bier was a frame of wood, like that on which the sea beds, called cots, are placed, with a matted bottom, and supported by four posts, at the height of about four feet from the ground. The body was covered first with a mat, and then with white cloth; by the side of it lay a wooden mace, one of their weapons of war; and near the head of it, which lay next to the close end of the shed, lay two cocoa-nut shells; at the other end a bunch of green leaves, and some dried twigs, all tied together, were stuck in the ground, by which lay a stone about as big as a cocoanut. Near these lay one of the young plantainleaves that are used for emblems of peace, and close by it a stone axe. At the open end of the shed also hung, in several strings, a great number of palm-nuts; and without the shed was stuck up in the ground a stem of a plantaintree, about six feet high, upon the top of which was placed a cocoa-nut shell full of fresh water; against the side of one of the posts hung a small bag, containing a few pieces of bread-fruit ready roasted. The food so placed by the corpse seemed designed as an offering to their gods. They cast in, near the body, small pieces of cloth, on which the tears and blood of the mourners have been shed; for in their paroxysms of grief it is a universal custom to wound themselves. The mourner is always a man; and he is dressed in a very singular habit. When the bones are stripped of their flesh, and become dry, they are buried.

The mourning which is worn here is a headdress of feathers, the color of which is consecrated to death, and a veil over the face. The whole nation is said to appear thus on the death of their king. The mourning for fathers is very long. The women mourn for their husbands, but not the husbands for their wives.

Their boats or canoes are of different sorts. Some are made out of a single tree, and hold from two to six men. These are principally employed in fishing; others are constructed of planks very dexterously sewed together; they will sometimes hold from ten to forty men; they generally lash two of these together, and set up two masts between them; or, if they are single, they have only one in the middle; and in these vessels they will sail far beyond the sight of land. A third sort seems to be principally designed for pleasure. These are very large, but have no sail; and in shape resemble the gondolas of Venice. The plank of which these vessels are constructed is made by splitting a tree, with the grain, into as many thin pieces as possible. The boards are brought to the thickness of about an inch, and are afterwards fitted to the boat with great exactness. To fasten these planks together, holes are bored with a piece of bone, fixed into a stick for that purpose. Through these a kind of plaited cordage is passed, so as to hold the planks strongly together. The seams are caulked with dry rushes; and the whole outside of the vessel is painted over with a kind of gummy juice, which supplies the place of pitch. Their weapons are slings, which they use with great dexterity; pikes headed with the skins of stingrays, and clubs of about six or seven feet

long, made of a very hard wood. Thus armed, they fight with great obstinacy, and give no quarter to man, woman, or child, who happens to fall into their hands during the battle, nor for. some time afterwards, till their passion subsides. They have likewise bows and arrows; but the latter are headed only with stone, and none of them pointed. They have targets of a semicircular form, made of wicker-work, and plaited strings of the cocoa-nut fibres, covered with glossy. bluish green feathers belonging to a kind of pigeon, and ornamented with sharks' teeth, arranged in three concentric circles.

European visits led to the attempt to establish missionaries on this island; but, after various efforts to introduce Christianity and the arts of civilised life, those worthy laborers were compelled to retreat.

OTAKOOTAI, or Wenooaette, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, about three miles in circumference, discovered by Cook in the year 1777. The beach within the reef is composed of a white coral sand, and the land within does not rise above six or seven feet: it is entirely destitute of water. The only common trees found there were cocoa-palms, of which there were several clusters; and vast numbers of the wharra. The only bird seen was a beautiful cuckoo, of a chestnut brown, variegated with black. But upon the shore were some egg-birds, a smaller sort of curlew, blue and white herons, and great numbers of noddies. Though there were at this time no fixed inhabitants, indubitable marks remained of its being, at least occasionally, frequented. Long. 201° 37' E., lat. 19° 51'S.

