exceed 2,000 souls, one half of whom are Jews, principally from Europe, and the remainder are Mahometans, with the exception of about twenty Christian families of the Romish communion. The military force here rarely exceeds twenty or thirty soldiers, under the command of an aga, and there are four old cannon mounted on different parts of the walls. Provisions are by no means abundant, and therefore are generally dear and fish, when occasionally taken by a line from the shore, are sold either to the aga, or to some rich Jews, at an exorbitant price. In retracing his way to Nazareth, Mr. Buckingham deviated from the road, in order to visit Subussta, a humble village, on a strong hill, in a commanding and pleasant situation, being surrounded by fruitful valleys and abundance of olive trees. In its centre stood the city of Samaria, by Herod called Sebaste (of which its present name is a corruption). Here are some remains of ancient edifices, particularly of a large cathedral church attributed to the piety of the empress Helena. Nablous, or Napolose (the Sichem of the Scriptures), is, as we have stated, a populous town, containing nearly 10,000 inhabitants, all of whom, with the exception of about fifty Greek Christians, are Mahometans: and the grounds around it bear the marks of opulence and industry. It fully occupies the valley between the two hills of Gerizim on the south, and Ebal on the north. Though a place of considerable trade with Damascus and the towns on the sea-coast, yet there were no Jews here, who remained as permanent residents. The Samaritans, of whom a remnant remained in Maundrell's time (the close of the seventeenth century), are now reduced to scarcely half a dozen, or a dozen families, who perform their sacred rites in studied seclusion and obscurity, and are, if possible, more despised here than the Jews are in other Mahometan cities. PAL'ETTE, n. s. Fr. palette; Ital. paletta, of Lat. pala. A painter's color board. Let the ground of the picture be of such a mixture, as there may be something in it of every color that composes your work, as it were the contents of your palette. Dryden. Ere yet thy pencil tries her nicer toils, When sage Minerva rose, Tickle. From her sweet lips smooth elocution flows, Her skilful hand an iv'ory palette graced, Where shining colours were in order placed. Gay. PALEY (Dr.), sub-dean of Lincoln, and rector of Bishop Wearmouth, was born at Peterborough in 1743. His father, who held a small living in that place, soon afterwards removed to Giggleswick in Yorkshire, where he was appointed to be master of a grammar-school, and continued to act in that capacity till his death, which happened in the year 1799. Dr. Paley was educated under his father's care until he became a student of Christ College, Cambridge, in 1759. In 1763 he took the degree of bachelor of arts, and in the previous examination had the honor of appearing the first man of his year. His studies now being completed, and no other engagement offering, he went to be assistant at VOL. XVI. Greenwich school. In that situation he remained nearly three years, and then, upon being elected a fellow of Christ College, returned to a residence in the university. His election into a fellowship of the college was very soon followed by an appointment to be one of the tutors of it. His lectures on moral and political philosophy, and on the Greek Testament, contained the outlines of the works by which he has so much benefited the world, and his old pupils preserve in their note-books some of the arguments and illustrations which have rendered them so celebrated and so useful. After his return to the university, he continued to live in it about ten years. During this time he was rather a hard worker than a hard student. To his engagement as a public tutor he added others still more numerous as a private one, and, by these united labors, was in the receipt of a very considerable income. In 1770 Dr. Paley left college, and married. He had at first a small benefice in Cumberland; then the living of Appleby in Westmoreland, worth about £300 a-year; and in a short time was promoted to a prebendal stall in the cathedral of Carlisle, together with the living of Dalston, a pleasant village situated in the neighbourhood of that city, and between it and Rose-castle, the seat of the bishop. In 1782, on the resignation of Dr. John Law, who was created an Irish bishop, he was made archdeacon of the diocese, and not long afterwards succeeded Dr. Burn, the author of the Justice of the Peace, &c., in the chancellorship. All these preferments