earthquake at Lisbon, and the following year a second discourse. In September 1762, being declared a heretic at an Auto-da-Fé, he was burnt in effigy, on which he published a book entitled The Chevalier d'Oliveyra burnt in Effigy as a Heretic, why and wherefore? Anecdotes and Reflections on the subject laid before the Public by himself. He died at Hackney in 1783, having written, besides the pieces above mentioned, a great number of MSS., including Oliveyriana, or Memoirs, historical and literary, 27 vols. 4to. OLIVIER (Claude Matthew), advocate of the parliament of Aix, was born at Marseilles in 1701, and appeared at the bar with eclat. He had a chief hand in the establishment of the Academy of Marseilles, and was one of its original members. He possessed a quick and lively genius. He died in 1736, at the age of thirtyfive. He published 1. L'Histoire de Philippe roi de Macedoine, et pere d' Alexandre le Grand, 2 vols. 12mo. 2. Memoire sur les secours donnés aux Romains, par les Marseillois, pendant la 2de Guerre Punique. 3. Memoire sur les secours donnes aux Romains, par les Marseillois, durant la Guerre contre les Gaulois. OLIVIER (Guillaume Antoine), M.D., a modern French naturalist and traveller, was born near Frejus in 1756, and studied at Montpelier, where he received his diploma at the age of seventeen. Botany and entomology were his favorite pursuits: at the age of twenty-three he went to Paris to assist in the composition of a work on the natural history of that district. He was afterwards sent into England and Holland, to collect materials for a history of insects; and was employed on the entomological part of the Encyclopedie Méthodique. At the period of the revolution Olivier travelled to Persia with M. Bruguieres, on a diplomatic mission planned by the minister Roland, whose death deprived the envoys of all their financial resources. Olivier returned to Paris, December, 1798, after an absence of six years, during which he visited Egypt, Greece, Turkey, Arabia, Persia. He brought home valuable collections in natural history, of which he published an account in his Voyage dans l'Empire Ottoman, l'Egypt, et la Perse, 3 vols. 4to., with plates. He died suddenly at Lyons, in 1814. OLMEDO, a decayed town in the interior of Spain, and province of Valladolid, on the river Adagia. It was formerly large, and its walls are still of considerable extent; but it has now only 2000 inhabitants. Twenty miles south of Valladolid. OLMETO, a town in the island of Corsica, with 1600 inhabitants. Nine miles south-west of Bastia. OLMUTZ, a circle of the Austrian province of Moravia, comprising the north corner of the country adjoining to Glatz. Its area is 2020 square miles. The south part is level and fertile; the north hilly, enclosing a part of the Schneegebirge range of mountains. This circle is watered by the March, running from north to south, and contains several iron mines, an alunwork, large manufactures of woollen, linen, and linen-yarn; cotton-works, paper-mills, and glass bouses. The castle is strong, and has often served as a state prison; eighty miles N. N. E. of Vienna. Population 347,300. OLMUTZ, or HOLOMAUTZ, a town of Moravia, formerly the capital of the province, now only the chief town of the above circle, stands on the river March, and is strongly fortified, but the houses, though substantial, are high and gloomy, raised for the most part on square buttresses, with piazzas. The university was removed to Brunn in 1778, and its place is now supplied by a lyceum. Olmutz was long a bishop's see this was raised to an archbishopric in 1777, and is one of the richest benefices of the empire. The principal public buildings are the hospital for lying-in women and orphans; the cathedral, in that part of the city called the Dom; a board for the management of the affairs of widows and minors; the riding academy; and an extensive public library. Olmutz has several tanneries and manufactories. One of its principal branches of trade is the sale of cattle from the south-west of Russia and Moldavia. This town was besieged in 1758 by Frederick II., but his efforts were baffled by the garrison, and the manœuvres of marshal Daun. Population 11,000. 130 miles east by south of Prague, and 100 N. N. E. of Vienna. OLNEY, or OULNEY, a market town and parish of Bucks, situate on the Ouse, five miles north from Newport Pagnell, and fifty-five from London. This town consists of one long street, and has long been noted for its manufacture of bone lace. The church has a beautiful spire, the only one in the county. Market day, Monday. OLOCENTROS, in natural history, a name given by the Greeks to a small animal of the spider kind, whose bite was accounted mortal. It is the same with the solipuga, so called from its stinging or biting most violently in places or seasons where the sun had the most power, as Africa, &c. The name solifuga was a corrupt way of writing that word; and olocentros seems also a false way of writing heliocentros, which signifies the same as solipuga. OLONETZ, an extensive government of European Russia, lying to the south of that Archangel, and to the east of Finland, between 29° 40′ and 40° 20′ of