OTFORD, a town of England, in Kent, celebrated for a battle between the two Saxon kings, Offa of Mercia, and Alrick of Kent, who was killed by Offa; and another in 1016, wherein the Danish king Canute was routed by king Edmund Ironside. Offa, to atone for the blood he had shed in that battle, gave this place to Christchurch, Canterbury (as the deed says), in pascua porcorum, for feeding the archbishop's hogs;' and so it remained in the archbishop's liberty, till exchanged with king Henry VIII. for other lands. There was a chantry founded at the Ryehouse in this parish.

OTH'ER, adj., pron., & n. s.`
OTH'ER-GATES, adv.
OTH'ER-WHERE,
OTH'ER-WHILE,

OTHERWISE.

Sax, oðen a den; Goth.

audr odr; Teut.

odir; French

autre. Differ

ent; not this; not the same; not I or he; something beside; correlative to each; the remaining one of two; the next; the third part; other gates (from other and gates, meaning way) is in another manner: otherwhere, in other places: otherwise, in a different manner; or in different respects; by or from other causes.

In lowliness of mind let each esteem other better than themselves. Philip. ii. 3.

Of good actions some are better than other some. Hooker.

They only plead that whatsoever God revealeth, as necessary for all Christian men to do and believe, the same we ought to embrace, whether we have received it by writing or otherwise, which no man denieth.

Id

-Who dares receive it other!

That they have don't?

Shakspeare.

Id.

escape the worst of all evils, both in itself and in its consequences--an idle life. Cowper.

Sure never were seen two such sweet little ponies;
Other horses are clowns, and these macaronies;
And to give them this title I'm sure is'nt wrong,
Their legs are so slim and their tails are so long.
Sheridan.

And the pale smile of beauties in the grave,
The charms of other days, in starlight gleams
Glimmer on high; their buried locks still wave
Along the canvas.
Byron.

OTHNIEL, the celebrated judge of Israel, was the son of Kenaz, of the tribe of Judah. We are told (Joshua xv. 17 and Judges i. 13) that

Id. Sir John Norris failed in the attempts of Lisborn, and returned with the loss, by sickness and otherwise, Raleigh. of eight thousand men. Physicians are some of them so conformable to the humour of the patient, as they press not the cure of the disease; and some other are so regular in proceeding according to art, as they respect not the condition of the patient.

Bind my hair up: as 'twas yesterday? No, nor the other day.

Bacon.

Ben Jonson.

The king had all he craved, or could compel, And all was done-let others judge how well.

Daniel.

fond or insolent.

Glanville.

Scotland and thou did each in other live, Nor would'st thou her, nor could thee she survive. Dryden.

He that will not give just occasion to think that all government in the world is the product only of force and violence, and that men live together by no other rules but that of beasts, where the strongest carries; and so lay a foundation for perpetual disorder and mischief, tumult, sedition, and rebellion things that the followers of that hypothesis so loudly cry out against, must of necessity find out another state of government.

Locke.

;

There is that controlling worth in goodness, that the will cannot but like and desire it; and, on the other side, that odious deformity in vice, that it never

offers itself to the affections of mankind but under South. the disguise of the other.

In these good things, what all others should practise, we should scarce know to practise otherwise. Sprat.

Thy father was a worthy prince, And merited, alas! a better fate; But heaven thought otherwise. Addison's Cato. Never allow yourselves to be idle, whilst others are in want of any thing that your hands can make for

them.

Law.

and Othniel had been brothers, the latter could not have married his niece Achsah the daughter of Caleb. The Scripture mentions Kenaz as father to Othniel, and Jephunneh as the father of Caleb. It is therefore supposed that Kenaz and Jephunneh were brothers, and that Othniel and Caleb were cousin-germans, and in this sense to be brothers according to the language of Scripture. Thus, Achsah being but second-cousin in respect of Othniel, he might marry her consistently with the letter of the law. The heroism by which he obtained Achsah is recorded in Joshua xv. 16, 17: and the still greater heroism by which he delivered his country from the oppressions of Chushanrishathaim, A. M. 2599, is recorded in Judges iii. 9-11. Whether he judged Israel during the forty years of peace that followed is uncertain.

