excellent spiceries. This vast region was discovered about the year 1726; and several missions were established, which were afterwards abandoned. In 1790 father Sobriela was instructed by the Spanish government to set out on an expedition, for the purpose of exploring the course of the Guallaga; and father Girval afterwards, in 1794, surveyed the Ucayale. The Spaniards have endeavoured to train the natives here to agriculture, and to the arts of civilised life; and various missionary settlements have so far succeeded that the missionaries have completely gained the good-will of the natives, and new communications are constantly opened with Peru. It PAMPELUNA, or PAMPLONA, a strong town in the north of Spain, the capital of the province of Navarre. It stands partly on an eminence on the banks of the Agra, partly on a plain, and is surrounded by mountains. It derives its chief defence from two castles, one in the inside, the other on the outside of the walls. The latter is the citadel and stands on a rock, of which the only accessible part is covered by a morass. has a deep ditch, five bastions faced with stone, and in its centre an open space, of a circular form, communicating by five short streets, with five bastions. Pampeluna is said to have been the first town in Spain that embraced Christianity. Its bishopric is certainly one of the oldest; for it was abolished during the Moorish invasion. The public edifices are a cathedral, four churches, and thirteen monasteries. In this, as in most towns of Spain, the education of the youth of both sexes is very imperfect, being confided to the monks and nuns, and the society of the place is very monotonous. The manufactures are insignificant, but the surrounding country is fertile and well cultivated. Population 14,000. This town is said to have been built by Pom-' pey, after the defeat of Sertorius. In June 1813, on the flight of the French army from Vittoria, Pampeluna was hastily garrisoned and provisioned. It was forthwith invested by the British; but the approach of marshal Soult, with an army, towards the close of July, promised it an early deliverance. In the vicinity the obstinate conflicts of 27th and 29th July took place; and the French being compelled to repass the Pyrenees, with great loss, Pampeluna surrendered on the 31st of October. Sixty-two miles E. S. E. of Bilboa, and about 200 north-east of Madrid. PAM'PER, v. a. Ital. pambere; of Lat. panes and bibere. To fill, or rather to glut; feed luxuriously. It was even as two physicians should take one sick body in hand, of which the former would minister all things meet to purge and keep under the body, the other to pamper and strengthen it suddenly again; whereof what is to be looked for but a most dangerous relapse? Spenser. You are more intemperate in your blood Than Venus, or those pampered animals That rage in savage sensuality. Shakspeare. They are contented as well with mean food, as those that with the rarities of the earth do pamper their voracities. Sandys. Praise swelled thee to a proportion ready to burst; it brought thee to feed upon the air, and to starve thy soul, only to pamper thy imagination. South. His lordship lolls within at ease, Pumpering his paunch with foreign rarities. Dryden. To pampered insolence devoted fall, Prime of the flock and choicest of the stall. Pope. Hard is the fate of the infirm and poor; Here, as I craved a morsel of their bread, A pampered menial drove me from the door. PAMPHLET, n. s. & v. a. PAMPHLETEER. Moss. Fr. par un I filet Whence this word is written by Caxton, paunflet. A small book; properly a book sold unbound, or only stitched. Can'st thou with deep premeditated lines, With written pamphlets studiously devised. Shakspeare. I put pen to paper, and something I have done, though in a poor pamphleting way. Howel. I put forth a slight pamphlet about the elements Wotton. of architecture. Since I have been reading many English pamphlets and tractates of the Sabbath, I can hardly find any treatise wherein the use of the common service by the minister, and the due frequenting thereof by the people, is once named among the duties or offices of sanctifying the Lord's day. White. He could not, without some tax upon himself and his ministers for the not executing the laws, look upon the bold licence of some in printing pamphlets. Clarendon, The squibs are those who in the common phrase are called libellers, lampooners, and pamphleteers. Tatler. As when some writer, in a public cause, His pen, to save a sinking nation, draws; While all is calm his arguments prevail, Till power, discharging all her stormy bags, Flutters the feeble pamphlet into rags. Swift. With great injustice I have been pelted by pamphleteers. Id. See Louvet, patriot, pamphleteer, and sage, Tempering with amorous fire his virtuous rage. Formed for all tasks, his various talents see,The luscious novel, the severe decree. Canning. PAMPLONA, a city of Tunga, New Granada, situated on a plain, surrounded on all sides by mountains. It has a handsome parish church, with other public edifices and squares. 