malium species Iconibus illustr., Berolin, 1767 -80, 4to.; Novæ Species Quadrupedum, e Glirium Ordine, Erlang. 1778, 4to.; Icones Insectorum præsertim Rossiæ, Sibiriæque peculiarium, Erlang. 1791, 4to.; Flora Russica, seu stirpium Imp. Rossici per Europam et Asiam indigenarum Descriptiones et Icones, Petrop., 1784— 1815, 2 vols. folio; Illustrationes Plantarum imperfectè vel nondum cognitarum, Petrop., 1804 -6, folio; Linguarum totius Orbis Vocabularia comparativa, Petrop, 1786-89, 2 vols. 4to.; Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russiscnen Reichs, Petersb. 1771, &c. 5 vols. 4to.; Sammlungen Historischer Nachrichten über die Mongolischen Volkerschaften, Leips. 1779, 8vo.; Bemerkungen auf einer Reise in die Südlichen Staathalterschaften der Russischen Reichs in den Jahren, 1793-4, Leips. 1799-1801, 2 vols. 4to. The travels of M. Pallas have been trans.ated into French, under the title of Voyages dans Plusieurs Provinces de l'Empire de Russie, et dans l'Asie Septentrionale, trad. par Gautier de la Peyronie, Paris, 1788, 5 vols. 4to., and 1794, 8 vols. 8vo. ; and, Second Voyage en Russie, pendant les années, 1793-4, Paris, 1811, 4 vols. 8vo. There is also an English translation of the latter work, 1812, 2 vols. 4to.

PALLAVICINI (Ferrante), an Italian wit of considerable note, descended from a noble family in Placentia, where he was born about the close of the sixteenth century. He gave early proofs of an extraordinary genius, and quickly acquired a masterly knowledge in the elements of classical erudition. He was afterwards sent to complete his education in the monastery of Augustin friars at Milan, where he took the habit, lived much esteemed for piety as well as learning, and raised great expectations of future fame; but at length he engaged in an intrigue with a young courtezan of Venice, to enjoy whose company without restraint, he obtained leave from his general to make the tour of France. Accordingly, he pretended to set out for that country; but never left Venice, but lived there privately with his mistress; and imposed upon his friends, by sending them, in letters, feigned accounts of his travels through France; also informing them of several things respecting that court, which he learned from the information of many considerable persons with whom he corresponded. But such a series of imposition could not last. Being in want of money, he wrote for the booksellers; and, among other pieces, published a collection of Satirical Letters, the wit of which was chiefly levelled against the Spaniards, entitled The Courier robbed of his Mail. Though licensed by the inquisitors, the secretary of the republic of Venice refused it his imprimatur; which irritated the author so much that he published an enlarged edition of it, filled with severe invectives against, not only the Venetian secretary, but pope Urban VIII., his nephews, and the whole family of the Barbarini. This raised him a number of powerful enemies; who, by the treachery of one Morfu, a Frenchman, who pretended to be his friend, got him at last into their power; and, after a year's imprisonment at Avignon, brought him for form's sake to a trial; and, notwithstanding an excel

lent defence, condemned him to be beheaded and he was accordingly executed, in the flower of his age. The latter part of his life had been one continued series of dissipation, debauchery, folly, and extravagance. Yet he was not without some virtues. Sincere and faithful in his friendships, no man was ever a more easy prey to the treachery of others. His works were published in 2 vols., with his life prefixed, at Amsterdam, in 1696.

PALLAVICINI (Sforza), a learned cardinal, born at Rome in 1607. He became a Jesuit in 1638. He was much employed by popes Inno-, cent X. and Alexander VII. He wrote several works, the chief of which was a History of the Council of Trent, wherein he opposes that of F. Paul.

PALLENE, a small peninsula of Thrace or Macedonia, formerly called Phlegra. It is situated near the bay of Thermæ, and contains five cities, the principal of which is also called Pallene. It was famous in the mythology for an engagement between the gods and the giants. PALLET, n. s. Fr. pailette; Lat. paleatus. Written paillet' by Chaucer, from Fr. paille, straw, as Dr. Johnson conjectures. A small mean bed: also a small measure.

