ORNITHOPUS, in botany, bird's-foot, a genus of the decandria order, and diadelphia class of plants: natural order thirty-second, papilionacea, Legumen articulated, cylindrical, and bent in the form of a bow. Species five, of which one is common to our own pastures, and was formerly thought a specific for the stone.

ORNUS, a species of the fraxinus, or ash tree, which produces the manna. Its smaller leaves are sawed, with flowers having petals. To obtain the manna, those employed in July and August make an oblong incision, and take off from the bark of the tree about three inches in length, and two in breadth: they leave the wound open, and by degrees the manna runs out, is almost suddenly thickened to its proper consistence, and is found adhering to the bark. This is collected in baskets, and called manna grassa. When they want fine manna, they apply to the incision of the bark thin straw, or small bits of shrubs; so that the manna in coming out runs upon these bodies, and is collected in a sort of regular tubes, which give it the name of manna in cannoli.

OROBANCHE, in botany, broom rape, a genus of the angiospermia order, and didynamia class of plants: natural order fortieth, personatæ: CAL. bifid: COR. ringent: CAPS. unilocular, bivalved, and polyspermous: there is a glandule under the base of the germen. Species eighteen, five of which are common to the fields and woods of our own country; the rest are scattered over Europe, Asia, and America.

OROBIO (Balthasar), a celebrated Jew of Spain. He was so skilled in the scholastic philosophy of Spain, that he was made professor of metaphysics in the university of Salamanca.

97. Anas.

98. Aptenodytes. 99. Pelicanus. 100, Phaeton. 101. Plotus.

Merganser. Duck. Penguin. Pelican. Tropic-bird. Darter.

Afterwards, however, applying himself to the study of physic, he practised that art at Seville with success, till, accused of Judaism, he was thrown into the inquisition, and suffered the most dreadful tortures. After three years confinement, during which he constantly denied that he was a Jew, and professed to be a true Christian, he was discharged; and, repairing to France, was made professor of physic at Thoulouse. At last, weary of dissembling, he repaired to Amsterdam, where he was circumcised, took the name of Isaac, and professed Judaism; still continuing, however, to practise physic, in which he was much esteemed. He distinguished himself in a controversy with Limborch, and by writing against Spinoza. Orobio died in 1687.

OROBUS, bitter vetch, a genus of the decandria order, and diadelphia class of plants: natural order thirty-second, papilionaceæ: style linear: CAL. obtuse at the base, with the upper segments deeper and shorter than the rest. There are nine species. All of them have fibrated roots, which are perennial, but are annual in stalk, rising early in spring, and decaying in autumn. They are very hardy plants, and prosper in any common soil of a garden. Most of these plants are very floriferous, and the flowers conspicuous and ornamental for adorning the flower compartments. The flowers are universally of the papilionaceous or butterfly kind, consisting each of four irregular petals, i. e. a standard, two wings, and a keel; and are all succeeded by long taper seed-pods, furnishing plenty of ripe seed in autumn; by which the plants may be propagated abundantly, as also by parting the roots.

O. tuberosus, wood pea, or peas heath. The

Highlanders have a great esteem for the tubercles of the roots of this species. They dry and chew them to give a better relish to their liquor; they also affirm that they are good against most disorders of the breast, and that by the use of them they are enabled to resist hunger and thirst for a long time. In Breadalbane and Rossshire they sometimes bruise and steep them in water, and make an agreeable fermented liquor with them. They have a sweet taste, something like the roots of liquorice; when boiled, are nutritious and well flavored; and in times of scarcity they have served as a substitute for bread.

ORODES, a prince of Parthia, who murdered his brother Mithridates, and ascended his throne. He defeated Crassus, the Roman triumvir, and poured melted gold down the throat of his fallen enemy, to reproach him for his avarice and ambition. He joined the party of Cassius and Brutus at Philippi. It is said that, when Orodes became old and infirm, his thirty children applied to him, and disputed in his presence their right to the succession. Phraates, the eldest of them, obtained the crown from his father; and, to hasten him out of the world, he attempted to poison him. The poison had no effect; and Phraates, still determined on his father's death, strangled him with his own hands, about thirtyfive years before the Christian era. Orodes had reigned about fifty years.

