his treasures were deposited, and drive Adherbal out of his dominions. That unhappy prince fled to Rome, where he endeavoured to engage the senate to espouse his quarrel; but, notwithstanding the justice of his cause, Jugurtha's ambassadors, by distributing vast sums of money amongst them, brought them so far over, that a majority palliated his inhuman proceedings. This encouraged those ministers to pretend that Hiempsal had been killed by the Numidians on account of his excessive cruelty, and that Adherbal was the aggressor in the late troubles. They therefore intreated the senate to judge of Jugurtha's behaviour in Africa from his conduct at Numantia, rather than from the suggestion of his enemies. Upon which the majority of the senate declared in his favor. A few, however, who were not abandoned to corruption, insisted upon bringing him to condign punishment. But as they could not prevail, he had the best part of Numidia allotted him, and Adherbal was forced to rest satisfied with the remainder. Jugurtha, finding now that every thing was venal at Rome, thought he might pursue his towering projects without any obstruction from that quarter. He therefore threw off the mask, and attacked his cousin by open force. As Adherbal was a prince of a pacific disposition, and in almost all respects the reverse of Jugurtha, he was by no means a match for him. The latter therefore pillaged his territories, stormed several of his fortresses, and overran a great part of his kingdom without opposition. Adherbal, depending on the friendship of the Romans, which his father in his last moments assured him would be a stronger support to him than all the troops and treasures in the universe, despatched deputies to Rome to complain of these hostilities. But, whilst he lost his time in sending thither fruitless deputations, Jugurtha overthrew him in a pitched battle, and soon after shut him up in Cirta. During the siege of this city, Roman commissioners arrived there, to persuade both parties to an accommodation; but, finding Jugurtha untractable, they returned without so much as conferring with Adherbal. A second deputation, composed of senators, with Æmilius Scaurus, president of the senate, at their head, landed some time after at Utica, and summoned Jugurtha to appear before them. That prince at first seemed to be under dreadful apprehensions, especially as Scaurus reproached him with his enormous crimes, and threatened him with the resentment of the Romans, if he did not immediately raise the siege of Cirta. However, the Numidian, by his address and the irresistible power of his gold, so mollified Scaurus, that he left Adherbal at his mercy. In fine, Jugurtha had at last Cirta surrendered to him, upon condition only that he should spare the life of Adherbal. But the merciless tyrant, when he had obtained possession of the town, ordered him to be put to a most cruel death. The merchants likewise, and all the Numidians in the place capable of bearing arms, he caused, without distinction, to be put to the sword. Rome was struck with horror at the news of this tragical event. Yet the venal senators still concurred with Jugartha's ministers in palliating his enormous crimes. Notwithstanding which,

the people, excited by Caius Memmius their tribune, who bitterly inveighed against the venality of the senate, resolved not to let so flagrant an instance of villany go unpunished. This induced the senate likewise to declare their intention to chastise Jugurtha. For this purpose an army was levied to invade Numidia, and the command of it given to the consul Calpurnius Bestia, a person of great abilities but of the most insatiable avarice. Jugurtha, being informed of these great preparations, sent his son to Rome, to avert the impending storm, plentifully supplied with money. But Bestia, in the hopes of great advantages from an invasion of Numidia, defeated all his intrigues, and had a decree passed, ordering him and his attendants to depart Italy in ten days, unless they were come to deliver up the king himself, and all his territories, to the republic. This decree being notified to them, they returned without so much as having entered the gates of Rome; and the consul soon after landed with a powerful army in Africa. For some time he carried on the war very briskly; he reduced several strong holds, and took many Numidian prisoners. But, upon the arrival of Scaurus, a peace was granted Jugurtha upon advantageous terms. That prince coming from Vaca, the place of his residence, to the Roman camp, to confer with Bestia and Scaurus, and the preliminaries of the treaty being immediately after settled between them in private conferences, every one at Rome, was convinced that the president of the senate and the consul had sacrificed the republic to their avarice. The indignation therefore of the people in general displayed itself in the strongest manner. Memmius also tired them with his speeches. It was therefore resolved to despatch the prætor Cassius, a man they could confide in, to Numidia, to prevail upon Jugurtha to come to Rome, that they might learn from himself which of their generals and senators had been seduced by the pestilent influence of corruption. Upon his arrival there he bribed one Bæbius Salca, a man of great authority amongst the plebeians, but of insatiable avarice, by whose assistance he not only eluded all the endeavours of the people of Rome to bring him to justice, but likewise enabled Bomilcar, one of his attendants, to get Massiva, an illegitimate son of Micipsa, assassinated in the streets of Rome. That young prince was advised by many Romans of probity, well-wishers to the family of Masinissa, to apply for the kingdom of Numidia; which coming to Jugurtha's ears, he prevented the application by this execrable step. However, he was obliged to leave Italy immediately. Jugurtha had scarcely set foot in Africa, when he received advice that the senate had annulled the shameful peace concluded with him by Bestia and Scaurus. Soon after, the consul Albinus transported a Roman army into Numidia. Flattering himself with the hopes of reducing Jugurtha to reason, he found himself deceived; for that crafty prince, by various artifices, so amused and imposed upon Albinus, that nothing of moment happened that campaign. His brother Aulus, who succeeded him in the command of the army, was still more unsuccessful; for after