Why, rather, Sleep, liest thou in smoky cribs, Upon uneasy pallets stretching thee, And husht with buzzing night-flies to thy slumber; Than in the perfumed chambers of the great, Under the canopies of costly state,

And lulled with sounds of sweetest melody?

Shakspeare. His secretary was laid in a pallet near him for ventilation of his thoughts. Wotton's Buckingham.

If your stray attendants be yet lodged, Or shroud within these limits, I shall know, Ere morrow wake, or the low-roosted lark From her thatcht pallet rouse. A surgeon drew from a patient in four days, twenty-seven pallets, every pallet containing three

ounces.

Milton.

Hakewill.

PALLET, among painters, is a little oval table, or piece of wood, or ivory, very thin and smooth; on and round which the painters place the several colors they have occasion for, to be ready for the pencil. The middle serves to mix the colors on, and to make the tints required in the work. It has no handle, but, instead thereof, a hole at one end to put the left thumb through to hold it.

PALLET, among potters, crucible-makers, &c., a wooden instrument, almost the only one they use for forming, heating, and rounding their works. They have several kinds, the largest are oval, with a handle; others are round, or hollowed triangularly; others, like large knives, serving to cut off whatever is superfluous on the moulds of their work.

PALLET, in gilding, an instrument made of a squirrel's tail, to take up the gold leaves from the pillow, and to apply and extend them on the matter to be gilt.

PALLET, in heraldry, the diminutive of the pale, being onehalf of its breadth. Several pallets may be borne in one escutcheon, as in the annexed example. 'Argent three pallets, wavy gules, name Downes.'

PALLIATÆ, a name which the Romans gave to such plays as the plot, being laid in Greece, required the performers to appear in Grecian habits. It is used in contradistinction to togatæ, in which the scene was laid at Rome, and the dresses were Roman. The word is derived from pallium, which was a part of dress peculiar to the Greeks; whereas the toga belonged to the Romans only.

PALLIATE, v. a. French, pallier, PALLIATION, n. s. from Lat. pallium. PALLIATIVE, adj. & n. s. To cover; disguise; excuse; extenuate: hence to ease or qualify pain: palliation is extenuation; alleviation; excuse; apology: imperfect cure: palliative, mitigatory; extenuating: and, as a noun substantive, synonymous with palliation, but of more frequent use as applied to medicines. If the just cure of a disease be full of peril, let the physician resort to palliation.

Bacon's Natural History.

And, like a withered lily, on the land His slender frame and pallid aspect lay, As fair a thing as e'er was formed of clay. Byron. PALLIO CO-OPERIRE. It was an ancient custom, where children were born out of lawful wedlock, and their parents were afterwards married, that those children, together with the father and mother, should stand pallio co-operti, under a cloth, while the marriage was solemnising; which was a kind of adoption, and had the effect of a legitimation.

PALLIOT (Peter), a French engraver, printer, bookseller, and author, born at Dijon, in Normandy. His works are highly valued by literary antiquaries; particularly two tracts on Blazoning and Genealogy. His folio edition contains above 6000 escutcheons of his own engraving.

PALLIUM, in antiquity, an upper garment or mantle worn by the Greeks, as the toga was by the Romans. Each of these were so peculiar to the respective nations, that Palliatus is used to signify a Greek, and Togatus a Roman.

PALLIUM, a word often mentioned in our old historians. Durandus tells us that it was a garment made of white wool, after the following manner, viz. The nuns of St. Agnes, every year, on the feast-day of their saint, offer two white lambs on the altar of their church, during the time they sing Agnus Dei, in a solemn mass; which lambs are afterwards taken by two of the canons of the Lateran church, and by them given to the pope's subdeacons, who send them to pasture till shearing time, and then they are shorn, and the pall is made of their wool mixed with other white wool. The pall, being thus made, is carried to the Lateran church, and there placed on the high altar, by the deacons, on the bodies of St. Peter and St. Paul; and, after an usual watching, it is carried away in the night, and delivered to the subdeacons, who lay it up safely. And, because it was taken from the body of St. Peter, it signifies the plenitude of ecclesiastical power; and therefore it was the prerogative of popes, who pretend to be the immediate successors of that saint, to invest other prelates with it; which at first was done nowhere but at Rome, though afterwards at other places.

