and the water cool, being twelve degrees under the temperature of the air, which was 80°. After exhibiting my portaria, or license to travel, I left the registro of the Paraiba, and immediately commenced a long and painful ascent. The road was excessively bad, being extremely narrow, with a gulley down the centre; and the soil, being a red clay, was very insecure from the humidity. From the summit, the views on all sides were magnificent; but more particularly the one which extendea along the valley of the Paraiba. Here and there the eye caught a glimpse of the river glistening amidst the deepest and most luxuriant vegetation. My tropeiro brought me some pieces of the Quina or Bark, and pointed out many trees. It was extremely bitter, and is, I have no doubt, as good a febrifuge as the Peruvian. All those who pass through these woods use it for the teeth and in cases of loss of appetite. This bark is of a higher color than the Jesuits', and I presume of a very different species. The track now led down a descent, and afterwards ascended by a zigzag and most laborious road to nearly its former elevation. The heat was intense, and the mules suffered considerably, and drank at every stream. Large masses of undecomposed feldspar rose in places out of the deep red earth. In other spots the soil was a stiff red clay. The thick wood, although boasting of a large proportion of evergreens, showed, at least the highest trees, a wintery appearance.

We had not long left the Paraiba, when an immense boa constrictor showed himself among the foliage over my head and the tropeiro's. He was playing about, and instantly retired; he was so close to me that I had a good opportunity of examining his length and the dark brown spots with which he was marked, before my mule and the tropeiro's horse descried him, when the former sprung forward, and the latter turned round, and with great difficulty was brought up again to the spot, which he passed in a trembling state. Rosario and Adam were in advance with the mules and the gun, and had seen nothing of the monster. This was the largest boa I ever saw alive, and I should conceive measured sixteen or eighteen feet. Some skins I subsequently measured were of much greater length. They were brought from the sertão, or country not at all traversed; and when tanned formed an excellent boot quite impervious to the wet. Many of the respectable miners wear boots of this description. The heat was so oppressive on this day that we saw few birds: they appeared to have retired to the very depths of the woods. The trees which we passed were of immense height for, although in many instances they rose from a depth of forty feet below us, they towered as many over our heads. They were chiefly the tree which produces the gum copaiba. We proceeded onwards to a rancho called Payal, and thence over the summits of many serras, ascending and descending continually, until seven o'clock in the evening, when we came in sight of and descended to the bank of the Paraibuna. The temperature of the water was 71° and of the air 78°. The distance completed this day was about six leagues, but the heat was

so oppressive, and the track, from the repeated ascents and descents, so extremely fatiguing, that the mules arrived at the river in a very exhausted state. After unloading them, we allowed them to lie down or wander about for an hour or two, before we attempted to feed them; but even then they would not touch the Indian corn, and we were at last obliged to add some handfuls of salt, to get them to eat any. Our own chase had been very unfortunate: only one large bird had been killed; but on 'aking off the skin, for the sake of the plumage, the body was evidently too small for supper A fortunate occurrence obtained us, however, an excellent repast. My man, previous to leaving Rio de Janeiro, bought the cld hat of a priest, which, from its very broad flaps, he conceived would be an effectual shelter from the sun. When we came down to the huts of the Paraibuna, one of the inhabitants thought he recognised in Rosario a priest who had once said mass there, and, knowing he could procure nothing fit to eat, had a fowl instantly killed, dressed with rice, and sent it to us. In fact, there is little or nothing to be got in these villages; the mule drivers live on feijoes or beans and pork, which they carry with them, and the inhabitants have little more than is sufficient for their own consumption. The land which they take the trouble to cultivate is cropped with Indian corn, and is entirely consumed on the spot. The inhabitants are a mixed race of blacks and mulattoes, and occasionally with a dash of Indian blood. They are chiefly free; they are excessively indolent, as it may be supposed, and do not appear stimulated even by the idea of gain. Their huts are formed of mud, with a covering of broad leaves; the better description have a ceiling formed of split canes, called taquarra.