185 miles north-east of Santa Fe, and 156 W. S. W. of Truxillo. PAMPHILUS, a celebrated painter of Macedonia, in the age of Philip II. He was founder of the school for painting at Sicyon; and he made a law which was observed not only in Sicyon, but all over Greece, that none but the children of noble and dignified persons should be permitted to learn painting. Apelles was one of his pupils. PAMPHYLA, an ancient Grecian authoress, who flourished in Nero's reign, and wrote a general history, in thirty-three books, much commended by the ancients, but not extant. PAMPHYLIA, the ancient name of a country of Natolia, in Asia, now called Caramania and Cay Bay, between Lycia and Cilicia, on the south coast, north of the Mediterranean. Its first name was Mopsopia. PAN, n. s. Sax. ponne, panna; Belg. PANCAKE. panne; Swed. panna. A broad shallow vessel used in kitchens: hence, perhaps, the remarkable cavity of the knee; the part of a gunlock which contains the priming, &c a pancake is an excellent preface or addition to dinners, cooked in the frying-pan. This were but to leap out of the pan into the fire. Spenser. A certain knight swore by his honour they were good pancakes, and swore by his honour the mustard was naught. Shakspeare. Our attempts to fire the gunpowder in the pan of the pistol succeeded not. The pliant brass is laid Boyle. On anvils, and of heads and limbs are made, PAN, in mythology, the god of shepherds, hunters, and all country exercises. In Egypt he was named Mendes, which, according to Jablonski, signifies fecundity. Hence his symbol was a he-goat, the most salacious of all animals. His principal temple was a magnificent building in a city of Lower Egypt, called after his name, where was kept a he-goat, to whom sacrifices of a very monstrous kind were offered. Homer makes him the son of Mercury, and says he was called Pan from Tav, omne, all, because he charmed all the gods with his flute; others say that he was the son of Demogorgon, and first invented the organ, of seven unequal reeds, joined together in a particular manner. Having on a time fought with Cupid, that god in spite made him fall in love with the coy nymph Syrinx, who, flying from him to the banks of Fadon, a river of Arcadia, at the instant prayers of the nymphs, was turned into a reed, as her name in Greek signifies, which the god grasping, instead of her, made a pipe of it, and, for his music, was adored by the Arcadians. The most cominon opinion was, that he was the son of Mercury and Penelope. He was by no means displeasing to the nymphs, who are generally drawn dancing round about him to hear his pipe. The goddess Luna, and the nymphs, cut the most distinguished figure in the history of his amours. The usual offerings made him, were milk and honey, in shepherds' wooden bowls; also they sacrificed to him a dog, the wolf's enemy; whence his usual epithet is Aukalog; and whence also his priests were called Luperci. His festival brought into Italy by Evander the Arcadian, and revived afterwards by Romulus, in memory of his preserver, was celebrated by the Romans on the 15th February. He was also called by them Inuus, ab inuendo. See Liv. 1. 5, Macrob. Sat. I. 22, and Serv. in Virg. Æn. VI. 775. The ancients, by giving so many adjuncts and attributes to this idol, seem to have designed him for the symbol of the universe: his upper parts being human, because the upper part of the world is fair, beautiful, smiling like his face; his horns symbolise the rays of the sun and of the moon; his red face the splendor of the sky; the spotted skin wherewith he is clothed, the stars which bespangle the firmament; the roughness of his lower parts, beasts and vegetables; his goat's feet the solidity of the earth; his pipe, compact of seven reeds, the seven planets, which they say make the harmony of the spheres: his crook, bending round at the top, the years circling in one another.-Serv. Interpr. Such is the Pan VOL. XVI. of the poets; but among the Egyptians, as Mendes, PANACE'A, n.s. Their diet ought to be very sparing; gruels, panados, and chicken broth.. Wiseman's Surgery. PANETIUS, a stoic philosopher of Rhodes, who flourished about A. A. C. 140. He studied at Athens, and was offered citizenship, but declined. He came to Rome, where he had the Scipios and the Læliuses among his disciples. Scipio Africanus, the younger, was so attached to him, that he took him along with him in all his expeditions. His countrymen, the Rhodians, were highly indebted to him for various privileges and immunities. He wrote a treatise on the Duties of Man, which Cicero praises greatly in his work on the same subject. He lived about thirty years after this. PANAGIOTI, a Greek nobleman of the seventeenth century, who was chief interpreter to the Grand Signior; and had so great interest with him that he procured many