PÄLL'MALL, n. s. Fr. pale maille; Lat. pila and malleus. A play in which the ball is struck with a mallet through an iron ring: and which seems to have given name to the celebrated street in Westminster of this name. PALM, n. s. & v.a. PALM IST, PALMISTRY, n. s.

Fr. palme; Ital., Span., Port., and Lat., Spalma; Gr. malaun. The

inner surface of the hand: hence a measure of three inches: to conceal in the hand or palm; hence to impose by juggling or fraud; to handle or stroke with the hand: palmister is one who attempts to foretel the events of a person's life by inspecting the palm of the hand: palmistry, his pretended art: Addison uses it of another kind of cheating by the hand. See below.

By this virgin palm now kissing thine, I will in thine. Shakspeare. Drinks of extreme thin parts fretting, put upon the back of your hand, will, with a little stay, pass through to the palm, and yet taste mild to the mouth. Bacon.

Henry VIII. of England, Francis I. of France, and Charles V. emperor, were so provident, as scarce a palm of ground could be gotten by either, but that the other two would set the balance of Europe upright again. Id.

The same hand into a fish may close,
Which instantly a palm expanded shows.

Denham.

The length of a foot is a sixth part of the stature; a span one eighth of it; a palm or hand's breadth one twenty-fourth; a thumb's breadth or inch one seventy-second; a forefinger's breadth one ninetysixth. Holder on Time.

divination from lines of our hands of high denomiWe shall not query what truth is in palmistry, or nation. Browne's Vulgar Errours. Seeking my success in love to know, I tried the infallible prophetic way, A poppy-leaf upon my palm to lay. Dryden.

Moll White has made the country ring with several imaginary exploits palmed upon her.

Addison's Spectator. Going to relieve a common beggar, he found his pocket was picked; that being a kind of palmistry at which this vermin are very dextrous. Frank carves very ill, yet will palm all the meat. Prior.

With the fond maids in palmistry he deals;
They tell the secret first which he reveals.

Here while his canting drone pipe scann'd
The mystic figures of her hand,
He tipples palmistry, and dines
On all her fortune-telling lines.

Id.

Id.

Cleaveland.

PALM, N. S. Fr. palmier; Ital. Span. PALMER, Port. and Lat. palma, as PALMERWORM, some have conjectured PALMETTO, n. s. from its leaves resembling PALMIFEROUS,adj. the open hand. A tree of PAL'MY, great variety in its species. PAL'MIPEDE. See below. Its branches were borne and worn as tokens of victory; hence it intends victory; triumph; superiority: a palmer is a kind of pilgrim, so called from those who formerly returned from Palestine bearing palm-branches: palmerworm, a worm covered with hair, so called, says Johnson, because he wanders over many plants: palmiferous, is bearing or abundant in palms: palmipede, web-footed; having the toes connected by a membrane (as the palmleaves): palmy is literally synonymous with palmiferous, and used for high; triumphant; magnificent, as in the extract from Shakspeare.

Get the start of the majestic world,
And bear the palm alone.

Shakspeare. Julius Cæsar.
In the most high and palmy state of Rome,
A little ere the mightiest Julius fell,
The graves stood tenantless.
My sceptre, for a palmer's walking staff.

Id. Hamlet.

A flesh fly, and one of those hairy worms that resemble caterpillars and are called palmerworms, being conveyed into one of our small receivers, the bee and the fly lay with their bellies upward, and the worm seemed suddenly struck dead. Boyle.

Thou youngest virgin, daughter of the skies, Whose palms new plucked from Paradise, With spreading branches more sublimely rise. Dryden.

Namur subdued is England's palm alone; The rest besieged, but we constrained the town. Id.

She passed the region which Panchea joined, And, flying, left the palmy plains behind. Id.

Water-fowl which are palmipedo are whole footed, have very long necks, and yet but short legs, as swans.

Ray.

There are twenty-one species of this tree, of which the most remarkable are, the greater palm or date-tree. The dwarf palm grows in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, from whence the leaves are sent hither and made into flag-brooms. The oily palm is a native of Guinea and Cape Verd Island, but has been transplanted to Jamaica and Barbadoes. It grows as high as the main mast of a ship. Miller. Behold yon isle, by palmers, pilgrims trod, Men bearded, bald, cowled, uncowled, shod, unshod. Pope.