E. long., and 59° 40′ and 65° 38′ of N. lat. Its area (being equal to that of Great Britain) is 87,500 square miles: its population not more than 282,000, partly Russians, and partly Finns and Laplanders. The most remarkable rivers are the Onega, the Wug, the Kem, the Svir, the Schuja, the Vutegra, and the Vodlo. Of the lakes, by far the largest, those of Ladoga and Onega. This province has a range of low mountains in the north, extending southward from Scandinavia, called Mons Alaunus. The rest is level; but the soil is universally poor, and but partially productive, the valleys being marshy, and the plains sandy. The climate is severe, particularly in the north, where little is produced besides moss and a few low shrubs and trees. These disadvantages prevent corn from being much cultivated, and necessitate a large annual import. There are forests on the southern mountains, and on the islands in the lake Onega, the timber of which, with the iron, marble, and vitriol of the mines, form the chief exports. Game and fish are abundant, and the latter is exported in large quantities. The province is divided into seven circles; Petrozavodsk is the capital. OLONETZ, a town of European Russia, in the government of the same name, eighty-four miles north-east of St. Petersburg, and 140 south of Petrozavodsk, on the river Olonza, near the lake Ladoga. It has a communication by water with St. Petersburg, and is remarkable as being the place where the first dock-yard was erected by Peter the Great. Ship-building is still carried on here. Inhabitants 2800. Long. 32° 58′ E., lat. 60° 23′ N. OLOT, a considerable manufacturing town of Catalonia, Spain, on the river Fluvia, twenty miles W. N. W. of Gerona. It has seven squares, great and small, three churches, two monasteries, and a large hospital. The manufactures are silk, woollen, and cotton stockings; rateens, serges, and coarse woollen stuffs; cottons, cotton yarn, leather, and soap. Inhabitants 15,000. OLYMPIA, or OLYMPIA PISATIS according to Strabo, in ancient geography, a town of Elis, celebrated for a temple of Jupiter Olympius, before which stood a grove of wild olive trees, in which was the stadium or foot course, so called because the eighth part of a mile; and by which the Alpheus runs. Olympia was famous also for a temple of Juno, sixty-three feet long, with columns round it of the Doric order; and a Metroum or temple to the mother of the gods, a large Doric edifice, with holy treasuries. These and the porticoes, a gymnasium, prytaneum, and many more public buildings, with the houses of the priests and other inhabitants, made Olympia a considerable place. The stadium was in the grove before the great temple; and near it was the hippodrome, or course for horse and chariot races. The temple of Jupiter was of the Doric order, sixty-eight feet high to the pediment, ninety-five wide, and 230 long; the cell encompassed with columns. It was erected with the country stone; the roof of Pentelic marble; the slabs disposed as tiles; the way to it up a winding staircase. The two pediments were enriched with sculpture; and one had over the centre a statue of Victory gilded, and underneath a votive buckler of gold. At each corner was a gilded vase. Above the columns were fixed twenty-one gilded bucklers, offered, at the conclusion of the Achæan war, by the Roman general Mummius. The gates of the two fronts were of brass, and over them were carved the labors of Hercules. Within the cell were double colonnades, between which was the approach to the image. The Jupiter of Olympia immortalised its maker Phidias. It was of ivory and gold, the head crowned with olive. In the right hand was a statue of Victory; in the left a flowered sceptre, composed of various metals, on which was an eagle. The sandals were of gold, as also the vestment, which was curiously embossed with lilies and animals. The throne was gold inlaid with ebony and ivory, and studded with jewels, intermixed with paintings and exquisite figures in relievo. The pillars between the feet contributed to its support. Before it were walls, serving as a fence, decorated principally with the exploits of Hercules; the portion opposite to the door of a blue color. It was the office of a family descended from Phidias, called phædruntæ, or the polishers, to keep the work bright and clean. The veil or curtain was cloth rich with the purple dye of Phoenicia, and with Assyrian embroidery, an offering of king Antiochus, and was let down from above by strings. The image appeared higher and broader than it measured. Its magnitude was such that, though the temple was very large, the artist seemed to have erred in the proportions. The god sitting nearly touched the ceiling with his head. A part of the pavement before it was of black marble, enclosed in a rim of Parian or white, where they poured oil to preserve the ivory. The altar of Jupiter Olympius was of great antiquity, and covered with ashes from the thighs of the victims, which were carried up and consumed on the top with wood of the white poplar tree. The ashes also of the prytaneum, in which a perpetual fire was kept on a hearth, were removed annually on a fixed day, and spread