were bestowed on him, either by the bishop of Carlisle, or by the dean and chapter of the cathedral church, in which Dr. Law, who was a prebendary, had the leading influence. It was while his residence was divided between Carlisle and Dalston, that Dr. Paley undertook his Elements of Moral and Political Philosophy. The public did not hesitate long about the reception of it. It was read with universal admiration, and editions were multiplied with a rapidity entirely unexpected by the author. It is dedicated to the bishop of Carlisle; on whose death, in 1767, archdeacon Paley drew up a short memoir of him. He soon after published his Horæ Paulinæ, a work which ranks him very high among the argumentative advocates of Scripture authority. The chief object of this work is to bring together, from the Acts of the Apostles, and from the different epistles, such passages as furnish examples of undesigned coincidence, and thus to infer the authenticity of the Scriptural writings, independently of inspiration. Not long after this work had made its appearance (in 1789) Dr. James Yorke, bishop of Ely, offered him the mastership of Jesus College, Cambridge, of which he has the disposal in right of his see. This was a singular instance of honorable and disinterested patronage. His lordship had never seen Dr. Paley, he had no knowledge of his friends, he was influenced soiely and entirely by his wellearned reputation, and by a wish to render them serviceable in a high academical situation. His preferments in the north of England, and the engagements they imposed upon him, induced him to decline the offer, after a very long hesi 2 L tation, which, he has been heard to say, would probably have terminated otherwise, if he had not accidentally overlooked a small field belonging to the master of Jesus; and he expressed his gratitude to the bishop in a dedication of the Evidences of Christianity. This is one of Dr. Paley's most elaborate and successful performances. Containing a general view of the evidences of our religion, it is better adapted to the wants of the common reader than an argument, however masterly, which is confined to a single subject. It is distinguished, in an eminent degree, by that happy combination of sagacity, force, and his writings. After Dr. Paley had become subperspicuity, which appears in all dean of Lincoln, and rector of Bishop Wearmouth, his residence was divided between those two places, his summers. being spent at the latter, and his winters at the former. He now undertook and proceeded slowly with his last work, the Natural Theology, which was not published till the end of the year 1804. He professes to have chosen this subject, because, with those he had already treated of, it formed a system which was complete, though its parts had been produced in an inverted order. As a writer, Dr. Paley is not remarkable for elegant periods or splendid sentiment. He seems to have been less ambitious of pleasing the ear than of informing the understanding; for if we except the dedication of the Moral and Political Philosophy, some chapters in the same work (particularly that on reverencing the Deity), and the conclusion of the Natural Theology, which contain some of the most elegant and dignified passages to be found in our language, the general character of his writings is plainness and simplicity. In private life he had nothing of the philosopher. He entered into little amusements with a degree of ardor which, when contrasted with the superiority of his mind, had a pleasing effect, and constituted a very amiable trait of his character. He was fond of company; nor was he at any time more happy than when exercising his unrivalled talents of wit and humor. He died at Bishop Wearmouth 25th May, 1805. PALFIN (John), an eminent surgeon, anatomist, and lecturer on surgery in Ghent, the place of his birth; acquired great reputation by his learning and works. The principal of these are, 1. A Treatise on Osteology, in 12mo. Paris, 1731; 2. Anatomy of the Human Body, in 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1734. He died at Ghent at a great age, in 1730. PAL'FREY, n. s. Į Fr. palefray; Ital, pala- Her wanton palfrey all was overspread Such dire atchievements sings the bard that tells Of palfreyed dames, bold knights, and magick spells. The damsel is mounted on a white palfrey, as an Tickel. emblem of her innocence. Addison's Spectator. PALICAUDCHERRY, or PALIGHAUT, a town in the province of Malabar, 110 miles south from Seringapatam. Lat. 10° 50' N., long. 76° 50′ E. The fort was built by Hyder Áli, on his conquest