect only

one side of a leaf or branch, and grow all one way; whereas this kind of gall extends itself both ways, and is seen on each side of a leaf, in form of two protuberances, opposite the one to the other. These are of differently irregular shapes; but their natural figure seems that of two cones, with broad bases, and very obtuse points, though sometimes they are round, or very nearly so.. These make their first appearance on the leaf in April, and remain on it till June or longer. They are at first green, but afterwards yellowish, and are softer to the touch than many other of the productions of this kind; they are usually about the size of a large pea; but sometimes they grow to the bigness of a nut. When opened, they are found to be of that kind which are inhabited each by one insect only, and each contains one cavity. The cavity in this is, however, larger than in any other gall of the size, or even in many others of three times the size; the sides of it being very little thicker than the substance of the leaf. It is not easy to ascertain the origin of the several species of flies which are at times seen in this manner to come out of the same species of galls. It seems the common course of nature that only one species of insect forms one kind of gall; yet it may be that two or three kinds may give origin to the same kind. There is, however, another occasion of our seeing different species come out of different galls of the same kind; and this is the effect of the enemies. of the proper inhabitants. It might appear that the parent fly, when she had formed a gall for the habitation of her worm-offspring, had 1 placed in an impregnable fortress: but this is not the case; for it frequently happens that a fly, as small perhaps as that which gave origin to the gall, produces a worm which is of the carnivorous kind, as the other feeds on vegetable juices. This little fly, well knowing that where there is one of these protuberances on a leaf there is a tender and defenceless insect within, pierces the sides of the gall, and deposits her egg within it. This, when it hatches into a worm, feeds upon the. proper inhabitant; and, finally, after devouring it, passes into the chrysalis state, and thence appears in the form of its parent fly, and is seen making its way out of the gall, in the place of the proper inhabitant. On opening these leaf galls, which are properly the habitation only of one animal, it is common to find two, the stronger preying upon the body of the other, and sucking its juices as it does those of the leaf; often it is found wholly employed in devouring its unoffending neighbour at once: this is probably the case when its time of eating is nearly over; and, in fine, when we find the gall inhabited by only one insect, or containing only one chrysalis, as it ought in its natural state to do, we are never certain that this is the proper inhabitant, as it may be one of these destroyers who has eaten up the other, and supplied its place. See APHIS and PUCERON.

OAK LEAVES. The uses of oak bark in tanning and in hot-beds are generally known. For the latter of these purposes, however, oak-leaves are now found to answer equally well, or better. When raked into heaps, the leaves should immediately be carried into some place near the