ORONTES, a famous river of Syria, about which Strabo and other ancient authors mention many fabulous stories of its disappearing and running under ground for several miles, &c. It rises in Colosyria, and after a rapid course falls into the Mediterranean below Antioch. It is now called Asi.

ORONTIUM, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and hexandria class of plants: natural order second, piperitæ. Spadix cylindrical, covered with florets: COR. hexapetalous and naked the follicles monospermous. Style

OROSIUS (Paul), a Spanish historian and divine, and a disciple of St. Augustin; who sent him to Jerusalem to consult St. Jerome on the origin of the soul. He wrote a Universal History from the creation to his own time, entitled Miseria Humana, in which he displays more learning and diligence than chronological accuracy. The best edition is that of Havercanys, 4to. Lug. Bat. 1767. He wrote also a treatise on Free Will, and other pieces. He flourished about A. D. 416. OR'PHAN, n. s. & adj. Fr. orphelin; Gr. ORPHANAGE, N. s. oppavos. A child beOR'PHANISM. Sreft of parents; applied to a child who has lost either one parent or

Sandys.

This king, left orphan both of father and mother, found his estate, when he came to age, so disjointed, even in the noblest and strongest limbs of government, that the name of a king was grown odious. Sidney.

Who can be bound by any solemn vow
To 'reave the orphan of his patrimony,
To wring the widow from her 'customed right,
And have no other reason for his wrong,
But that he was bound by a solemn oath ?

Shakspeare.
Widows and orphans making as they go.
The sea with spoils his angry bullets strow,

Waller.

This helpless orphan whom thou leavest behind.
Pity, with a parent's mind,

Dryden. Collections were made for the relief of the poor, whether widows or orphans. Nelson.

Coriolanus's father died when he was an infant.

Alcibiades and Coriolanus would, with Demosthenes, make as noble a trio of orphans as all antiquity could furnish. Bp. Watson.

Rich, noble, but an orphan; left an only Child to the care of guardians good and kind; But still her aspect had an air so lonely.

Byron.

First stern philanthropy; not she who dries The orphan's tears and wipes the widow's eyes, But French philanthropy, whose boundless mind Glows with the general love of human kind.

Canning.

ORPHEUS, a celebrated poet and musician of antiquity, who, according to Sir Isaac Newton, was the son of Eagrus, who received Thrace from Sesac when he conquered that country. With the kingdom, the latter gave Eagrus one of his singing women, for his wife, who brought him Orpheus. Hence his mother was fabled to be Calliope. On account of the great antiquity of Orpheus, numberless fables have been intermingled with his history, but there can be no doubt of his existence. To his father he was indebted for his first instruction in religion, and he afterwards became a disciple of the Idæi Dactyli in Crete. Thence he travelled into Egypt, and became a proficient in all kinds of literature. From the latter country he transplanted the whole fable of Osiris into Greece, adapting it to the family of Cadmus. The people held him in the highest veneration, supposing him to be possessed of the secrets of expiating crimes, curing diseases, and appeasing the gods. He promulgated an idea of hell, instituted the mysteries of Hecate among the Æginetes, and those of Ceres in Sparta. He is chiefly famed for his music, which is poetically represented to have had the effect of taming the most ferocious animals, and making the trees of the forest dance in concert to his lyre. Eurydice made a deep impression on the melodious musician, and their nuptials were celebrated. Their happiness, however, was but short: for