Broad o'er my head the verdant cedars wave, And high palmettos lift their graceful shade.

Thomson.

PALM, in botany. See PALME and PHŒNIX. The palm has among almost all nations been regarded as an emblem of victory, and assigned as the reward of it. The reason why this tree was adopted, and made use of to represent victory, is said to be, because it is so elastic that, if pressed by the greatest weight, it will rise superior to the pressure, and be able to restore itself to its former state, appearing almost invincible.

PALM, CABBAGE. See ARECA.
PALM, COCOA NUT. See Cocos.

PALM SUNDAY, the Sunday before Easter; being so called in memory of our Saviour's triumphal entry into Jerusalem, when the multitude that attended him strewed branches of palm trees in his way. The ancients had other names for this day: for, 1. They called it Dominica Competentium, i. e. Sunday of the Competents; because on that day the catechumens came to ask the bishop leave to be admitted to baptism, which was conferred the Sunday following. They had also then given them the symbol or creed, to get off by heart, to be repeated to the bishop in the ceremony of baptism. 2. They called it Capitiluvium, the Sunday of washing the head; because those who were to be baptised the following Sunday were prepared by washing their heads on this day.

PALMA, a north-west island of the Canaries, is eight leagues long, and six leagues broad, very mountainous and woody: the interior having many extensive volcanoes. It is only cultivated near the coast, and produces the best wine of the islands, a great quantity of almonds, some sugar and silk, and corn to serve its inhabitants half the year. It has a trade in silk which is considerable, and a good fishery on the African coast. Humboldt states it to contain 36,000 inhabitants.

PALMA, the capital of Majorca, is situated at the bottom of a large bay, formed by Cape Blanco and Cala Figuera. It stands on the slope of a hill; and, when viewed from the bay, presents a picturesque appearance. It is still surrounded with walls, and has on the land side a dry ditch and outworks, but is not capable of sustaining a siege. Part of the streets are narrow and ill paved, but those in the lower part of the town, and the squares, are spacious and regular. The cathedral is a large and handsome Gothic building, with beautiful windows of painted glass, and has a tower remarkable for the bold

ness and delicacy of its architecture. The parish church of St. Michael is yet more ancient, and served for a mosque under the Moors. The government house is an irregular but large building, containing a chapel royal, an arsenal, barracks, and state prison. It has several elegant apartments. The house called de la Contratacion is a large Gothic edifice, with a beautiful hall, and is used for the meetings of merchants, as well as for balls, and other public entertainments. The town-house attracts attention by the sculpture and public ornaments on its entablature. In the inside are portraits of all the great men of Majorca, from Hannibal to Don Jayme. The clock is said to be regulated, both in marking and striking the hours, by the course of the sun and by the solstices, being perhaps the only one of the kind in the world. The private houses are on the plan of the ancient Moorish residences, which is probably the most suitable to the climate: they have on the ground floor a portico and lobby, with pillars, and some small apartments. On the first floor are large rooms without glass windows; and above all the family apartments, such as bed-rooms, kitchen, &c. In the latter there are seldom chimneys or stoves, the cooking being carried on with charcoal. The poor reside in cellars, which seldom receive air or light but by the door. See MAJORCA.

PALMA, a town of Sicily, noted for its sulphur cargoes shipped annually to England. It has a small harbour. Population 6000. Twelve miles S.S. E. of Girgenti.

PALMA, a small town in the south of Spain, in Andalusia, on the Xenil. Population 4200. Thirty-eight miles W. S. W. of Cordova.

PALMA, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Friuli, on the Natisone, near Aquileja, with 2000 inhabitants, and a fort.

PALMA, a small inland town of Portuguese Estremadura, on the right side of the river Cadaon, twenty-eight miles east of Setubal.

PALMA, a river of Brasil, which runs nearly west, and enters the Paratinga, a tributary of the Toccantines. It is also the name of an island close to the mouth of the river Plata.