on it, being first mingled with water from the Alpheus. The cement was made with that fluid only; and therefore this river was esteemed the most friendly of any to the god. On each side of the altar were stone steps. Its height was twenty-two feet. Girls and women were allowed to ascend the basement, which was 125 feet in circumference. The people of Elis sacrificed daily, and private persons as often as they chose. Many deities were worshipped besides Jupiter. Pausanias has enumerated above sixty altars of various shapes and kinds. One of the unknown gods stood by the great altar. The people of Elis offered on all these monthly; laying on them boughs of olive, burning incense, and wheat mixed with honey; and pouring libations of such liquors as the ritual prescribed. At the latter ceremony sometimes a form of prayer was used, and they sung hymns composed in the Doric dialect. Olympia was situated on an eminence, between two mountains called Ossa and Olympus. Though its ancient splendor is gone, the place reminds the traveller of what it once was. It is in the Morea, and is now a small place, called Langanico, fifty miles south of Lepanto. Long. 22° 0′ E., lat 37° 40′ N. OLYMPIA MALDACHINI (Donna), a woman of a very uncommon character. She flourished about the middle of the seventeenth century. She was sister-in-law to Pope Innocent X., and acquired an unlimited power over this vain and weak ecclesiastic. Her avarice and ambition were unbounded: she disposed of all benefices, which were kept vacant till she informed herself of their value: she rated an office of 1000 crowns for three years at one year's revenue, and if for life at twelve year's purchase, one half of which she required to be paid in advance: she gave audience upon public affairs, enacted new laws, and sat in council with Innocent, with bundles of memorials in her hands. It was said that they lived together in a criminal correspondence. On the election of pope Alexander VII. a number of memorials were sent in against her, and he banished her from Rome, and began to examine witnesses respecting her conduct. She was cut off, however, before the trial was finished, by the plague in 1636. Her immense property was not confiscated; the pope only reserving for his own relations about 1 000 000 of crowns. OLYMPIAD, OLYMPIAS, the space of four have been first instituted by him, after his vicyears, whereby the Greeks reckoned time. The tory over the sons of Titan: others ascribe their first Olympiad fell, according to the most aceu- institution to Hercules, the son of Alcmena; rate and learned computations, exactly 776 years others to a Hercules of much greater antiquity; before the first year of Christ, or 775 before that others to Pelops. But, by whomsoever they of his birth, in the year of the Julian period were instituted, at a period rather early they had 3938, and twenty-two years before the building fallen into disuse. The wars which prevailed of Rome. The games were exhibited at the time among the Greeks had totally interrupted the of the full moon next after the summer solstice; religious ceremonies and exhibitions with which 'therefore the Olympiads were of unequal length, they had been accustomed to honor their combecause the time of the full moon differs eleven mon gods and heroes; but the Olympic games days every year, and for that reason they some- were restored by Iphitus, a descendant of, Oxytimes began the next day after the solstice, and at lus, to whom the province of Eleia had fallen in other times four weeks after. The computation the general partition of the peninsula. The fesby Olympiads ceased, as some suppose, after the tival, which lasted five days, began and ended 364th, in the year 440 of the Christian era. It with a sacrifice to Olympian Jove. The interwas universally adopted, not only by the Greeks, mediate time was chiefly filled up by the gymbut by many of the neighbouring countries; nastic exercises, in which all freemen of Grecian though still the Pythian games served as an epoch extraction were invited to contend, provided to the people of Delphi and to the Boeotians; they had been born in lawful wedlock, and had the Nemaan games to the Argives and Arca- lived untainted by any infamous immoral stain. dians; and the Isthmian to the Corinthians and The preparation for this part of the entertainthe inhabitants of the Peloponnesian isthmus. ment was made in the gymnasium of Elis, a To the Olympiads history is much indebted. spacious edifice, surrounded by a double range They have served to fix the time of many mo- of pillars, with an open area in the middle. mentous events; and, indeed, before this method Adjoining were various apartments, containing of computing time was observed, the history of baths and other conveniences for the combatants. Greece is mostly fabulous, and filled with ob- The neighbouring country was adorned with scurity, contradiction, and anachronism. porticoes, shady walks and groves, interspersed with seats and benches; the whole originally destined to relieve the fatigues and anxiety of the candidates for Olympic fame; and frequented in later times by sophists and philosophers, who were fond