Aristæus became enamoured of her; and as she

fled from her pursuer, a serpent bit her foot, and she died of the poisoned wound. Her loss was severely felt by Orpheus, and he resolved to recover her or perish in the attempt. With his lyre in his hand, he entered the infernal regions, and gained an easy admission to the palace of Pluto. Having charmed all hell with his strains, Pluto and Proserpine consented to restore Eurydice, provided he forbore looking behind him till he had come to the extreme borders of hell. The conditions were gladly accepted, and Orpheus was already in sight of the upper regions of the air, when he forgot his promise, and, turning back to look at his wife, lost her for ever. The only comfort he could find was to soothe his grief by the sound of his musical instrument in grottoes or on mountains. He totally separated himself from the society of mankind; and the Thracian women, whom he had offended by his coldness to their amorous passion, attacked him while they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus; and, after they had torn his body to pieces, they threw his head into the Hebrus, which still articulated Eurydice! Eurydice! as it was carried down the stream into the Egean Sea. Others say, that as he attempted to conjure his wife from the dead, which they understand by the story of his going down to hell, he thought he saw her; and when afterwards, on looking back, he missed her, he died of grief. Pausanias speaks of a temple in Thesprotia, where Orpheus went to call up the ghost of Eurydice. Some say that he was killed by a thunder-bolt. He was buried at Pieria, in Macedonia, according to Apollodorus. The inhabitants of Dion boasted that his tomb was in their city, and the people of Mount Libethrus in Thrace claimed the same honor; and reported that the nightingales, which built their nests near his tomb, sang with greater melody than all other birds. Orpheus, after death, received divine honors; the muses gave an honorable burial to his remains, and his lyre became one of the constellations. Tzetzes explains the fable of his drawing his wife Eurydice from hell, by his great skill in medicine, with which he prolonged her life, and thus snatched her from the grave. With respect to the writings of Orpheus, he is mentioned by Pindar as author of the Argonautics, and Herodotus speaks of his Orphics. His hymns, says Pausanias, were very short, and but few in number. Those poems that bear his name, many of which are known to be the work of others, were published at Nuremberg in 1702, and reprinted at Leipsic, in 1764, under the title of

ΟΡΦΕΩΣ ΑΠΑΝΤΑ.

ORPHEUS, in ichthyology, the name of a fish caught in the Archipelago. It is of a broad and flat figure, and of a fine purple color; its eyes are large and prominent; and its teeth serrated; it has only one fin on the back, and the anterior rays of that are prickly, the others soft to the touch; its anus is small, and is said to have no passage for the semen. This was the fish called orpheus by the ancients, but the modern Greek call another fish by that name. It is a species of the sparus, of a flat figure, but very thick, has

Bacon.

ORPIMENT, in natural history, a mineral composed of sulphur and arsenic, sometimes artificially produced, but found also native, and constituting one of the ores of arsenic. It is of two kinds, red and yellow, the former called realgar. It is commonly found in shapeless masses, very seldom crystallised; though baron Borne once found it in a polyhedral form on a blue clay in Hungary. The red orpiment is a very beautiful substance of a fine bright red, very glossy, and a little transparent, and is found in the Turkish dominions, in the islands of the Archipelago, and even in our own country, Dr. Hill having received some of it from Cornwall, under the name of red mundic. The yellow kind contains about one-tenth of its weight of sulphur. It is the common orpiment of the shops. Some think that the noxious qualities of the arsenic are so much counteracted by the sulphur with which this substance is mixed, that it may be swallowed with safety; but Macquer positively asserts the contrary, and cautions against its use, even though we be certain that the orpiment is native. There is, besides, a broad-flaked, gold-colored kind, well-known among the ancients, as is plain from the description of it left by Dioscorides, and still much esteemed by our painters. It is found in the islands of the Archipelago, in the mines of Gosselaer, in Saxony, in some parts of Turkey, and the East Indies, and in its utmost purity about Smyrna. It makes the finest of all yellows in painting. The small flaked, yellow kind, which is the common orpiment of the shops, is also a fine color, though greatly inferior to the former.

OR'PINE, n. s. Fr. orpin. A plant. The sedum telephium of Linnæus.

Cool violets and orpine growing still,
Embathed balm and cheerful galingale.

ORPINE, in botany. See SEDUM.

Spenser.

ORRERY. The employment of planetary machines to illustrate and explain the motions of the heavenly bodies appears to have been coeval with the construction of clepsydræ and other horological automata, as nearly all the early water-clocks, of a complex character, represented the motions of the starry sphere, and in this respect the ancients were more successful than the mechanics of the present day. But the splendid graphic delineations furnished by the modern astronomer were wanting, and for these we are mainly indebted to the labors of Walker and Bartlet. The eidouranion is indeed a mimic representation of the vast system of which our earth forms so insignificant a part. It may, however, be advisable to commence our notice of this useful apparatus for popular instruction, by examining some of the best early planetary

machines.