'The registro of the Paraibuna is built on the opposite side of the river, and about 100 small huts or houses surround it. The Paraibuna flows down from the back of the Serra da Mantequeira, under the name of the Rio Preto, which is in fact a mere translation of the Indian word Paraibuna. Para, river, and ibuna, black. It is here about fifty yards across, and flows with a turbid but rapid current, half a degree farther to the east, where it joins the Paraiba, and their united streams enter the sea under the name of the Southern Paraiba. Its sand is eminently auriferous, and in front of the registio many canoes were at work. By means of a windlass and an iron scoop, the gold washers dredge up into the canoe a portion of the bed of the river, and, when they have procured as much as they can carry, they move to their washing place, which is a kind of platform projecting over the river; the cascallo or gravel and sand is then shovelled into a large trough, and upon it a neighbouring stream is conducted by means of large bamboos. The canoes are very large, and formed out of a single tree. There were usually three blacks in the canoe, and two on the platform, who received a patach (320 reis) per diem each, which for five amounted to 1600 reis ; and as the daily gain was generally equal to 2200, about ten shillings, there was a balance of 600 reis for the owners of the boat. One of the

patraos informed me that he frequently collected with three boats five or six octavas of gold (seventy-two grains each) in the course of the day. The gold he showed me was fine grained and of good color. The gravel brought up with it consisted chiefly of quartz of a brilliant whiteness, appearing at first like white topazes, rounded cornelians of a yellowish tint with the red, some agates, and aquamarines of a muddy bad color. I obtained from the mass of refuse several specimens of this description, and a few waterworn wine-yellow topazes. On the bank of the river I observed many large masses of ferruginous quartz, destined, perhaps, when the progress of decomposition is completed, to add a small stock of gold to the sands of the stream, from which large quantities have been already obtained.' PARALLAX, n. s. Greek apalagic. The distance between the true and apparent place of the sun, or any star, viewed from the surface of the earth. See below.

By what strange parallax or optick skill Of vision multiply'd. Milton's Paradise Regained. Light moves from the sun to us in about seven or eight minutes time, which distance is about 70,000,000 English miles, supposing the horizontal parallax of the sun to be about twelve seconds.

Newton's Opticks. PARALLAX, in astronomy, is otherwise defined, the difference between the places of any celestial objects as seen from the surface, and from the centre of the earth at the same instant. See ASTRONOMY. The whole effect of parallax is in a vertical direction for the parallactic angle is in the plane passing through the observer and the earth's centre; which plane is necessarily perpendicular to the horizon, the earth being considered as a sphere. The more elevated an object is above the horizon, the less is the paraliax, its distance from the earth's centre continuing the same. When the object is in the zenith, it has no parallel; but when in the horizon, its parallax is greatest. The horizontal parallax being given, the parallax at any given altitude may be found by the following rule:-To the logarithmic cosine of the given altitude, add the log. sine of the horizontal parallax; the sum, rejecting ten from the index, will be the log. sine of the parallax, in altitude. The longitude, latitude, right ascension, and declination of an object, are affected by parallax. The difference between the true and apparent longitudes is called the parallax in longitude; in like manner, the differences between the true and apparent latitudes, right ascensions, and declinations, are called the parallax in latitude, right ascension, and declination, respectively.-When the object is in the nonagesimal, the parallax in longitude is nothing, but that in latitude is greatest; and, when the object is in the meridian, the parallax in right ascension vanishes, and that in declination is a maximum. The apparent longitude is greater than the true longitude, when the object is east of the nonagesimal, otherwise less; and, when the object is in the eastern hemisphere, the apparent right ascension exceeds the true, but is less than the true right ascension when the object is in the western hemisphere. The apparent place of an object is more distant from the ele

