And tho' the sword, some understood, In force had much the odds of wood, 'Twas nothing so; both sides were balanced So equal, none knew which was valiant'st.

Hudibras.

What verity there is in that numeral conceit, in the lateral division of man by even and odd; ascribing the odd unto the right side, and the even unto the left; and so, by parity or imparity of letters in men's names, to determine misfortunes. Browne.

Cromwell, with odds of number and of fate, Removed this bulwark of the church and state. Waller.

The year, without regard to days, ends with an odd day and odd hours, odd minutes, and odd seconds of minutes; so that it cannot be measured by any even number of days, hours, or minutes. Holder. Coveting to recommend himself to posterity, Cicero begged it as an alms of the historians, to remember his consulship; and, observe the oddness of the event, all their histories are lost, and the vanity of his request stands recorded in his own writings.

Dryden.

When I broke loose from writers who have employed their wit and parts in propagating of vice, I did not question but I should be treated as an odd Spectator.

kind of a fellow.

Mr. Locke's Essay would be a very odd book for a man to make himself master of, who would get a reputation by critical writings. Id. Sixteen hundred and odd years after the earth was made, it was destroyed in a deluge of water. Burnet's Theory.

Since every man by nature is very prone to think the best of himself, and of his own condition, it is odds but he will find a shrewd temptation. South.

No fool Pythagoras was thought;
He made his list'ning scholars stand,
Their mouth still covered with their hand:
Else, may be, some odd thinking youth,
Might have refused to let his ears
Attend the musick of the spheres.

Prior.

As masters in the clare obscure, With various light your eyes allure : A flaming yellow here they spread; Draw off in blue, or charge in red; Yet from these colours oddly mixed, Your sight upon the whole is fixed. One man is pressed with poverty, and looks somewhat oddly upon it. Collier on the Spleen. A knave is apprehensive of being discovered; and his habitual concern puts an oddness into his looks. Collier.

Id.

This blue colour, being made by nothing else than by reflection of a specular superficies, seems so odd a phenomenon, and so difficult to be explained by the vulgar hypothesis of philosophers, that I could not but think it deserved to be taken notice of.

Newton's Opticks. Patients have sometimes coveted odd things which have relieved them; as salt and vinegar. Arbuthnot. Fossils are very oddly and elegantly shaped, according to the modification of their constituent salts, or the cavities they are formed in.

So proud I am no slave, So impudent I own myself no knave,

Bentley.

So odd, my country's ruin makes me grave. Pope.

The presbyterian party endeavoured one day to introduce a debate about repealing the test clause, when there appeared at least four to one odds against them. Swift. They had seen a great black substance lying on the ground very oddly shaped.

Id.

My wife fell into a violent disorder, and I was a little discomposed at the oddness of the accident. Id. To counterpoise this hero of the mode, Some for renown are singular, and odd; What other men dislike is sure to please

Of all mankind these dear antipodes. Young. SIR BENJ.-Oh lud, ma'am, how very odd, but that is the reason it was believed at once. Sheridan. ODE, n. s. Gr. won; Latin ode. A lyric poem; a poem set to music. See below. A man haunts the forest that abuses our young plants with carving Rosalind on their barks; hangs odes upon hawthorns, and elegies on brambles, all forsooth deifying the name of Rosalind. Shakspeare.

O run, prevent them with thy humble ode,
And lay it lowly at his blessed feet.

He would an elegy compose,
On maggots squeezed out of his nose;
In lyric numbers wrote an ode on
His mistress eating a black pudden.

Milton.

Butler's Hudibras.

Prior.

What work among you scholar gods! Phoebus must write his am'rous odes; And thou, poor cousin, must compose, His letters in submissive prose. However, I have some odes and love-elegies, which, when I am favoured with the lady's name for whom they are to be written, I intend to give to the public. Sheridan.

Laugh when I laugh, I seek no other fame, The cry is up, and scribblers are my game; Speed Pegasus, ye strains both great and small, Ode, epic, elegy, have at ye all. Byron.