favors to his countrymen. He wrote a book in modern Greek, entitled The Orthodox Confession of the Catholic and Apostolic Eastern Churches. He died in 1673. PANAMA, a province of Colombia, in the late viceroyalty of New Granada, bounded on the north by the Spanish Main, on the east by the province of Darien, on the south by the Pacific Ocean, and on the west by Veragua The name of Panama is said to have been given to this country by Tello de Guzman, in 1513, from his having observed the natives engaged in fishing; the word denoting a place abounding in fish. It is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea or Spanish Main, on the west by the province of Veragua, on the east by Darien, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. Great part of the country is still covered with thick forests; and the land between the two seas consists generally of abrupt and broken chains of mountains, one of which, the Sierra de Canatague, on the borders of Panama and Veragua, divides North from South America. On the tops of these craggy mountains the land is sterile and uninhabited, the cities, settlements, plantations, and Indian villages, being mostly along the shores of the two oceans. The river Chagre is the principal stream in this province, and may be called the high-road of Panama, being used as the means of communication between the eastern shore and the capital. It takes its rise in the mountains near Cruces, which place is about five leagues from Panama. The Chagre has a considerable descent, but is nevertheless navigable for boats up to Cruces; its velocity is about three miles an hour; therefore the ascent from the coast is rather fatiguing. The breadth of this river is about a quarter of a mile at the mouth, and 150 feet at Cruces. The distance from the estuary 2 M to Cruces, the last navigable point in a straight line, is not above thirty-six miles; but the river winding frequently increases this length. It requires four or five days to ascend it when the waters are not very high. If the water passage is counted, the sinuosities make it forty-three miles, reckoning from Fort San Lorenzo, which defends the entrance. It is by means of this river that one of the communications between the two oceans has been proposed. The ascent from Cruces, where the river is first navigable, towards the summit of the mountains, is rapid for a short space, after which there is a gentle descent the whole way to the South Sea. In the river Chagre are seen numberless caymans or alligators; they are observed either in the water or on the banks; but, on account of the thorny shrubs and thick underwood, cannot be pursued on shore. The climate of Panama is hot, as may be well supposed from its situation. The greatest heat is felt in the months of August, September, and October, when it is almost insupportable: the brisas, or trade-winds, and the continual rains, ameliorate the excessive heats during the other months; but at the same time render the climate very unpleasant. The mines produce so little gold or silver, that they are supposed not to answer the expense of working. The pearl fishery here is also at present of little importance. It was anciently carried on amongst the small islands in the bay of Panama, and was very lucrative. An endeavour has lately been made to re-establish it. The soil of Panama is prolific, abundantly producing the tropical fruits and plants. On the borders of the Chagre the luxuriance is such, that it is very difficult to penetrate the forests. The barks which navigate the stream are formed of those trees which grow nearest the waters, some of which are very large. These forests are plentifully stocked with all sorts of wild animals peculiar to the torrid regions, among which are innumerable tribes of monkeys. The peacock, the turtle-dove, the heron, and various other sorts of beautiful birds, frequent the forests of the Chagre and of Panama. The country is also infested with reptiles, insects, &c. The trade of Panama consists in its relations with Veragua, and the ports of Peru and New Granada. From these it is supplied with cattle, maize, wheat, and poultry. Its exports are of no great importance or value. From Carthagena, European goods are received, for which mahogany, cedar, and other woods, with gums and balsams, are exchanged.