vated poles of the ecliptic and equator than the true place; hence, when the latitude of the place and elevated pole of the ecliptic are of the same name, the apparent latitude is less than the true latitude, otherwise greater; and the apparent declination will be less or greater than the true declination, according as the latitude of the place and declination of the object are of the same or of a contrary denomination. The parallaxes in longitude, latitude, right ascension, and declination, in the spheroidat hypothesis, may be found by the following formula; in which L represents the latitude of the place, diminished by the angle contained between the vertical and radius of the given place; P the horizontal parallax for that place; a the altitude of the nonagesimal at the given distance; d the apparent distance of the object from the nonagesimal; A the true and apparent latitudes of the object; Do the true and apparent declinations respectively; and m its apparent distance from the meridian. Then par. in long. P. sine a. sine d, secant l, to radius unity; and par. in lat. P. cosine a. cosine a. cosine Ap. cosine d. sine a. sine X. The sign is used when the apparent distance of the object from the nonagesimal and from the elevated pole of the ecliptic are of the same affection, and the sign+if of different affection. If the greatest precision be required, the following quantity 0-00000121216. par. long. 2, sine 27, is to be applied to the parallax in latitude found as above, by addition or subtraction, as the true distance of the object from the elevated pole of the ecliptic is greater or less than 90°. Again, par. in right ascen. P. cosine L. sine m. secant D, to radius unity; and par. in declination P. sine L. cosine & P. cosine L. sine &, cosine m. The upper or lower sign is to be used, according as the distance of the object from the meridian and from the elevated pole of the equator are of the same or different affection. Part second of par. in declination=000000121216 par. in right ascen. 2, sine 2 D; which is additive to, or subtractive from part first of the parallax in declination, according as the true distance of the object from the elevated pole of the equator is greater or less than 90°.

PARALLAX is also used to denote the charge of place in an object arising from viewing it obliquely with respect to another object. Thus the minute hand of a watch is said to have a parallax when it is viewed obliquely; and the difference between the instants shown by it, when viewed directly and obliquely, is the quantity of parallax in time.

PARALLAX OF THE EARTH'S ANNUAL ORBIT, is the difference between the places of a planet as seen from the sun and earth at the same instant. The difference between the longitudes of the planet as seen from the sun and earth is called the parallax in longitude; and the difference between its latitudes is the parallax in latitude.

PARALLEL, adj., n. s. & Į Fr. parallele; PARALLELISM. [υ. α. 5 Gr. παράλληλος. Equidistant; lineally extended in the same direction: hence, having the same tendency; equal; like parallelism is the state of being parallel, or an instance of it.

The Azores having a middle situation between these continents and that vast tract of America, the needle seemeth equally distracted by both, and diverting unto neither, doth parallel and place itself upon the true meridian.

Id.

The loyal sufferers abroad became subjected to the worst effect of banishment, and even there expelled and driven from their flights; so paralleling in their exigencies the most immediate objects of that monFell. ster's fury.

The parallelism and due proportioned inclination of the axis of the earth. More's Divine Dialogues. In the fire, the destruction was so swift, sudden, vast, and miserable, as nothing can parallel in story. Dryden.

I paralleled more than once our idea of substance with the Indian philosopher's he-knew-not-what, which supported the tortoise.

Locke. Speaking of the parallelism of the axis of the earth I demand, whether it be better to have the axis of the earth steady and perpetually parallel to itself, or to have it carelessly tumble this way and that way.

Burnet.

Ray on the Creation. That he stretched out the north over the empty places, seems to parallel the expression of David, he stretched out the earth upon the waters. Thou ungrateful brute, if thou wouldst find thy parallel, go to hell, which is both the region and the emblem of ingratitude.

South.

Garth.

Dissensions, like small streams, are first begun, Scarce seen they rise, but gather as they run; So lines, that from their parallel decline, More they proceed, the more they still disjoin. When honour runs parallel with the laws of God and our country, it cannot be too much cherished; but, when the dictates of honour are contrary to those of religion and equity, they are the great deprivations Addison. of human nature.