OTHO, a tribune of the people, who, in Cicero's consulship, introduced a regulation to permit the Roman knights at public spectacles to have the fourteen first rows after the seats of the senators. This was opposed with virulence by some, but Cicero ably defended it.

OTHо (M. Salvius), the eighth emperor of Rome, born A. D. 32, of a family descended from the ancient kings of Etruria. He was among the number of Nero's favorites, was raised to the highest offices of the state, and made governor of Pannonia by the interest of Seneca, who wished to remove him from Rome, lest Nero's love for Poppaa should prove his ruin. After Nero's death, Otho conciliated the favor of Galba the new emperor; but, when Galba refused to adopt him as his successor, he procured his assassination, and proclaimed himself emperor. He was acknowledged by the senate, but the sudden revolt of Vitellius in Germany rendered his situation very precarious. Otho obtained three victories; but in a general engagement near Brixellum his forces were defeated, and he stabbed himself when all hopes of success had vanished, in the thirty-seventh year of his age, after a reign of about three months. The last moments of Otho's life were those of a philosopher. He comforted his soldiers who lamented his fortune, and, expressing his concern for their safety, observed, that it was better that one man should die than that all should be involved in ruin on account of his obstinacy. His nephew was much affected, and feared the anger of the conqueror; but Otho observed, that Vitellius would be kind to the relations of Otho, since, in the time of their greatest enmity, the mother of Vitellius had received every friendly

2 B2

treatment from his hands. He also burnt the letters which, by falling into the hands of Vitellius, might provoke his resentment against those who had favored the cause of an unfortunate general. His father was a favorite of Claudius. OTHONNA, in botany, African ragwort, a genus of the polygamia necessaria order, syngenesia class of plants; natural order forty-ninth, composita receptacle naked; there is almost no pappus: CAL. monophyllous, multifid, and nearly cylindrical. Species one, a native of the south of Europe.

OTHRYADES, one of the 300 Spartans who fought against 300 Argives, when those two nations disputed their respective right to Thyreata. Two Argives, Alcinor and Cronius, and Othryades, survived the battle. The Argives went home to carry the news of their victory; but Othryades, who had been reckoned among the number of the slain on account of his wounds, recovered himself, and carried some of the spoils of which he had stripped the Argives into the camp of his countrymen; and after he had raised a trophy, and had written with his own blood the word vici on his shield, he killed himself, unwilling to survive the death of his country

men.

OTHUS AND EPHIALTES, in mythology, two giants, sons of Neptune by Iphimedia, the wife of the giant Aloeus; who educated them as his own, whence they were called Aloeides. They grew nine inches every month, and were only nine years old when they made war against the 'gods; but were slain by Apollo and Diana. They built the town of Asera, at the foot of Mount Helicon.

OTIS, in ornithology, a genus of birds belonging to the order of gralla. There are several species, principally distinguished by their color. Óne of these,

:

O. tarda, the bustard, is the largest of the British land fowls; the male at a medium weigh ing twenty-five pounds; there are instances of some very old ones weighing twenty-seven: the breadth nine feet; the length nearly four. Besides the size and difference of color, the male is distinguished from the female by a tuft of feathers about five inches long on each side of the lower mandible. Its head and neck are ash-colored: the back is barred transversely with black and bright rust color: the greater quill-feathers are black: the belly white: the tail is marked with broad red and black bars, and consists of twenty feathers the legs are dusky. The female is about half the size of the male: the crown of the head is of a deep orange, traversed with black lines; the rest of the head is brown. The lower part of the fore side of the neck is ash-colored: in other respects it resembles the male, only the colors of the back and wings are far more dull. These birds inhabit most of the open countries of the south and east parts of England, from Dorsetshire, as far as the Wolds in Yorkshire. They are exceedingly shy, and difficult to be shot; run very fast, and when on the wing can fly, though slowly, many miles without resting. They take flight with difficulty, and are sometimes run down with greyhounds. They keep near their old haunts, seldom wandering above