-Part of the European trade of the western shore of South America is carried on by way of Panama and Porto Bello; but, since the galleons were disallowed, the trade of these two cities has been comparatively trifling. The province contains three cities, twelve villages, and numerous settlements of converted Indians. PANAMA, the capital of the above province, a city and sea-port, built near the bottom of a large bay of the Pacific which bears the same name. From this city the Isthmus of Darien has frequently taken its appellation; at present it is indifferently styled the Isthmus of Panama or of Darien. It stands in 9° 0' 30" N. lat., and 79° 19′ W. long. The streets are broad and paved, both in the city and suburbs; but the houses of the latter are mostly of wood, intermixed with thatched huts. The cathedral is a handsome edifice of stone, as are the churches, convents, monasteries, and an excellent hospital. The people of Panama have a disagreeable drawling method of speaking, and appear as if they were overcome by the great heat of the climate: they nevertheless are really healthy, and live in general to a good age. Such is the spirit of trade in this place that every person is engaged in bartering. A treasury, custom-house, &c., are established here, and, when the galleons came from Lima, Panama and Porto Bello might be said to be the Acapulco and Vera Cruz of South America. The former is remarkable for its fine bay studded with islands, and in the road before those of Perico, Naos, and Flamingos, ships from the south anchor in safety two leagues and a half from the town. PANAPA ISLAND, an island at the mouth of the Orinoco, separated from the shore by a shallow channel, moderately wide. At the east and west points there are flats with very little water on them. That of the west point ascends more than a league, and inclines always to the south. Between this island, which is a league and a half long, and the north coast, is the principal channel of the Orinoco. PANAROOCAN, a town of Java, formerly the capital of a principality, situated on a river which enters the sea by several mouths, about twenty miles west of Cape Sandana, the northeast entrance of the island. It is now subject to the Dutch, and has a square fort, which stands about three quarters of a mile from the sea. PANATHENÆA, παναθηναια, in Grecian antiquity, an ancient Athenian festival, in honor of Athena, or Minerva, the protectress of Athens. Harpocration and Suidas refer the institution of this festival to Erichthonius, the fourth king of Athens, who lived before Theseus. Theodoret alone says the feast was established by Orpheus. Be this as it will, till Theseus, it was never a particular feast of the city of Athens, and was called simply Athenæa; but, that prince uniting all the people of Attica into one republic, they afterwards assisted at the feast; whence the name Panathenæa, i. e. the feast of all Attica. In effect all Attica was present; and each people sent a bullock for the sacrifices, and for the entertainment of the vast multitudes of people assembled. There were two festivals under this denomination, the greater and the less. greater panathenæa were exhibited every five years; the less every three, or, according to some writers, annually. Though the celebration of neither, at first, employed more than one day, yet, in after times, they were protracted for many days, and solemnised with greater preparations and magnificence than at their first institution. The ceremonies were the same in the great and the little panathenæa; excepting a banner whereon the actions of the goddess were represented in embroidery, performed by maids, with the names of those who had distinguished themselves in the service of the republic which The was only borne at the greater. Prizes were established for three different kinds of combat; the first consisted of foot and horse races; the second of athletic exercises; and the third of poetical and musical contests. These last are said to have been instituted by Pericles. Singers of the first class, accompanied by performers on the flute and cithara, exercised their talents here, upon subjects prescribed by the directors of these exhibitions. A particular account of the order observed in this festival, with the various contests, races, prizes, &c., may be found in Barthelemi's Travels of Anacharsis, vol. ii. p. 434. PANAX, ginseng, a genus of the diœcia order, belonging to the polygamia class of plants. There are five species. 1. P. arborea. 2. P. fruticosum. Of these two species and the spinosa, there is nothing that merits particular notice. 3. P. quinquefolium, the five-leaved ginseng, is a native of North America, and is generally believed to be the same with the Tartarian ginseng; the figures and descriptions of that plant which have been sent to Europe by the missionaries agreeing perfectly with the American plant. This has a jointed, fleshy, and taper root, as large as a man's finger, frequently divided into two smaller fibres downwards. The stalk rises nearly a foot and a half high, and is naked at the top, where it generally divides into three smaller foot-stalks, each sustaining a leaf composed of five spear-shaped lobes, sawed on their edges; they are of a pale green, and a little hairy. The flowers grow on a slender foot-stalk just at the division of the foot-stalks which sustain the leaves, and are formed into a small umbel at the top; they are of an herbaceous yellow color, composed of small yellow petals, which are recurved. Woodville says they are white, that they are produced in a roundish