to contemplate wisdom, and communicate knowledge, in those delightful retreats. The order of the athletic, exercises or combats was established by Lycurgus, and corresponded almost exactly to that described by Homer, in the twenty-third book of the Iliad, and eighth of the Odyssey. Iphitus appointed the other ceremonies and entertainments; settled the regular return of the festival at the end of every fourth year, in July; and gave to the whole solemnity that form and arrangement which it preserved with little variation above 1000 years; a period exceeding the duration of the most famous kingdoms and republics of antiquity. Among the benefactors of Olympia, at a much later period, was reckoned Herod, afterwards king of Judea. Seeing, on his way to Rome, the games neglected or dwindling into insignificance, from the poverty of the Eleans, he displayed a vast munificence as president, and provided an ample revenue for their future support and dignity. The care and management of the Olympics belonged for the most part to the Eleans; who on that account enjoyed their possessions without molestation, or fear of war or violence. They appointed a certain number of judges, who were to take care that those who offered themselves as competitors should perform their preparatory exercises; and these judges, during the solemnity, sat naked, having before them a crown of victory, formed of wild olive, which was presented to whomsoever they adjudged it. Those who were conquerors were called Olympionices, and were loaded with honors by their countrymen. At these games women were not allowed to be present; and if OLYMPIAS, a celebrated princess, daughter of Alexander I. king of Epirus, who married Philip II. king of Macedonia, by whom she had Alexander the Great. Her haughtiness, and probably her infidelity, obliged Philip to repudiate her, and to marry Cleopatra, the niece of king Attalus. Olympias and Alexander showed their disapprobation of this measure, by retiring from court. The murder of Philip soon followed (see MACEDON) which some attribute to the intrigues of Olympias, who paid the greatest honor to her husband's murderer. She gathered his mangled limbs, placed a crown of gold on his head, and laid his ashes near those of Philip. The administration of Alexander was in some instances offensive to Olympias; but, when the ambition of her son was concerned, she declared publicly that Alexander was not the son of Philip, but the offspring of Jupiter, who, in the form of an enormous serpent, had. introduced himself into her bed. When Alexander was dead, Olympias seized the government of Macedonia; and, to establish her usurpation, she cruelly put to death Aridaus, with his wife Eurydice; Nicanor, the brother of Cassander, with 100 leading men of Macedon, who were inimical to her interest. These barbarities did not long remain unpunished: Cassander besieged her in Pydna, where she had retired with the remains of her family, and she surrendered after an obstinate siege. The conqueror ordered her to be put to death. A body of 200 soldiers were ordered to put the bloody commands into execution, but the splendor and majesty of the queen disarmed their courage. She was at last massacred by those whom she had cruelly deprived of their children, about A. A. C. 316. See MACEDON. OLYMPIC GAMES, solemn games among the ancient Greeks, so called from Jupiter Olymprus, to whom they were dedicated and said to VOL. XVI. M any woman was found, during the solemnity, to have passed the river Alpheus, she was to be thrown headlong from a rock. This, however, was sometimes neglected; for we find not only women present at the celebration, but also some among the combatants, and some rewarded with the crown. The preparations for these festivals were great. No person was permitted to enter the lists, if he had not regularly exercised himself ten months before the celebration at the public gymnasium of Elis. No unfair dealings were allowed; whoever attempted to bribe his adversary was subjected to a severe fine; and even the father and relations were obliged to swear that they would have recourse to no artifice which might decide the victory in favor of their friends. No criminals, nor such as were connected with impious and guilty persons, were suffered to present themselves as combatants. The wrestlers were appointed by lot. Some little balls superscribed with a letter were thrown into a silver urn, and such as drew the same letter were obliged to contend one with the other. He who had an odd letter remained the last; and he often had the advantage, as he was to encounter the last who had obtained the superiority over his adversary. In these games were exhibited running, leaping, wrestling, boxing, and throwing the quoit, all which together were called TεTalλov, or quinquertium. There were also horse and chariot races, and contentions in poetry, eloquence, and the fine arts. The only reward that the conqueror obtained was a crown of olive. This, as some suppose, was in memory of the labors of Hercules, which were accomplished for the universal good of mankind, and for which the hero claimed no other reward but the consciousness of having