Ptolemy, who died about 140 years after the commencement of the Christian era, devised the circles and epicycles that distinguish his system, in order to account for the apparent irregularities of the planetary motions; and, though he probably could not construct a machine to represent these motions exactly, yet, in his Almagest, he described a sphere, furnished with the constellations, to which he could refer the apparent paths of the heavenly bodies, and by which he could explain his system.

From the time of Ptolemy to the sixteenth century, in which Copernicus revived the system of Philolaus, or, as is generally said, of Pythagoras, the machines which were constructed represented the Ptolemaic system, which, like the Egyptian, placed the earth in the centre, but supposed the moon and planets all separately revolving round it every day, whilst they slowly performed periodic cycles and epicycles, to account for the stationary and retrograde appearances, that could not otherwise be explained. The most ancient machine of which we have met with any account during this period is that of Chromatius, the governor of Rome, in the third century, which is mentioned in the first volume of Beckmann's History of Inventions and Discoveries. According to the accounts of St. Sebastian and Polycarp, this costly piece of mechanism consisted of a pavilion of glass, in the construction of which were consumed 200 lbs. weight of gold, as materials for the workmanship, and all the heavenly bodies were represented by mechanism, together with the phases of the moon; there also appears to have been an ecliptic circle divided into signs. But, whatever might be the particular construction of this machine, it was entirely destroyed, on account of some imaginary impiety attached to such a representation of the heavens.

The planetary clock invented by the celebrated mathematician Finee was begun in 1553, and made during the space of seven years by the best workmen that could be found. The interior shape of this machine is represented as a pentagonal column seventeen inches in diameter, and six feet high, surmounted by a brass celestial globe of seven inches diameter, which contains forty-eight constellations, and which revolves once in every twenty-four hours from east to

west. The interior part of this pillar contains upwards of 100 wheels to give the respective motions to the sun, moon, and planets, actuated by clock-work, and the whole kept in their respective motions by a weight suspended within the pillar, the fall of which is one foot per day, and the motions continue forty-eight hours and upwards. The movement of each planet consists of twelve, ten, or eight wheels, as the necessary accuracy requires, and they are all made of steel, and actuated by one common arbour. The description of this elaborate instrument is contained in a printed description preserved in the Royal Library, Paris, in which it is said that the increase and decrease of velocity is affected by the interior mechanism; and the motions of the heavenly bodies are represented, together with the eccentricities and motions of the apogees, nodes, and latitudes of each. The five plain sides of the pentagonal column have each a brass face of two feet in length, and ten inches in breadth, in each of which are two circles, the upper and the lower, except in that containing the places of the sun and moon, which has three circles; and hands or pointers are made to indicate the different motions on the respective dials or circles which are appropriated according to the subjoined arrangement, viz.

Face 1st. The motion of Saturn above, and of Jupiter below.

2nd. The motion of Mars above, and of Mercury below.

3rd. The motion of Venus above, and of the sun below.

4th. The motion of the moon above, and of the moon's nodes below.

5th. The hours above, and astrolabe below; and in the middle the conjunctions, opposition, eclipses, &c., of the sun and moon.

The wheel work and other mechanical parts of the instrument are not contained in Berthoud's extract, whence this detail is abridged; but the times of the various revolutions attributed to the movements, and also to the celestial bodies themselves, which are said to be represented to a minute in a revolution, are given in the subjoined table.

Jupiter, and Saturn, the three last of which are made to move in the Ptolemaic epicycles, but the sun is made the centre of the orbits of Mercury and Venus, according to the Egyptian system, which is the reason why the daily progress in the ecliptic is put down for these three alike. It is somewhat remarkable that this arrangement is not according to the Copernican system, though Copernicus had published his book called the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs, which laid the foundation of his system, twelve years before; hence we must suppose, either that the book had not found its way from Prussia into France at that time, or else that the system at first met with opposition. Thus a union of the Ptolemaic with the old Egyptian system became the favorite of the astronomer before us, and three years afterwards he published a book in defence of this theory.