terminal umbel, and are hermaphrodite and male on separate plants. The former stand in close simple umbels; the involucrum consists of several small, tapering, pointed, permanent leaves; the proper calyx is tubular, and divided at the rim into five small teeth; the corolla consists of five petals, which are small, oval, equal, and reflexed; the filaments are five, short, and furnished with simple antheræ; the germen is roundish, placed below the corolla, and supports two short erect styles, crowned by simple stigmata; the fruit is an umbilicated two-celled berry, each containing a single irregularly heart shaped seed. The flowers appear in the beginning of June; and are succeeded by compressed, heart-shaped berries, which are first green, but afterwards turn red; enclosing two hard, compressed, heart-shaped seeds, which ripen in the beginning of August. Ginseng was formerly supposed to grow only in Chinese Tartary, affecting mountainous situations, shaded by close woods; but it has now been long known that this plant is also a native of North America, whence M. Sarrasin transmitted specimens of it to Paris in the year 1704; and the ginseng since discovered in Canada, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, by Lasiteau, Kalm, Bartram, and others, has been found to correspond exactly with the Tartarian species; and its roots are now regularly purchased by the Chinese, who consider them to be the same as those of eastern growth, which are known to undergo a certain preparation, whereby they assume an appearance somewhat different. For it is said that in China the roots are washed and soaked in a decoction of rice or millet-seed, and afterwards exposed to the steam of the liquor, by which they acquire a greater firmness and clearness than in their natural state. The plant was first introduced into England in 1740, by that industrious naturalist, Peter Collinson. They thrive in those places where it has a light soil and shady situation, and will produce flowers and seeds; but the latter, though in appearance ripe and perfect, will not produce any new plants, as Mr. Miller says he has repeatedly made the experiment, and waited for them three years without disturbing the ground. There are many good specimens in the royal botanic garden at Kew: The dried root of ginseng, as imported here, is scarcely the thickness of the little finger, about three or four inches long, frequently forked, transversely wrinkled, of a horny texture, and both internally and externally of a yellowish white color. On the top are commonly one or more little knots, which are the remains of the stalks of the preceding years, and from the number of which the age of the root is judged of. To the taste it discovers a mucilaginous sweetness, approaching to that of liquorice, accompanied with some degree of bitterness, and a slight aromatic warmth, with little or no smell. It is far sweeter and of a more grateful smell than the roots of fennel, to which it has by some been supposed similar; and differs likewise remarkably from those roots in the nature and pharmaceutic properties of its active principles, the sweet matter of the ginseng being preserved entire in the watery as well as the spirituous extract, whereas that of fennel roots is destroyed or dissipated in the inspissation of a watery tincture. The slight aromatic impregnation of the ginseng is likewise in good measure retained in the watery extract, and perfectly in the spirituous.' Lewis, Mat. Med. p. 325. The Chinese ascribe extraordinary virtues to the root of ginseng; and have long considered it as a sovereign remedy in almost all diseases to which they are liable, having no confidence in any medicine unless in combination with it. Jartoux, when in China, boasted of its effects upon himself. But we know of no proofs of the efficacy of ginseng in Europe; and from its sensible qualities we judge it to possess very little power as a medicine. A drachm of the ginseng root may be sliced and boiled in a quarter of a pint of water to about two ounces; then, a little sugar being added, it may be drank as soon as it is cool enough. The dose must be repeated morning and evening; but the second dose may be prepared from the same portion of root which was used at first; for it may always be twice boiled. 4. P. spinosa. See No. 1. 