a fruitless attempt to besiege Suthel, where the king's treasures were deposited, he marched his forces into a defile out of which he found it impossible to extricate himself. He therefore was obliged to submit to the ignominious ceremony of passing under the yoke, with all his men, and to quit Numidia in ten days, to save his troops from immediate destruction. This scandalous treaty was declared void at Rome, as being concluded without the authority of the people. The Roman troops retired into Africa Propria, which they had now reduced into the form of a Roman province. In the mean time Caius Mamilius Limetanus, tribune of the people, excited the plebeians to enquire into the conduct of those persons by whose assistance Jugurtha had eluded all the decrees of the senate. This occasioned a great ferment, which produced a prosecution of the guilty senators, that was carried on for some time with the utmost zeal. Lucius Metellus, the consul during these transactions, had Numidia assigned him for his province, and was appointed general of the army against Jugurtha. As he entirely disregarded wealth, the Numidian found him superior to all his offers. Jugurtha was therefore now forced to regulate his conduct according to the motions of Metellus with the greatest caution; and to exert his utmost bravery. The Romans soon reduced Vacca, a large opulent city, and the most celebrated mart in Numidia. They also defeated Jugurtha in a pitched battle; overthrew Bomilcar, one of his generals, upon the banks of the Muthullus; and, in fine, forced Jugurtha to take shelter in a place rendered almost inaccessible by rocks and woods. However, Jugurtha exerted himself surprisingly, exhibiting the courage, abilities, and attention of a consummate general, to whom despair administers fresh strength. But his troops could not make head against the Romans; they were again worsted by Marius, though they obliged Metellus to raise the siege of Zama. Jugurtha, therefore, finding his country every where ravaged, his most opulent cities plundered, his fortresses reduced, his towns burnt, vast numbers of his subjects put to the sword and taken prisoners, began to think seriously of coming to an accommodation with the Romans. His favorite Bomilcar, in whom he reposed the highest confidence, but who had been gained over by Metellus, observing this disposition, persuaded him to deliver up his elephants, money, arms, horses, and deserters, into the hands of the Romans. Some of these last, to avoid punishment, retired to Bocchus, king of Mauritania, and listed in his service. But Metellus, ordering Jugurtha to repair to Tisidium, a city of Numidia, and wait farther directions, and he refusing, hostilities were renewed with greater fury than ever. Fortune now seemed to declare in favor of Jugurtha: he retook Vacca, and massacred all the Roman garrison, except Turpilius the commandant. But soon after a Roman legion seized again upon it, and treated the inhabitants with the utmost severity. About this time Gauda, a son of Mastanabal, whom Micipsa in his will had appointed to succeed if his two legitimate sons