of Malabar; in the country called Paligatsherry, which then belonged to the Shekury Rajah, one of the Malabar chiefs. Around the fort are scattered many villages and bazaars, all together containing a considerable population: but there is very little appearance of a contained, according to Mr. Hamilton, the foltown. This small district, in the year 1800, lowing number of houses:Occupied by the families of rajahs By Christians By Namburies (Brahmins of high caste) By Shanars or Tiars (cultivators) By people of Karnata, or Chera Containing free inhabitarts 42 Total houses 21,473 exclusive of military, camp followers, travellers, Total population 123,074 vagrants, &c. The part occupied by thick forests, and uninhabited, is very extensive, and is intersected by several branches of the Paniani River, by which, in the rainy season, the timber may be floated to the sea. teak may be procured annually, with the assistAbout 45,000 cubical feet of ance of a large body of trained elephants. The Palighaut district was ceded to the British by Tippoo, at the peace of 1792, when its revenues were valued at 88,000 pagodas. deities, sons of Jupiter by Thalia, whoin EschyPALICI, or PALISCI, in mythology, two lus, according to Macrobius, calls Etna, in a tragedy, which is lost. The nymph Etna, when pregnant, begged Jupiter to remove her cealed her in the bowels of the earth; and, when from the pursuit of Juno. Upon which he conthe time of her delivery arrived, the earth opened and brought into the world two children, who were named Palici, año тov adiy weσdal, because they came again into the world from the bowels of the earth. These deities were worshipped with many ceremonies by the Sicilians: which were supposed to have sprung out of the and near their temple were two small lakes, earth when they were born. Near these pools it was usual to take the most solemn oaths, when any wished to decide controversies and quarrels. If any of the persons who took the oaths were perjured, they were expected to be immediately punished supernaturally; and those whose oath, by the deities of the place, was sincere, departed was consulted upon some great emergencies, and unhurt. The Palici had also an oracle, which which rendered the truest and most unequivocal answers. In a superstitious age, the altars of the sacrifices; but this barbarous custom did not Palici were stained with the blood of human last long. PALIFICATION, n. s. Lat. palus. The act or art of making ground firm with piles.. I have said nothing of palification or piling of the groundplot commanded by Vitruvius, when we build upon a moist soil. Wotton. PALINDROME. Gr. Tadivopoμia, rady, and opoμsa. A word or sentence which is the same read backward or forward: as, madam; or this sentence, Subi dura a rudibus. Some have refined upon the Palindromus, and composed verses, each word of which is the same backwards as forwards; for instance, that of Camden : : I of thy excellence have oft been told; Sandys's Parable on Job. PALINURI PROMONTORIUM, a town of Italy, mentioned by Virgil and Velleius, with a cognominal port, at the south extremity of the Sinus Pastanus, on the coast of Lucania, so called from Palinurus. PALINURUS, in fabulous history, the pilot of Eneas, who fell into the sea when asleep, and was three days exposed to the tempests, and at last came safe ashore, where the cruel inhabitants of the place murdered him. His body was left unburied on the sea shore. See Virg. Æneid, lib. VI. v. 337. PALISA'DO. PALISADE, n. s. & v. a. Fr. palisade; Span. palisado, of Lat. palus. Pales, taken collectively; paling; a single series or set of pales. The Trojans round the place a rampire cast, And palisades about the trenches placed. Dryden. The wood is useful for palisadoes for fortifications, being very hard and durable. Mortimer. The city is surrounded with a strong wall, and that wall guarded with palisades. Broome. PALISADOES, or PALISADES, in fortification, are stakes made of strong split wood, about nine feet long, six or seven inches square, three feet deep in the ground, in rows about two and a half or three inches asunder, placed in the covert way, at three feet from, and parallel to, the parapet or side of the glacis, to secure it from surprise. They are also used to fortify the avenues of the open forts, gorges, half-moons, the bottoms of ditches, &c. They are usually fixed perpendicularly, though some make an angle inclining towards the ground next the enemy, that the ropes cast over them to tear them up may slip off. PALISSE, in heraldry, a bearing resembling a range of palisades