A reader cannot be more rationally entertained than by comparing and drawing a parallel between his own private character, and that of other persons.

Id.

PARALLEL, in geometry. See GEOMETRY. PARALLEL SPHERE, that situation of the sphere wherein the equator coincides with the horizon, and the poles with the zenith and nadir.

PARALLELS OF ALTITUDE, or ALMUCANTARS, are circles parallel to the horizon, imagined to pass through every degree and minute of the meridian between the horizon and zenith, having their poles in the zenith.

PARALLELS OF DECLINATION, in astronomy, are the same with parallels of latitude in geography.

PARALLELS OF LATITUDE, in astronomy, are lesser circles of the sphere parallel to the ecliptic, imagined to pass through every degree and minute of the colures.

PARALLEL'OGRAM, n.s. Fr. parallelograme; Gr. #apaλλŋλos and ypappa, a figure. In geometry, a right lined quadrilateral figure, whose opposite sides are parallel and equal.

The experiment we made in a loadstone of a parallelogram, or long figure, wherein only inverting the extremes, as it came out of the fire, we altered the poles.

Browne.

We may have a clear idea of the area of a parallelogram, without knowing what relation it bears to the Watts. area of a triangle.

PARALLELOPI’PED, n.s. Fr. parallelopipede. A solid figure contained under six parallelograms, the opposite sides of which are equal and parallel; or it is a prism, whose base is a parallelogram.

Newton.

Two prisms alike in shape I tied, so that, their axes and opposite sides being parallel, they composed a parallelopiped. Crystals that hold lead are yellowish, and of a Woodward. cubic or parallelopiped figure. PARALLELOPIPE'DIA, in the old mineralogy, a genus of spars, externally of a determinate and regular figure, always found loose, detached, and separate from all other bodies, and in form of an oblique parallelopiped, with six parallelogram sides, and eight solid angles; easily fissile either in an horizontal or perpendicular direction; being composed of numbers of thin plates, and those very elegantly and regularly arranged bodies, each of the same form with the whole mass, except that they are thinner in proportion to their horizontal planes, and naturally fall into these and no other figures, on being broken with a slight blow.

Fr. paralogisme; Gr.

PARALOGISM, οι } παραλογισμός. A false

PARAL'OGY, n.s.

argument.

That because they have not a bladder of gall, like those we observe in others, they have no gall at all, is a paralogism not admittable, a fallacy that dwells not in a cloud, and needs not the sun to scatter it. Browne's Vulgar Errours.

That Methuselah was the longest liver of all the posterity of Adam, we quietly believe; but that he must needs be so, is perhaps below paralogy to deny. Browne.

Modern writers, making the drachma less than the denarius, others equal, have been deceived by a double paralogism, in standing too nicely upon the bare words of the ancients, without examining the Arbuthnot. things.

If a syllogism agree with the rules given for the construction of it, it is called a true argument: if it

Prior.

The difficulties of breathing and swallowing, without any tumor after long diseases, proceed commonly from a resolution or paralytical disposition of the parts.

Arbuthnot.

If a nerve be cut, or straitly bound, that goes to any muscle, that muscle shall immediately lose its motion: which is the case of paralyticks.

Derham.

PARAMARIBO, a handsome town of Guiana, the capital of the province of Surinam, is situated on the right bank of the Surinam river, about eighteen miles from its mouth. It is about a mile and a half in length, and about half as much in breadth, and built in the form of an oblong square. The streets, which are straight, are lined with orange, shaddock, tamarind, and lemon trees, which appear in perpetual bloom. It is generally crowded with planters, sailors, soldiers, Jews, Indians, and negroes, while the river is constantly covered with barges and canoes. The town-hall, Protestant church, Lutheran chapel, and Jewish synagogue, are all respectable buildings. Here is a citadel of some strength, separated by an esplanade from the town. Inhabitants 5000.