and Jugurtha died without issue, wrote to the senate in favor of Marius, who was then endeavouring to supplant Metellus. The Roman, soothing the vanity of Gauda, assured him that, as he was the next heir to the crown, he might depend upon being fixed upon the Nunidian throne, as soon as Jugurtha was either killed or taken; and that this must soon happen, when once he appeared at the head of the Roman army with an unlimited commission. Soon after, Bomilcar and Nabdalsa formed a design to assassinate Jugurtha at the instigation of Metellus; but, this being detected, Bomilcar and most of his accomplices suffered death. The plot, however, had such an effect upon Jugurtha, that he enjoyed afterwards no tranquillity. He suspected persons of all denominations, Numidians as well as foreigners, of some black designs against him. Perpetual terrors sat brooding over his mind; he often changed his bed, and his sleep was disturbed by a spirit of fear, jealousy, and distraction. Jugurtha having destroyed great numbers of his friends, on suspicion of their having been concerned in the late conspiracy, and many more deserting to the Romans and Bocchus king of Mauritania, he found himself destitute of counsellors, generals, and all persons capable of assisting him in carrying on the war. This threw him into a deep melancholy, which rendered him dissatisfied with every thing, and made him fatigue his troops with a variety of contradictory motions. At last he was forced by Metellus to a battle. That part of the Numidian army which Jugurtha commanded behaved with resolution; but the other fled at the first onset. The Romans, therefore, entirely defeated them, took all their standards and made a few .prisoners. A few were slain in the action, but the majority fled. Metellus pursued Jugurtha and his fugitives to Thala. His march, being through vast deserts, was extremely tedious and difficult. But being supplied with water by the natives, who submitted to him, Metellus advanced towards that city; when a copious shower of rain, a phenomenon in those deserts, proved a seasonable refreshment to his troops. This so animated them, that, upon their arrival before Thala, they attacked the town with such vigor, that Jugurtha with his family and treasures deposited therein, thought proper to abandon it. After a brave defence, it was reduced; the garrison, consisting of Roman deserters, setting fire to the king's palace, and consuming themselves with every thing valuable in the flames.

Jugurtha, being now reduced to great extremities, retired into Gætulia, where he forined a considerable corps. Thence he advanced to the confines of Mauritania, and engaged Bocchus king of that country, who had married his daughter, to enter into an alliance with him; in consequence of which, having reinforced his Gætulian troops with a powerful body of Mauritanians, he turned the tables upon Metellus, and obliged him to keep close within his intrenchments. Sallust informs us that Jugurtha bribed Bocchus's ministers to influence that prince in his favor; and that, having obtained an audience, he insinuated that, should Numi

dia be subdued, Mauritania must be involved in its ruins, especially as the Romans seemed to have vowed the destruction of all the thrones in the universe. Bocchus was also determined to assist Jugurtha against his enemies, by the slight the Romans had formerly shown him. That prince, at the first breaking out of the war, had sent ambassadors to Rome, to propose an offensive and defensive alliance to the republic; which, though of the utmost consequence to it at that juncture, a few of the most venal and infamous senators prevented from taking effect. This undoubtedly wrought more powerfully upon Bocchus, in favor of Jugurtha, than the relation he stood in to him. Such was the situation of affairs when Metellus received advice of the promotion of Marius to the consulate. But, notwithstanding this injurious treatment, he generously endeavoured to draw off Bocchus from Jugurtha, though this would facilitate the reduction of Numidia for his rival. To this end ambassadors were despatched to the Mauritanian court, who intimated to Bocchus 'that it would be highly imprudent to come to a rupture with the Romans, and that he had now a fine opportunity of concluding a most advantageous treaty with them,' &c. To this Bocchus replied, That there was nothing he wished for more than peace, but that he could not help pitying the deplorable condition of Jugurtha; that if the Romans therefore would grant that prince the same terms they had offered him, he would bring about an accommodation.' Metelluslet the Mauritanian monarch know, that it was not in his power to comply with what he desired. However he took care to keep up a private negociation with him till Marius's arrival. By this conduct he served two ends: 1st he prevented Bocchus from coming to a general action with his troops, as Jugurtha wished; and 2dly, this inaction enabled him to discover something of the genius and disposition of the Moors; a nation of whom the Romans had scarcely formed any idea. Jugurtha, being informed that Marius with a numerous army was landed at Utica, advised Bocchus to retire, with part of the troops, to some place of difficult access, whilst he himself took post upon another inaccessible spot with the remaining corps. By this measure he hoped the Romans would be obliged to divide their forces, and thus be more exposed to his attacks. However he was disappointed; for Marius cut off great numbers of the Gætulian marauders, defeated many of Jugurtha's parties, and had almost taken that prince himself near Cirta. These advantages intimidated Bocchus, who now made overtures for an accommodation; but the Romans paid no attention to them. In the mean time Marius pushed on his conquests, reducing several places, and at last resolved to besiege Capsa. That this enterprise might be conducted with the greater secresy, he suffered not the least hint of his design to transpire, not even among his officers. To blind them he detached A. Manlius, one of his lieutenants, with some lightarmed cohorts, to the city of Lares, where he had fixed his principal magazine, and deposited the military chest. He then bent his march to