before a fortification, represented on a fosse, raising up a considerable height, and pointed, with the field appearing between them. PALISSY (Bernard de), a Parisian artist, was born at Agen in France about 1524. He discovered the method of applying enamel to stoneware, and his manufacture excelled the finest of the Italian. He is said next to have pursued the study of chemistry; his knowledge of which enabled him to make improvements in agriculture. He also formed the first cabinet of natural history in France, on which science he delivered lectures. He was a Protestant, and so firmly attached to his religion that during the fury of the league under Henry III., in 1584, he was committed to the bastille. The king, who had patronised him as an artist, having told him that if he did not comply with the prevailing religion he should be constrained to leave him in the hands of his enemies, Palissy replied, 'your majesty has often said that you pity me; for my part I pity you for pronouncing the words, I shall be constrained; this is not speaking like a king; but let me inform you in royal language, that neither the Giusarts, your whole people, nor yourself, shall constrain a potter to bend his knee before images.' He used to say that he had no other property than heaven and earth. His works are, Moyen de devenir riche, &c.; Discours admirable de la Nature des Eaux et Fontaines, de Metaux, des Sols, des Salines, des Pierres, des Terres, &c. He died in 1590. His works and life were published at Paris in 1777 by St. Fond. PALIURUS, in ancient geography, a river of Africa, with a town of the same name, at the western extremity of Egypt, on the Mediterranean.-Strabo. PALL, n. s. & v. a. Span. palio; Lat. pallium. (There is also a Hind. pal.) See PALLIA cloak or mantle of state, civil or ecclesiastical; a covering thrown over the dead: to cloak or invest with a pall. UM. With princely pace, As fair Aurora in her purple pall, Out of the east her dawning day doth call; So forth she comes. Come, thick night, Spenser. PALLA, in Roman antiquity, a mantle which women wore over the gown called stola. It was borne on the left shoulder, whence passing to the other side, under the right arm, the two ends were bound under the left arm, leaving the breast and arm quite bare. It had many folds, and derived its name from raw, to shake. From this term springs the word pall, which denotes the rich pontifical garment worn by the popes, patriarchs, primates, and metropolitans of the Romish church over their other vestments; and which is in the shape of a band or fillet three inches broad, encompassing the shoulder, whence it has been denominated by certain writers superhumerale. Both behind and before are pendents, or strings, about a palm in length, with small laminæ of lead rounded at the extremities, and covered with black silk with four red crosses. PALLADINI (Archangela), a celebrated Italian paintress, born at Pisa in 1599. Her father was a painter, and she attained great excellence in portrait painting; but died young, in 1622. PALLADINO (James), an Italian author, born at Teramo, in Naples, in 1349. He became successively bishop of Monopoli, Tarentum, Florence, and Spoletto, and legate in Poland. Among his works, the most celebrated is the Processus Luciferi contra Jesum. He died in Poland in 1417. PALLADIO (Andrew), the celebrated architect, was born in 1518, at Vicenza, in Lombardy. He learned the principles of his art from Trissino, after which he studied at Rome, and on his return constructed a number of noble edifices. He was employed in various parts of Italy, particularly at Venice, where he built the palace Foscari. He died at his native place in 1580. His Treatise on Architecture was printed at Venice in 1570, folio; and again at London in 1715, in 3 vols. folio. In 1730 lord Burlington published some of Palladio's designs, in 1 vol. folio. This artist was likewise the author of a work entitled Le Antichita di Roma; and an illustration of Cæsar's Commentaries. PALLADIUM, in fabulous history, a statue of the goddess Pallas. It was about three cubits high, and represented the goddess sitting and holding a pike in her right hand, and in her left a distaff and a spindle. It was said to have fallen down from heaven near the tent of Ilus, as he was building the citadel of Ilium. Others avert that it fell at Pessinus in Phrygia. Some maintain that the palladium was made with the bones of Pelops by Abaris; but, according to Apollodorus, that it was only a piece of clock-work which moved of itself. However various the opinions of ancient