been the friend of mankind. So small and trifling a reward stimulated courage and virtue, and was the source of greater honors than the most unbounded treasures. The statues of the Olympionica were erected at Olympia in the sacred wood of Jupiter. Their return home was that of a warlike conqueror; they were drawn in a chariot by four horses, and every where received with the greatest acclamations. Their entrance into their native city was not through the gates; to make it more grand and more solemn, a breach was made in the walls. Painters and poets were employed in celebrating their names; and indeed the victories severally obtained at Olympia are the subjects of the most beautiful odes of Pindar. The combatants were naked. A scarf was originally tied round their waist; but when it had entangled one of them, and been the cause that he lost the victory, it was laid aside. The Olympic games were observed every fifth year, or, to speak with greater exactness, after a revolution of four years, and in the first month of the fifth year; and they continued for five successive days. As they were the most ancient and most solemn of all the festivals of the Greeks, it will not appear wonderful that they drew so many people, not only inhabitants of Greece, but of the neighbouring islands and countries. OLYMPIODORUS, a peripatetic philosopher of Egypt, born in Thebes, who flourished under Theodosius II., and wrote a history of the eastern empire in Greek, in twenty-two books, from the seventh consulship of Honorius, and second of Theodosius, to the accession of Valentinian I. He wrote also, 2. A History of an Embassy to some of the Barbarous Nations of the North; 3. Commentaries on the Meteors of Aristotle, published by Aldus in 1550, folio; and 4. A Life of Plato. OLYMPUS, a celebrated mountain of Macedonia and Thessaly, now called Lacha. The ancients supposed it to be the highest mountain in the world; that its top reached heaven; was the court of Jupiter, and the residence of the gods; and the poets feigned that upon it there were neither clouds, rain, nor wind, but an eternal spring.-Homer, Iliad 1. Virg. Æn. ii. vi. Ovid, Met. Lucan, Claudian, &c. It was also fabled to have been the scene of the battle between the gods and the giants. Its real height is about 6000 feet perpendicular; its top is always covered with snow. OLYNTHIANS, the inhabitants of Olynthus; a brave people, who, being betrayed by the Athenians, were conquered and sold for slaves by Philip II. See MACEDON. OLYNTHUS, a celebrated city and republic of Macedon, on the isthmus of the peninsula of Pallene, once very flourishing, and able to dispute with Athens and Sparta. It was at last destroyed by Philip II. of Macedon. OLYRA, in botany, a genus of the triandria order, and monoecia class of plants: natural order fourth, gramina: MALE CAL. biflorous and aristated glume: COR. a beardless glume: FEMALE CAL. a uniflorous, patulous, and ovate glume: style bifid: SEED cartilaginous. OLZOFFSKI (Andrew), LL. D., an eminent Polish divine, born in 1618, and descended of an ancient family in Prussia. Having finished his studies, in law and divinity, he went to Rome, and took his degree of LL.D. He went thence to Paris, whence he attended the princess Mary Louisa, on her marriage with Ladislaus IV., king of Poland, to whom he was made Latin secretary. He attended the election of the emperor Leopold I. as ambassador from Poland, and on his return was made prebendary to the crown, bishop of Culm, and afterwards vicechancellor, and grand chancellor. After the deaths of Ladislaus IV. and Michael, he had a great hand in procuring the election of king John Sobieski, who made him archbishop of Gnesna, and Primate of Poland. His right to the primacy being disputed by the bishop of Cracow, he published a work in defence of his right. He wrote several other tracts; and died at Dantzic, whither he had gone to settle some disputes between the senate and people, in 1678. OMAGH, a barony in the county Tyrone, and province of Ulster, in Ireland. In this barony is a town of the same name, upon the river Ownreagh. The town, which is also the assize town of the county, is in the form of a Y, the stem being a long and regular avenue. Here is a new court-house, a gaol, large church, Roman Catholic chapel, and two Presbyterian meeting-houses. Omagh is a good market town, holds four fairs annually, is on the great road from Dublin to Londonderry, and has some very interesting scenery, as well as ancient remains of military architecture in the vicinity. The name Omagh appears to be derived from Oigh-magh, which signifies the residence of the chief. OMAR I., surnamed Ebn Al Khattab, suc⚫cessor of Abu Becr, was originally a violent opposer of the Arabian prophet. Mahomet felt this opposition, and regretted it; and it is said by prayer effected the conversion of this his dangerous antagonist. Omar had no sooner read the twentieth chapter of the Koran than he was convinced; upon which he instantly repaired to Mahomet and his followers, and declared his conversion. On the death of Abu Becr, who succeeded the impostor in the regal and pontifical dignities, Omar was raised to the throne. He