5. P. trifolium, the three-leaved ginseng, grows naturally in North America; but Mr. Miller never saw more than one plant, which was sent to him from Maryland, and did not live beyond the first year; being planted in a dry soil, in a very dry season. The stalk was single, and did not rise more than five inches in height, dividing into three foot-stalks, each sustaining a trifoliate leaf, whose lobes were longer, narrower, and deeper indented on their edges than the former. The flower-stalk rose from the divisions of the foot-stalk of the leaves; but, before the flowers opened, the plant decayed. PANCHBERARAH, a town and small district of Hindostan, in the province of Cashmere. It was formerly esteemed one of the holy places of the Hindoos; but, since the province came into possession of the Mahometans, it has been neglected. Long. 75° E., lat. 34° 32′ N. PANCARPUS, Gr. from Tav, all, and KaρTоs, fruit, in Roman antiquity, a kind of show, which the Roman emperors frequently exhibited to the people. The name was also given by the Athenians to a sacrifice wherein all kinds of fruits were offered. In this spectacle, the circus, being all set over with large trees, represented a forest, into which the beasts being let from the dens under ground, the people, at a sign given by the emperor, pursued, shot, and killed all they could lay hold of, which they afterwards carried away, to regale upon at home. The beasts usually given on these occasions were boars, deers, oxen, and sheep. Casaubon, Cujas, Pithou, &c., make the pancarpus and sylva the same thing; Salmasius will have them different. The sylva, according to him, was such a diversion as that above described; but the pancarpus, a combat, wherein robust people, hired for that purpose, fought with wild beasts; which opinion he confirms from Cassian, Justinian, Claudian, Firmicius, Manilius, and Cassi odorus. PANCIROLLUS (Guy), a famous lawyer of Rhegium, was educated at the principal universities of Italy; and became professor of law at Padua. Philibert Emanuel, duke of Savoy, invited him to his university in 1571, where he composed his ingenious treatise De rebus inventis et deperditis. But, the air of Turin not agreeing with him, he there lost an eye, and, for fear of losing the other, returned to Padua, where he died in 1591. PANCO, POINT, a remarkable cape of the north-eastern extremity of the island of Java, at the mouth of the western entrance of the straits of Madura. Here Java and European pilots are stationed, who, as soon as vessels are discovered standing for the channel, pilot them to Gressee and Sourabaya. Long. 112° 44′ E., lat. 6° 48' S. PANCRAS WEEK, a hamlet of England, in Devonshire, four miles W. N. W. from Holsworthy. Population 403. PANCRATIUM, from wav, all, and xparew, I overcome, among the ancients, a kind of intermixed exercise, consisting of the lucta or wrestling, and the pugilate or boxing; but it differs in this, that, as the athlete were not to seize the body, their hands were not armed with gauntlets, and gave less dangerous blows. It was the third gymnastic exercise, and not introduced till long after the others. Those who engaged in these exercises were called pancratiasta, as well as those who did not confine themselves to one exercise, but succeeded in several different ones. PANCRATICAL, adj. Gr. av all, and кparos, strength. Excelling in all the gymnastic exercises. Browne. He was the most pancratical man of Greece, and, as Galen reporteth, able to persist erect upon an oily plank, and not be removed by the force of three men. PA'NCREAS, n. s. Į Gr. πανκρέας. The PANCREATIC, adj. sweet-bread, a gland of the conglomerate sort, situated between the bottom of the stomach and the vertebræ of the loins: pancreatic is, contained in the pancreas. In man and viviparous quadrupeds, the food moistened with the saliva is first chewed, then swalintestines, where, being mixed with the choler and lowed into the stomach, and so evacuated into the pancreatick juice, it is further subtilised, and easily finds its way in at the straight orifices of the lacteous veins. Ray on the Creation. The bile is so acrid, that nature has furnished the pancreatick juice to temper its bitterness. Arbuthnot. PANCREAS. See ANATOMY, Index. PANCSOVA, a town of Hungary, pleasantly situated at the conduence of the Temes and the Danube. It has a good trade with Turkey; and having been burned down so lately as 1789, to prevent its falling into the hands of the Turks, has recovered very rapidly. Inhabitants 7000. They are a mixed race of Walachians, Rascians, Germans, and Greeks. Eight miles north-east of Belgrade. PANCY, or PAN'SY, n. s. Fr. pensée; Lat. panax. kind of violet. A For violets pale, and cropped the poppy's head; Dryden. The real essence of gold is as impossible for us to know, as for a blind man to tell in what flower the color of a pansy is, or is not to be found, whilst he has no idea of the color of a pansy. Locke. From the brute beasts humanity I learned, And in the pansy's life God's providence discerned. Harte. PANSY. See VIOLA. PANDA, in mythology, a goddess who was invoked as the protectress of travellers and navigators. The goddess of peace was also called Panda, because she opened the gates which were shut in time of war. According to Varro, Panda is also a surname of Ceres, derived a pane dando, because she gave bread to mankind. PANDANUS, in botany, a genus of the monandria order, belonging to the diœcia class of plants. PANDARUS, in fabulous history, a son of Lycaon, who assisted the Trojans in their war with the Greeks. He wounded Menelaus and |