The next machine we meet with is the planetarium of P. Schirleus de Rheita described in the Technica Curiosa of Schott, and made about the year 1650. This machine is said to have represented all the true and mean motions of the planets, their stations, and direct and retrograde appearances, without epicycles or equations, and with very few wheels by the help of endless screws and pulleys. The movements were actuated by water, and on the exterior part of the instrument were three separate faces, or dials, described into a number of circles for the orbits of the planets and signs of the zodiac; the lowest face contained the circles of the Sun, Venus, and Mercury, which were denominated the inferior planets, and their respective hands or arms; the uppermost face had the circle of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars, with their respective hands; and the face in the middle had twelve hours, and also a circle for the moon. The first wheel, which gave motion to all the rest, was carried round by a fall of water once in a minute, on the arbor of which was a single endless screw which drove a wheel of fifteen teeth round in as many minutes; on the arbor of this was another screw driving another wheel of twenty-four round in six hours; again, on the arbor of the wheel of twenty-four was another screw, making a wheel of twenty teeth revolve in five days: and, lastly, a screw on the arbor of the last mentioned wheel of twenty impelled a wheel of seventy-three once round in exactly 365 days, which represented the annual motion of the sun in his supposed orbit round the earth. The last screw also drove a wheel of forty-five teeth round in 255 days, which, by the help of two equal pulleys, carried Venus round the sun in this period; and in like manner, it is said, motions were produced in the rest of the planets; but the numbers of the other wheels are not given by Berthoud. Alexander, in his Traité des Horloges, thus describes the mechanism: This machine,' says he, 'cannot be of great utility, nor will it represent the motions of the planets with sufficient accuracy.

1. The first wheel which moves all the rest is carried round by a fall of water which cannot have the requisite regularity.

2. The movement is not regulated by a balance, pendulum, or fly.

3. The motion of the sun completes the year

in exactly 365 days, which makes an error of twenty-five days in a century,

4. The discs of the planets are made much too large in proportion to the sun.

The last of these observations must necessarily constitute an objection in every instrument, where the ball for the sun is not made inconveniently bulky.

Passemant's planetary apparatus possessed considerable merit. It is thus described by Berthoud:-The clock is surmounted by a sphere, which it puts in motion according to the Copernicum system. It was presented to the Academy of Sciences on the 23d of August 1749, by M. Passemant, the author of the calculations of the sphere. The gentlemen of the Academy, from the report of Messrs. Camus and Deparcieux, the committee named for the examination of this clock, certified that the revolutions of the planets were exact in it; as they did not find a degree of difference from the astronomical tables in more than 3000 years. Dauthiau, the clock maker who constructed this machine, employed twelve years upon it. It was presented to the king at Choisy, on the 7th of September 1750. His majesty testified his approval of it, and ordered a new case to be made for it after a design of his own choice. It is now at Versailles.

The sphere represents from day to day the different motions of the planets round the sun, viz. of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars, the Earth, Moon, Venus, and Mercury, also their places in the zodiac, their configurations, stations, and apparent retrogradations with respect to the earth. Upon every circle which carries the orb of a planet is engraven the time of its revolution round the sun. The earth, during its annual revolution, makes its movement of parallelism, and the spectator views the sun passing through the signs and degrees of the zodiac; also through the months and their lesser divisions of time, indicating the seasons, the equinoxes, and solstices; besides it makes a rotation in twenty-four hours, being divided by twenty-four meridian lines: it has likewise a map of the principal places of the globe; so that the rising, setting, and meridian passage of the sun, together with its different elevations, and the continuance of day and night, may be seen for every principal place. The moon finishes her revolution round the earth in 29d. 12h. 44mi. 3sec, during which time are indicated her age and different phases; her progress through the sines of the zodiac; her nodes, her eclipses, and those of the sun with precision, viz. their place, size, and duration; besides the various altitudes, the time of rising, setting, and southing.

The clock beats seconds, which are indicated in the centre of the dial-face by a dead-beat escapement of a particular construction. This clock effects the equation by itself, by showing both apparent and mean time; it strikes the hours and the quarters of solar time, which it will repeat at pleasure. The movement of the striking part is by a spring, fusee, and chain; that of the clock by a weight of twenty pounds doubly suspended, which has a descent of eight inches in six weeks, and the going is not interrupted by winding up the weight. The pendulum rod consists