PARAMATTA, a town of New Holland, situated above the head of Port Jackson harbour, and built along a small stream that falls into the river which terminates in that arm of the sea.

Its distance from Sydney is about twelve miles by land, and eighteen by water; but, for the last six or seven miles, the river can only be navigated by boats. The town consists principally of a single street, about a mile long, and is much inferior to Sydney in point of building, though it contains several good houses. These, with the church, the government house, the new orphan house, and some gentlemen's seats situated on the surrounding eminences, give it a respectable appearance. There are likewise two good inns. Here is also a factory, where the female convicts who are found unfit for servants are employed in manufacturing coarse cloth. The population consists principally of inferior traders, publicans, artificers, and laborers; and, including the soldiers stationed there, may be estimated at about 1200 individuals. Benevolence, too, has taken up her residence there, and one of the institutions

that first claims the attention of the philanthropist, is the school that was established a few years since for the instruction of the aborigines. It lately contained nearly twenty children of the natives, who had been voluntarily placed there by their parents, and whose progress in their studies was found to be not inferior to that of European children of the same age.

A superintendant receives wool from the settlers, and gives them a certain portion of the manufactured article in exchange. What is reserved is only a fair equivalent for the expense of making it, and is used in clothing the jail gang, the reconvicted culprits who are sent to the coal river, and the inmates of the factory. This town has made but a slow progress compared with the town of Sydney; and the value of land in its neighbourhood is consequently not cleared in the district of this name 13,302 acres so great by any means. In 1818 there were of land, containing 10,429 head of cattle, 33,673 sheep, 745 horses, and 3960 hogs.

PARAMITHIA, a considerable town of Albania, Greece, the capital of a district of nearly forty miles in circumference, inhabited by a rude tribe, mostly of the Mahometan religion; but their language is Greek. They have hardly any regular government, but are a brave race, to which, joined to the mountainous and inaccessible nature of their country, they owe the independence they enjoy. They are said to amount to 15,000. Nineteen miles south-west of Joannina.

PARAMO (Lewis de), ʼn Spanish inquisitor who published at Madrid, in 1598, a curious work upon the tribunal called The Holy Office. He writes with candor, omits no fact, but enumerates impartially all the victims of the Inquisition.

PARAMOUNT', adj. Fr. paramount; or par and mount. Superior; having the highest jurisdiction: as, lord paramount, the chief of the seigniory: taking to before the object.

Leagues within the state are ever pernicious to monarchies; for they raise an obligation, paramount to obligation of sovereignty, and make the king, tanquam unus ex nobis.

Bacon.

John a Chamber was hanged upon a gibbet raised a stage higher in the midst of a square gallows, as a traitor paramount; and a number of his chief accomplices were hanged upon the lower story round him.

to

Id.

argument. The dogmatist's opinioned assurance is paramount Glanville. In order came the grand infernal peers, 'Midst came their mighty paramount. Milton. stitution, this is a right antecedent and paramount If all power be derived from Adam, by divine into all government; and therefore the positive laws of men cannot determine that which is itself the foundation of all law. Locke.

Mankind, seeing the apostles possessed of a power plainly paramount to the powers of all the known beings, whether angels or dæmons, could not question their being inspired by God.

West.

PARAMOUNT, in English law, the highest lord of the fee of lands, of tenements, and heredita'nents. As there may be a lord mesne where lands are held of an inferior lord, who holds ther of a superior under certain services; so this su

That unsubstantial death is amorous,
And that the lean abhorred monster keeps
Thee here in dark to be his paramour? Shakspeare.
No season then for her

To wanton with the sun her lusty paramour.