authors be about this celebrated statue, it was universally allowed, that on its preservation depended the safety of Troy. This fatality the Greeks, during the Trojan war, were well aware of; and therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were commissioned to steal it. This they effected, and they were directed how to carry it away by Helenus, a son of Priam, who in this betrayed his country, because his brother Deiphobus, at the death of Paris, had married Helen, of whom he was enamoured. Minerva was enraged at the violence offered to her statue; and, according to Virgil, the palladium itself seemed to have received life and inotion; and by the flashes which started from its eyes, and sudden springs from the earth, it seemed to show the resentment of the goddess. The true palladium, however, according to some, was not carried away from Troy by the Greeks, but only a statue of similar size and shape, which was placed near it, to deceive whatever sacrilegious persons attempted to steal it. The palladium, therefore, they pretend Æneas conveyed safe from Troy to Italy, and it was afterwards preserved by the Romans with the greatest secrecy and veneration, in the temple of Vesta, unknown to all but the vestal virgins. The destiny of Rome was believed to depend upon it; and there were several others made perfectly like it, to secure it from being stolen, as was that at Troy. A palladium was also placed in the citadel of Athens. PALLADIUM, in chemistry, a new metal, first found by Dr. Wollaston, associated with platina, among the grains of which he supposes its ore to exist, or an alloy of it iridium and osmium, scarcely distinguishable from the crude platina, though it is harder and heavier. If crude platina be dissolved in nitro-muriatic acid, and precipitated with a solution of muriate of ammonia in hot water; the precipitate washed, and the water added to the remaining solution, and a piece of clean zinc be immersed in this liquid, till no farther action on it take place; the precipitate now thrown down will be a black powder, commonly consisting of platina, palladium, iridium, rhodium, copper, and lead. The lead and copper may be separated by dilute nitric acid. The remainder being then digested in nitro-muriatic acid, and common salt about half the weight of the precipitate added on the solution, on evaporating this to dryness, by a gentle heat, the result will be, triple salts of muriate of soda, with platina, palladium, and rhodium., Alcohol will dissolve the first and second of these, and the small portion of platina may be precipitated by sal ammoniac. The solution being diluted, and prussiate of potash added, a precipitate will be thrown down, at first of a deep orange, and afterwards changing green. This, being heated with a little sulphur and borax in a crucible, will afford a metallic button of pure palladium. This metal is of a white color, more of the appearance of platina than any other metal. It is something harder than the above metal, being about the stiffness of jewellers' gold. It is less malleable than silver or platina, owing probably to its greater hardness. Its specific gravity, according to Dr. Wollaston, varies from 11.3 to 11.8. When heated to about 30° of Wedgewood, it assumes a blue color, owing to its combination with oxygen, in which property it has some resemblance to iron. If, however, the heat be increased, the oxygen flies off, and it re-assumes its original lustre. It does not fuse at the ordinary temperature of furnaces. Although its oxide seems to be formed at a certain temperature of the open air, it has not been procured by these means. An orange oxide is procured by precipitation from the acids, but not sufficiently pure to get the proportion of oxygen; hence we are at present unacquainted with the oxides of palladium. It does not combine with carbon, nor is it known to combine with hydrogen, nitrogen, or phosphorus. It combines with sulphur, forming a compound fusible at a low red heat. The sulphur gradually escapes, leaving the metal in a state of purity. Its specific gravity is from 10-9 to 11.8. It is a less perfect conductor of caloric than most metals, and less expansible, though in this it exceeds platina. On exposure to a strong heat its surface tarnishes a little, and becomes blue; but an increased heat brightens it again. It is reducible per se. Its fusion requires a much higher heat than that of gold; but, if touched while hot with a small bit of sulphur, it runs like zinc. The sulphuret is whiter than the metal itself, and extremely brittle. Nitric acid