twenty or thirty miles. Their food is corn and other vegetables, and those large earth worms that appear in great quantities on the Downs before sun-rising in the summer. These are replete with moisture, answer the purpose of liquids and enable them to live long without drinking on those extensive and dry tracts. Besides this, the males have an admirable magazine for their security against drought, being a pouch, whose entrance lies immediately under the tongue, and which is capable of holding nearly seven quarts; this they fill with water, to supply the hen when sitting, or the young before they can fly. Bustards lay only two eggs, of the size of those of a goose, of a pale olive brown, marked with spots of a dark. color; they make no nest, only scrape a hole in the ground. In autumn they are (in Wiltshire generally found in large turnip fields near the Downs, and in flocks of fifty or more.

OTODINI, OTTADINI, or OTTODINI, a nation of ancient Britons, seated on the north-east of the Brigantes, in the countries now called Northumberland, Merse, and the Lothians. As the Otodini are not mentioned by any of the Roman historians, but only by Ptolemy, it is uncertain whether they formed a distinct independent state, or were united with the Brigantes. They were, however, a considerable people, and possessed a long tract of the sea coast, from the Tyne to the Frith of Forth. Their name is derived by Baxter from the old British words Ot o dineu, which signify a high and rocky shore; descriptive enough of their country. They were probably reduced by Agricola at the same time with their more powerful neighbours the Brigantes; but, as they lived without the wall of Severus, they were, like the rest of the Mæatæ, engaged in frequent revolts. In the most perfect state of the Roman government in this island, the country of the Otodini made a part of the Roman province called Valentia; which comprehended all that large tract between the two walls. As this province was never long together in the peaceable possession of the Romans, they had but few stations in the country of the Otodini, except those on the line of the wall of Severus. Various opinions are entertained among the learned respecting the real situation of the Otodini; and it is even doubtful whether their country was in England or in Scotland. The celebrated Drummond of Hathornden contends for the latter. From Dr. Henry's description, above quoted, it appears to have been in part of both.

OTRANTO, or TERRA D'OTRANTO, a province of Naples, forming the south-east extremity of Italy, having the gulf of Taranto on the west, and the Adriatic on the east. It has a superficial extent of 2600 square miles; and, though mountainous, is very fertile. It suffers, however severely from a want of water. The chief product is olives, whole forests of which grow wild cotton, tobacco, vines, and fruits. On the hills is found noble pasturage; and, on the sea-coast, abundant encouragement to fishing. Otranto is divided into the three districts of Lecce (the capital), Taranto, and Messagna. Population 292,000.

OTRANTO, a fortified town in the Neapolitan province to which it gives name, on the Adriatic.

left an illustrious testimony. He appears by some of his verses to have been a zealous royalist; and, as was in those times the common reward of loyalty, he lived and died neglected.' -His dramatic writings are nine in number; the most admired are, The Orphan, and Venice Preserved. He also made some translations, and wrote several miscellaneous poems. His whole works are printed in two pocket volumes. He wrote four acts of a play, which are lost. OUACHITTA, or WACHITTA, or WASHITA, a river of North America, which rises in the Missouri Territory, enters Louisiana, and, pursuing a S. S. E. course, joins Red River, about twentythree miles from its mouth. About thirty miles by the course of the river above its junction with Red River, it is joined by the Tensaw and Ocatahoola, and after its junction it usually takes the name of Black River.

OUACHITTA (False), is a branch of Red River, which it joins between long. 98° and 99° west. O'VAL, adj. & n. s. Fr. oval; of Lat. ovum, an egg. Of an egg shape.

The mouth is low and narrow, but, after having entered pretty far in the grotto, opens itself on both sides in an oval figure of an hundred yards.

OVAL is an oblong curvilinear figure, otherwise called ellipsis. See ELLIPSIS. However, the proper oval, or egg shape, differs consider ably from that of the ellipsis, being an irregular figure, narrower at one end than at another: whereas the ellipsis, or mathematical oval, is equally broad at each end; though, it must be owned, these two are commonly confounded together; even geometricians calling the oval a false ellipsis.