PALMA, NUESTRA SENORA DE LA, a city of New Granada, in Tunja, on the east shore of the river Magdalena. The inhabitants carry on a considerable trade in sugar, sweets, and linen and cotton manufactures. Population 600 housekeepers. Fifty-four miles north-west of Santa Fe, and sixty-eight west by south of Tunja. Long. 74° 52′ 30′′ W., lat. 5° 8' N. This is the name of several other settlements in South America.

PALMÆ, in botany, palms. Under this name Linnæus has arranged several genera, which, although capable of a place in separate classes of his system, he chooses rather, on account of their singular structure, to place apart in an appendix to the work. See BOTANY. They are defined to be plants with simple stems, which at their summit bear leaves resembling those of the ferns, being a composition of a leaf and a branch; and whose flowers and fruit are produced on that particular receptacle or seat called a spadix, protruded from a common calyx in form of a sheath or scabbard, termed by Linnæus spatha.

PALMAS, CIVIAD DE LAS, the capital of the Grand Canary Island, and the centre of all its commerce. It is the residence of a bishop, whose living is said to be worth about £10,000. The convents are numerous; and the town, watered by a rivulet, has a handsome appearance. Inhabitants 9437. Being less frequented by navigators, however, it does not equal in importance the ports of Teneriffe.

PALMAS, a small town, the capital of Gomera, one of the Canaries.

PALMAS, CAPE, a promontory of West Africa, forming the entrance from the north into the Gulf of Guinea, and the western termination of the Ivory coast. Here is a road affording good shelter against south winds.

PALMER (John), an eminent actor, born in London in 1742, made his debut, under Foote, at the Haymarket theatre, and, after having performed with reputation in the country, was engaged by Garrick at Drury Lane. He gradually appeared in a great variety of parts, both in tragedy and comedy, in some of which perhaps he was never excelled. He remained at Drury Lane, sometimes visiting Liverpool in the summer, till he engaged in the scheme for erecting a new theatre in the East of London. Having been appointed manager, he laid the first stone of the new building, December 26th, 1785, and in June 1787 it was opened, but without legal authority. Mr. Palmer persevered for some time in a fruitless attempt to obtain a patent; and was obliged at last to return to Drury Lane. His unlucky project was the cause of great pecuniary embarrassments, and he was committed to the King's Bench, from which he was only liberated by a compromise with his creditors. His difficulties continuing, he purposed to emigrate to America; and went with that view to Edinburgh, but afterwards relinquished his scheme. Towards the close of his life he passed the summer season in the country, and his last engagement was at Liverpool. At the theatre there, on the 2d of August 1798, while performing The Stranger, he fell on the stage exclaiming, in the words of the drama, 'There is another and a better world!' and almost immediately expired. His distressed circumstances, the recent loss of a son by death, and other misfortunes, had preyed greatly on his spirits.

PALMER (John), the projector of the mail coaches, was a native of Bath, where he at first was employed in a common brewery. After this, he solicited and obtained a patent for a theatre, which concern proved eminently successful. To elicit theatric talent he travelled much on horseback; and the necessity of despatch, but, above all, the insecurity of the ordinary mode of conveying the mails, inspired Mr. Palmer with the idea of transmitting letters by coaches. He succeeded in his object, though not without great opposition; but the utility of the plan soon became manifest, and he was made comptroller general of the post-office, with a salary of £1500 a year. But in 1792 he was suspended, and lost the benefit to which he was entitled for the advantage he had rendered to the public. At length, on application to parliament, he received a compensation; though a very in

adequate one, for the per centage which he was to have received in case his plan succeeded. He died in 1818.