acquires a fine red color from the palladium, but the quantity it dissolves is small. Nitrous acid acts on it more quickly and powerfully. Sulphuric acid, by boiling, acquires a similar color, dissolving a small portion. Muriatic acid acts much in the same manner. Nitro-muriatic acid dissolves it rapidly, and assumes a deep red. Alkalis and earths throw down a precipitate from its solutions, generally of a fine orange color; but it is partly re-dissolved in an excess of alkali. Some of the neutral salts, particularly those of potash, form with it triple compounds, much more soluble in water than those of platina, but insoluble in alcohol. Alkalis act on palladium even in the metallic state; the contact of air, however, promotes their action. A neutralised solution of palladium is precipitated of a dark orange or brown by recent muriate of tin; but, if it be in such proportions as to remain transparent, it is changed to a beautiful emerald-green. Green sulphate of iron precipitates the palladium in a metallic state. Sulphureted hydrogen produces a dark brown precipitate; prussiate of potash, an olive-colored and prussiate of mercury a yellowishwhite. As the last does not precipitate platina, it is an excellent test of palladium. This precipitate is from a neutral solution in nitric acid, and detonates at about 500° of Fahr. in a manner similar to gunpowder. Fluoric, arsenic, phosphoric, oxalic, tartaric, citric, and some other acids, with their salts, precipitate some of the solutions of palladium. All the metals, except gold, silver, and platina, precipitate it in the metallic state. If this metal were more common (its price is about six times that of gold), it might be employed for medals and chemical vessels, and it might be used in place of silver in some articles of jewellery. PALLADIUS, bishop of Helenopolis in Bythynia, and afterwards of Aspona. He was a Galatian, and born at Cappadocia. He became an anchorite in the mountain of Nebria in 388, and was consecrated a bishop in 401. He was an intimate friend of St. John Chrysostom, whom he never forsook during the time of his persecution, nor even in his exile. He went to Rome some time after Chrysostom's death, and, at the request of Lausus, governor of Cappadocia, composed the history of the Anchorites or hermits, and entitled it Lausiaca, after that lord, to whom he dedicated it in 420, when it was written, being then in the twentieth year of his episcopacy, and fifty-third of his age. His history was published in Greek by Meursius at Amsterdam, in 1619, and in Latin in the Bibliotheca Patrum. PALLADIUS (R. T. Æmilianus), an author who flourished after the decline of literature at Rome, but the precise period is not known. A treatise written by him, De Re Rusticâ, was published at Paris, in L'Economie Rurale, vol. 5, in 1775. PALLANTIDES, the fifty sons of Pallas, the son of Pandion, and brother of Egeus; who were all killed by Theseus, the son of Ageus, whose succession they opposed. Plut. in Thes. PALLAS, in mythology, a giant, the son of Cælus and Terra, who was killed by Minerva. PALLAS, a common name of Minerva, from Taλλav, to brandish, in allusion to her spear. PALLAS, a freed man of Claudius, celebrated for the power and the riches which he obtained. He advised the emperor to marry Agrippina, and to adopt her son Nero for his successor. It was through him and Agrippina that the death of Claudius was hastened, and that Nero was raised to the throne. Nero, however, discarded Pallas, and some time after caused him to be put to death, that he might obtain his wealth. PALLAS (Peter Simon), a celebrated German modern naturalist, was born at Berlin, in 1741. After having studied medicine at Halle and Gottingen, he removed to Leyden, where he graduated M. D. in 1760. He then came to London, to improve his professional knowledge, and about 1762 returned to Berlin. At length he settled at the Hague, where he published some valuable zoological works. In 1767 he went to Russia, and was employed by the government of that country on an expedition of discovery in the Asiatic provinces. In the course of this undertaking he procured the materials for several important works on the various branches of natural history, which he afterwards published. In 1793 and 1794 he travelled in the southern provinces of Russia, and subsequently settled in the Crimea, on an estate bestowed on him by the empress. His death took place at Berlin in 1811. Among his principal works are, Elenchus Zoophytorum, Hag. Com., 1765; Miscellanea Zoologica, Hag. Com., 1766, 4to; Spicliegia quibus novæ Ani |