Milton. PARANA, a river of South America, which rises in Brasil, in the province of Matto Grosso, and, after a long and winding course, falls into the Paraguay, in lat. 27° 25′ S., when the united stream assumes the name of the Plata. In lat. 24° it passes over a ledge of rocks that has been denominated a cataract, but it does not materially obstruct the navigation, as boats are hauled up it by means of ropes. The base of this fall is formed by a chain of rocks that rise in separate masses, and leave channels, like embrazures, for the stream. The Parana is here very wide, and, when swelled by the rains, very rapid. In the lower part of its course the Parana is covered with numerous islands, which conceal its immense breadth. Many of these islands are covered with trees; but none are inhabited except by wild animals. The Parana has its greatest flood in December, January, and sometimes in February; and there is another inundation in June and July. The river at these times rises from eighteen to twenty feet above the level of the islands; and the animals with which they

abound then swim over to the main land. On some occasions the inhabitants of Santa Fe have contemplated forsaking their city, which is often wholly surrounded with water.

PARANAIBA, a large river of Brasil, which runs S.S. E. for many leagues, and enters the Parana near its source.

PARANAIBA, a river of Guiana, an arm of the Amazons, running out from and returning to it, and enclosing the large island of Ramos.

PARANAPURAS, a river of Quito, which rises in the Andes, and enters the Guallaga. Also the name of a settlement on this river.

PAR'ANYMPH, n. s. Fr. paranymphe; Gr. Tapa and vuμon, a bride. A brideman; one who leads the bride to marriage.

nuptial solemnities; called also pronubus and auspex, because the ceremonies began by taking auspicia. As the paranymph officiated only on the part of the bridegroom, a woman called pronuba officiated on the part of the bride.

PAR'APEGM, n. s. Gr. παραπηγμα, παραπηуvμ. A brazen table fixed to a pillar, on which laws and proclamations were anciently engraved also a public table, containing an account of the movements of the heavenly bodies, seasons of the year, &c., whence the astrologers give this name to the tables on which they draw their figures.

Our forefathers, observing the course of the sun, and making certain mutations to happen in his progress through the zodiack, set them down in their Browne. parapegms, or astronomical canons. PARAPET, n. s. petto. A wall breast high. There was a wall or parapet of teeth set in our mouth to restrain the petulancy of our words. Ben Jonson.

Fr. parapet; Ital. para

PARAPET, in fortification, an elevation of

TION.

earth designed for covering the soldiers from the enemy's cannon or small shot. See FORTIFICAPARAPHERNALIA, n.s. Fr. paraphernaux; Lat. paraphernalia. Goods in the wife's disposal.

Paraphernalia, or parapherna, in the civil law, are those goods which a wife brought her husband, besides her dower, and which were still to remain at her disposal, exclusive of her husband, unless there was some provision made to the contrary in the marriage-contract. Dr. A. Rees.

PAR'APHRASE, n. s. & v. a.
PARAPHRAST, n. s.
PARAPHRASTIC, or
PARAPHRAS TICAL, adj.

Fr. paraphrase; Gr. παραφράσις. A free or lax

to paraphrase is, to interpret or translate loosely. interpretation; an explanation in many words: a paraphrast, a lax interpreter: the adjectives follow these senses.

The fittest for public audience are such as, following a middle course between the rigor of literal translators and the liberty of paraphrasts, do, with great shortness and plainness, deliver the meaning.

Hooker.

The clearest and shortest way of explication is by paraphrase. Bp. Hall. We are put to construe and paraphrase our own words, to free ourselves from the ignorance and malice of our adversaries. Stillingfleet.

In paraphrase, or translation with latitude, the author's words are not so strictly followed as his sense, and that too amplified, but not altered such is Mr. Waller's translation of Virgil's fourth Æneid.

Dryden.

What needs he paraphrase on what we mean? We were at worst but wanton; he's obscene. Id. All the laws of nations were but a paraphrase upon enlarge itself into suitable determinations, upon all this standing rectitude of nature, that was ready to emergent objects and occasions.

South.

The Chaldean paraphrast renders Gerah by Meath.

Arbuthnot.