PALMERSTON ISLAND, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by captain Cook, and visited by captain Wilson in the missionary ship Duff, who states it to consist of a group of small islets, eight or nine in number, connected together by a reef of coral rocks, and lying in a direction nearly circular. The islet we landed upon,' he says, 'is not a mile in circuit, and at high water is not more than four or five feet above the level of the sea. The soil is coral sand, with an upper stratum of blackish mould produced from rotten vegetables. All the inner area of the islet is covered with cocoa-nut trees, which, decaying and falling successively, form a thick underwood: without these, near to the beach, are the wharra-tree, and others of various sorts. We saw a vast number of men of war birds, tropic birds, and boobies. Among the trees there was plenty of red crabs, dragging after them a shell in form of a perriwinkle, but longer, being in diameter about two or three inches. We also saw the beautiful submarine grotto described in Cook's third voyage. At one part of the reef which bounds the lake within, almost even with the surface, there is a large bed of coral, which affords a most enchanting prospect; its base, which is fixed to the shore, extends so far that it cannot be seen, so that it appears to be suspended in the water. The sea was then unruffled, and the refulgence of the sun exposed the various sorts of coral in the most beautiful order; some parts luxuriantly branching into the water, others appearing in a vast variety of figures, and the whole heightened by spangles of the richest colors, glowing from a number of large clams interspersed in every part. Even this delightful scene was greatly improved by the multitude of fishes that gently glided along, seemingly with the most perfect security; their colors were the most beautiful that can be imagined, blue, yellow, black, red, &c., far excelling any thing that can be produced by art. There are no inhabitants on the island; but plenty of rats, which the missionaries suppose must have been drifted here on some hollow tree or root. Long. 163° 10' W., lat. 18° 4' S.

PALMETTO, in botany. See CHAMÆROPS. PALMIPEDES, in ornithology, the third order in Mr. Latham's system; comprehending webfooted birds; which that ingenious ornithologist found it necessary to introduce between Linnæus's orders of picæ and grallæ, answering to the anseres of Linnæus. Latham subdivided this order into two divisions; viz. semipalmati and palmati, in which he is followed by Kerr. The former have long legs, and their feet only half-webbed; the body is conical and somewhat flattened; the thighs are naked on their lower halves; the legs are very long; the feet are fitted for wading; and the toes are only connected together at their posterior parts by a membrane. They mostly pair in breeding time, and build their nests on the ground. They feed on fish and insects. This division contains three genera. The latter have short legs, a smooth bill, covered with a membranous skin, and increasing

in size towards the point. The feet are fitted for swimming, having short legs, thin, or compressed laterally; and the toes are all compressed to their ends by an interposed membrane. They are mostly polygamous; they build their nests on the ground; they live much in the water, and the young are soon able to provide for themselves.

PALMUS, a long measure used both by the Greeks and Romans. The Grecian palmus, called also yopov, was of two sorts; the greater, which contained nine finger-breadths, and the less which contained four. The Roman palmus was also of two kinds; the greater, which contained twelve finger-breadths, or eight and a half inches English; and the less, which contained four finger-breadths, or nearly three inches English. The great palmus was taken from the length of the hand or span; the less from the breadth of it.

PALMYRA, a noble city of ancient Syria, now in ruins, supposed to have been the Tadmor in the wilderness' built by Solomon (1 Kings, ix. 18, 2 Chron. viii. 4, and Josephus, Ant. Jud. lib. 1), though this is much controverted by many learned men. For the world has been long and justly astonished to find in the Desert of Syria, at a distance from the sea, with only a very precarious and scanty supply of water, and without a particular connexion with any great monarchy, ruins of a city more extensive and splendid than Rome itself, the deposit of all the arts which Greece in its most flourishing periods could afford.

Tadmor was situated where two hills converged, and beyond the point where they ap proached. These hills afforded water, and the aqueducts through which it was brought from them were discovered and described by Mr. Wood. Though the other towns now in ruins afford some remains of luxury and opulence, yet in these respects they are much inferior to Palmyra. The two springs of fresh water it possesses,' says Volney, were a powerful inducement in a desert every where else so parched and barren. These, doubtless, were the principal motives which drew the attention of Solomon, and induced that commercial prince to carry his arms so remote from the limits of Judea.' 'He built strong walls there,' says the historian Josephus, to secure himself in the possession, and named it Tadmor, which signifies the place of palm trees.' Hence it has been inferred that Solomon was its first founder; but we should, from this passage, rather conclude that it was already a place of known importance. The invasion of Tadmor by that prince throws a great light on the history of this city. The king of Jerusalem would never have carried his attention to so distant and detached a spot without some powerful motive of interest; and this interest could be no other than that of an extensive commerce, of which this place was already the emporium. This commerce extended itself to India, and the Persian Gulf was the principal point of union.' From the nature of the commodities, from the requisite assistance of the Tyrians, and other forcible arguments, M. Volney infers that the Persian Gulf was the centre