wards the Tanais, and in six days arrived upon its banks, where he pitched his tents to refresh his troops; after which he advanced to Capsa, and made himself master of it. As the situation of this city rendered it extremely commodious to Jugurtha, whose operations during the war it had exceedingly favored, he delivered it up to the soldiers to be plundered and levelled with the ground. The citizens, being more strongly attached to that prince than any of the other Numidians, and of course bearing a more implacable hatred to the Romans, he put to the sword or sold for slaves. The Numidians, ever after this exploit, dreaded the very name of Marius; who had now eclipsed the glory of all his predecessor's great achievements, particularly the reduction of Thala, a city, in strength and situation, nearly resembling Capsa. Most of the places of strength in Numidia either opened their gates, or were abandoned at his approach, being terrified with what had happened to Capsa. Others, taken by storm, he laid in ashes; and, in short, filled Numidia with blood, horror, and confusion.

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After an obstinate defence, he reduced a castle that seemed impregnable, seated near Mulucha, where Jugurtha kept part of his treasures. the mean time Jugurtha, not being able to prevail upon Bocchus to advance into Numidia, was obliged to have recourse to his usual method of bribing the Mauritanian ministers. He also promised Bocchus a third part of his kingdom, provided they could either drive the Romans out of Africa, or get all the Numidian dominions confirmed to him by treaty. So considerable a cession prevailed on Bocchus to support Jugur tha with his whole power. The two African monarchs, having joined their forces, surprised Marius near Cirta as he was going into winter quarters. The Roman general was so pushed, on this occasion, that the barbarians thought themselves certain of victory; but their incaution enabled Marius to give them a defeat; which was followed four days after by so complete an overthrow that their numerous army, consisting of 90,000 men, was entirely routed. Sylla, Marius's lieutenant, most eminently distinguished himself in the last action, which laid the foundation of his greatness. Bocchus now looking upon Jugurtha's condition as desperate, and not being willing to run the risk of losing his dominions, showed a disposition to make peace with Rome. However, the Romans informed him that he could not be ranked amongst their friends, till he had delivered up Jugurtha, their inveterate enemy. Bocchus, having entertained a high idea of an alliance with Rome, resolved to secure it; and was confirmed in his resolution by Dabar, a Numidian prince, the son of Massugrada, and descended by his mother from Masinissa. Being closely attached to the Romans, he defeated all the intrigues of Aspar, Jugurtha's minister, and upon Sylla's arrival at the Mauritanian court, the affair there seemed to be entirely settled. However, Bocchus, who was in the highest degree perfidious, debated within himself whether he should sacrifice Sylla or Jugurtha, who were both then in his power. But at last he delivered up Jugurtha to Sylla, to be con

ducted to Maríus; who put him into a prison, where he died six days after of hunger.