conquered the Persians, and Jerusalem submitted to his power; nor does he appear to have been checked in a single instance. He was stabbed by a person of the Magian sect while performing his devotions; and, after languishing three days, died in the month of Dhu'lhajja, and twenty-third year of the Hegira, which began A. D. 643, aged sixty-three. The Arab historians say that he reigned between ten and eleven years. His extensive conquests made the Moslem empire one of the most powerful and formidable monarchies in the world. His disposition is represented as one of the best possible, and his temperance is highly extolled. OMAR II., the thirteenth caliph of the race of Ommiades, succeeded his cousin Solyman in 717. He laid siege to Constantinople, but was forced to raise it, and his fleet suffered much from a violent tempest. He was poisoned at Emessa, A. D. 720. OMBI, a city of ancient Egypt, afterwards called Arsinoe and Crocodilopolis, was the capital of one of the nomes into which that country was divided, and is remarkable in the annals of idolatry for the hatred of its inhabitants to the religion of their neighbours the citizens of Tentyra. The cities and nomes of Egypt being at one time prone to rebellion, and to enter into conspiracies against monarchical government, one of their most politic kings contrived to introduce into the neighbouring nomes the worship of different animals; so that, while each reverenced the deity which itself held sacred, and despised that which its neighbours had consecrated, they could hardly be brought to join cordially in one common design to the disturbance of the government. In this distribution of gods, he conferred upon Ombi the crocodile, and upon Tentyra the mortal enemy of that monster, the ichneumon. The consequence was, that while the Ombites worshipped the crocodile, the Tentyrites took every opportunity of slaughtering him. Thus the mutual hatred of those cities, on account of their hostile gods, rose to such a height, that, whenever the inhabitants of the one were engaged in the more solemn rites of their religion, those of the other were sure to embrace the opportunity of setting fire to their houses, and doing them every injury in their power. And this animosity continued between the inhabitants of the two cities long after the crocodile and ichneumon had lost their divinity. OMBRE is a game borrowed from the Spaniards, and played by two, by three, or by five persons, but generally by three. When three play, nine cards are dealt to each party; the whole pack being only forty, as the eights, nines, and tens, are thrown out. There are two sorts of counters for stakes, the greater and the less; the last having the same proportion to the other as a penny to a shilling of the greater counters each man stakes one for the game; and one of the lesser for passing for the hand, when eldest, and for every card taken in. As to the order and value of the cards, the ace of spades, called spadillo, is always the highest trump, in whatsoever suit the trump be; the manille, or black duce, is the second; and the basto, or ace of clubs, is always the third: the next in order is the king, the queen, the knave, the seven, the six, the five, four, and three. Of the black there are eleven trumps; of the red twelve. The least small cards of the red are always the best, and the most of the black; except the duce and red seven, both of which are called the manilles, and are always second when the red is a trump. The red ace, when a trump, enters into the fourth place, and is called punto; otherwise it is only called an ace. The three principal cards are called matadores; which have this privilege, that they are not obliged to attend an inferior trump when it leads; but, for want of a small trump, the person may renounce trumps, and play any other card; and, when these are all in the same hand, the others pay three of the greater counters a-piece; and, with these three for a foundation, he may count as many matadores as he has cards in an uninterrupted series of trumps; for all which the others are to pay one counter a-piece. He who has the first hand is called ombre, and has his choice of playing the game, of naming the trump, and of taking in as many and as few cards as he pleases; and after him the second, &c. But, if he does not name the trump before he looks on the cards he has taken in, any other may prevent him, by naming what trump he pleases. He that has the first hand should neither take in, nor play, unless he has at least three sure tricks in his hand: for, as he wins the game who wins most tricks, he that can win five of the nine has a sure game; which is also the case if he wins four, and can so divide the tricks as that one person may win two, and the other three. If a person plays without discarding or changing any cards, this is called playing sans prendre; and, if another wins more tricks than he, he is said to win codille. The oversights in the course of the game are called beasts. And, if the ombre wins all the nine tricks, it is called winning the vole. In ombre by five, which many, on account of its not requiring so close an attention, prefer to that by |