OUAQUAPHENOGAW, or OKEFONOCO, or EKANFANOKA, or ОKERFONOKE, a marshy lake in the state of Georgia, between the Oakmulgee and Flint Rivers. It is about 280 miles in circumference. In wet seasons it appears like an inland sea with several fertile islands.

OVAR, a brisk trading town of the central part of Portugal, near the coast, stands on a small river which flows through an inland lake, and afterwards into the Vouga. Inhabitants 5000. Twenty-two miles S. S. W. of Oporto.

OVARIUM, in botany, the germen or seedbud, containing the rudiments of the future seed. See BOTANY.

OVA'RIOUS, adj. ? Latin ovum, ovarium. O'VARY, N. S. Consisting of eggs: a

part of the human matrix. The OVATION generally began at the Albanian mountain, whence the general with his retinue made his entry into the city on foot, with many flutes or pipes sounding in concert as he passed along, and wearing a garland of myrtle as a token of peace. The term ovation, according to Servius, is derived from ovis, a sheep; because on this occasion the conqueror sacrificed a sheep, as in triumph he sacrificed a bull. The senate,

knights, and principal plebeians, assisted at the procession; which concluded at the capital, where rams were sacrificed to Jupiter. The first ovation was granted to Publius Posthumus the consul, for his victory over the Sabines, A. U. C. 253.

OUCH, n.s. An ornament of gold or jewels. Ouches or spangs, as they are of no great cost, so they are of most glory. Bacon.

OUDE, a fertile province of Hindostan, situated between 26° and 28° of N. lat., is bounded on the north by Nepaul, on the east by Bahar, on the south by Allahabad, and on the west by Delhy and Agra. It is 250 miles in length, by 100 in breadth. The whole surface is flat, and well watered by large rivers, or their copious tributary streams. The land yields fine crops of wheat, barley, rice, and other grains, cotton, sugar-cane, indigo, and poppies. It is celebrated for its grapes, mangoes, and other fruits. some of the districts saltpetre and lapis lazuli are found; and a variety of cotton cloths and a coarse kind of flannel, is made here; also bows, arrows, shields, matchlocks, and swords. The rains are not so violent, nor of so long a duration here as in Bengal, and the four cold months of the year are delightful.

In

The Gogra and Goompty rivers are here both navigable by boats at all seasons of the year; and the Ganges runs along the western boundary of this province. To the north-east are extensive woods and plains covered with grass, which abound in game. The principal towns are Lucknow, Fyzabad, Oude, Khyrabad, Goorackpore, and Bahreich. The inhabitants are about onethird Mahometans, the remainder are Hindoos of a fine handsome race. Great numbers of them enlist in the British service.

Oude, or Ayodhya, was the kingdom of the famous demigod Rama, said to have extended his empire through the whole south of India, and to have conquered the island of Ceylon. It was conquered by the Mahometan kings of Delhy in the thirteenth century, with little opposition, and was long held as a dependent province by one of the chiefs of that court. It was not till the ancestor of the present nabob's family obtained the government, and the invasion of Nadir Shah in 1739, that it became hereditary. Saadit Khan died at this time by poison, taken in consequence of the humiliating treatment he experienced from Nadir Shah; and his son-in-law, having possession of all his treasure, was confirmed in the government of Oude. Suffder Jung proved an excellent and brave officer, and in 1747 repulsed the Afghauns; in recompense for which service he was honored with the title of Abul Munsur (the victorious), and appointed prime minister. From this period, Abul Munsur Suffder Jung took a leading part in all the measures of the court; and, in addition to the government of Oude, he obtained that of the province of Allahabad. At length, finding his influence begin to decline, he retired to Oude, where he died in the year 1753. Shujaa ad Dowleh succeeded to his father without opposition, till the year 1764, when he took part with Cossim Aly Khan against the British, and was defeated at the battle of Buxar; in consequence of which he was compelled to throw