The kingdom of Numidia was now reduced to a new form: Bocchus, for his important services, had the country of the Masæsyli contiguous to Mauritania assigned him; which, from this time, took the name of New Mauritania. Numidia Propria, or the country of the Massyli, was divided into three parts; one of which was given to Hiempsal, another to Mandrestal, both descendants of Masinissa; and the third the Romans annexed to Africa Propria, or the Roman province adjacent to it. Jugurtha's two sons survived him, but spent their lives in captivity at Venusia. However, one of them, named Oxyntas, was released from his confinement by Aponius, who brought him to his army, where he treated him as a king, to draw the Numidian forces off from the Roman service. Accordingly those Numidians no sooner heard that the son of their king was fighting for the allies, than they began to desert by companies; which obliged Julius Casar to send all his Numidian cavalry back into Africa. A few years after this event, Pompey defeated Cneius Domitius Ahenobarbus, and Hiarbas one of the kings of Numidia, killing 17,000 of their men upon the spot; pursued the fugitives to their camp, which he soon forced, put Domitius to the sword, and took Hiarbas prisoner. He then reduced that part of Numidia which belonged to Hiarbas, who had succeeded Mandrestal, and gave it to Hiempsal, a Numidian prince, descended from Masinissa, who had always opposed the Marian faction. Suetonius informs us, that a dispute happening between Hiempsal and one Masintha, a noble Numidian, Casar warmly espoused the cause of Masintha, and grossly insulted Juba, Hiempsal's son, when he attempted to vindicate his father's conduct on this occasion. He pulled him by the beard, than which a more unpardonable affront could not be offered to an African. In short, he screened Masintha from the insults and violence of his enemies; which was the reason of Juba's adhering so closely afterwards to the Pompeian faction. In consequence of this indignity, Juba did Cæsar great damage in the civil wars betwixt him and Pompey. By a stratagem he drew Curio, one of his lieutenants, into a general action, which it was his interest to have avoided. He caused it to be given out, all over Africa Propria and Numidia, that he was retired into some remote country at a great distance from the Roman territories. This coming to Curio's ears, who was then besieging Utica, it prevented him from taking precautions against a surprise. Soon after, Curio hearing that a small body of Numidians was approaching his camp, he put himself at the head of his forces to attack them, and, lest they should escape, began his march in the night. Some of their advanced posts he found asleep, and cut them to pieces; which still farther animated him. In short, about day break, he came up with the Numidians, whom he attacked with great bravery, though his men were then fasting, and vastly fatigued by their forced march. In the mean time Juba, who had marched privately with the main body of his army, advanced to the relief of his men.

The Romans had met with great resistance before he appeared;, so that he easily broke them, killed Curio, with a great part of his troops, upon the spot, pursued the rest to their camp, which he plundered, and took many of them prisoners. Most of the fugitives, who endeavoured to make their escape on board the ships in the port of Utica, were either slain by the pursuers or drowned. The remainder fell into the hands of Varus, who would have saved them; but Juba, who claimed the honor of the victory, ordered most of them to be put to the sword. This victory infused new vigor into the Pompeian faction, who conferred great honors upon Juba, and gave him the title of king of all Numidia. But Cæsar and his adherents declared him an enemy to Rome, adjudging to Bocchus and Bogud the sovereignty of his dominions. Juba, afterwards uniting his forces with those of Scipio, reduced Cæsar to great extremities, and would in all probability have totally ruined him, had he not been relieved by Publius Sittius. That general, having formed a considerable corps, consisting of Roman exiles, and Mauritanian troops sent him by Bocchus, according to Dio, or, as Cæsar has it, by Bogud, made an irruption into Gætulia and Numidia, whilst Juba was in Africa Propria. As he ravaged those countries in a dreadful manner, Juba immediately returned with the best part of his army, to preserve them from utter destruction. Cæsar, knowing his horse to be afraid of the enemy's elephants, did not attack Scipio in the absence of the Numidian, till his own elephants, and a fresh reinforcement of troops, arrived from Italy. In the mean time Scipio despatched reiterated expresses to Juba to hasten to his assistance; but could not prevail upon him to move out of Numidia, till he had promised him all the Roman dominions in Africa, on the expulsion of Cæsar. Upon this, having sent a large detachment against Sittius, he marched with the rest of his troops to assist Scipio. However, Cæsar overthrew Scipio, Juba, and Labienus, near the town of Thapsus, and forced all their camps. As Scipio was the first surprised and defeated, Juba fled into Numidia, without waiting for Cæsar's approach; but the Numidians sent against Sittius, having been dispersed by that general, none of his subjects there would receive him. He therefore, in despair, sought death in a single combat with Petreius, and, having killed him, caused himself to be despatched by one of his slaves. After this decisive action, and the reduction of Africa Propria, Cæsar made himself master of Numidia, which he reduced to a Roman province, appointing Crispus Sallustius to govern it in quality of proconsul, with private instructions to plunder the inhabitants, and thus put it out of their power to shake off the Roman yoke. However, Bocchus and Bogud still preserved a sort of sove reignty in the country of the Masæsyli and Mauritania. The former, having deserted Cæsar, sent an army into Spain to assist the Pompeians; and the latter, with his forces, determined the victory in favor of Cæsar at the battle of Munda. Bogud, afterwards siding with Antony against Octavius, sent a body of forces to assist him, in Spain; when, the Tingitanians revolting from