ODE. Among the ancients the ode signified no more than a song, but with the moderns they are reckoned different compositions; the ode being usually appropriated to grave, lofty, and solemn subjects. Horace has pointed out the subjects proper for both, in few words :--Gods, heroes, conquerors, Olympic crowns, Love's pleasing care, and the free joys of wine, Are proper subjects for the Lyric song. It was also employed, not only to praise the Almighty for bounties received, but to solicit him in time of trouble, as is plain from the odes written by king David, Asaph, &c., and collected by Ezra into the books of Psalms. Many other nations imitated the Israelites in songs of praise and petitions addressed to their deities. This afterwards gave rise to the custom of the heathen poets invoking the Muses; still ridiculously kept up by modern Christian poets, as if these ideal deities of Parnassus had a real existence.

This fancied inspiration led the ancient lyric poets to indulge in a more unbounded liberty in this than in any other species of poetry; soaring in sudden transitions, bold digressions, and lofty excursions, sometimes away from their subject altogether. But Pindar, the most daring and lofty of all the lyric poets, in his sublimest flights, and amidst all his raptures, returning to his subject again, has preserved harmony, and often uniformity in his versification; yet so great is his variety of measures that the traces of

sameness are hardly perceptible; and this is one of the excellencies for which he is admired, and which, though seemingly void of art, requires so much, that he has seldom been successfully imitated.

ODENATUS, a celebrated prince of Palmyra. He very early inured himself to bear fatigues, and, by hunting leopards and wild beasts, accustomed himself to the labors of a military life. He was a faithful friend to the Romans; and, when Aurelian was taken prisoner by Sapor king of Persia, Odenatus solicited his release, by writing to the conqueror, and by sending him presents. The Persian tyrant was offended at this fiberty, tore the letter, and ordered the presents to be thrown into a river; and commanded Odenatus to appear before him, on pain of being devoted to instant destruction. Odenatus despised this haughty summons, and opposed force by force. He obtained considerable advantages over the troops of Sapor, and took his wife prisoner, with a great booty. In return for these services Gallienus, then emperor, named Odenatus his colleague, and gave the title of Augustus to his children and of Augusta to his wife, the celebrated Zenobia. On his return from this expedition he marched against the Goths or Scythians, who had invaded Asia, and obliged them to make a hasty retreat. Shortly after this he fell a victim to domestic treason. His nephew Mæonius, when hunting with him, presumed to throw his javelin before that of his uncle; and though reproved repeated the offence. Odenatus, provoked at this show of insolence, took away his horse, a mark of infamy among the barbarians, and ordered the youth into confinement. The offence was soon forgotten, and Mæonius restored, but the punishment was remembered, and he caused his uncle to be assassinated in the midst of an entertainment, at Emessa, about A. D. 267, and Zenobia succeeded him. See PALMYRA.

ODENSEE, a town of Denmark, the capital of Funen, is situated on a river which runs into a large bay of that island about a mile from the town. It is a bishop's see, and though not large is of note for its manufactures, chiefly of woollens, leather, and soap. Here are an old palace, cathedral, and several churches worth notice. The Danish language is spoken with great purity, and education is well attended to. At a diet held here, in 1528, the Protestant discipline of the Danish church was settled. Population 6000. Eighty-six miles W. S. W. of Copenhagen, and sixty-eight N. N. E. of Sleswick.

ODEON, or ODEUM, in ancient architecture Gr. ὠδείον, from ὠδὴ a song, a name given among the Greeks to a species of theatre in which the poets and musicians submitted their works to the approval of the public, and disputed for prizes. This, however, it is probable was not the original object for which Pericles built that at Athens, which served as a magazine wherein to deposit all the paraphernalia used in religious and other solemn processions, and had likewise another destination, namely that of offering under its portico a shelter to the spectators assembled in the theatre of Bacchus (by the side of which it was erected) in case of surprise from bad weather.

It was not, apparently, until a later period that the odeon became itself a theatre or saloon for the purposes of music and declamation. Sometimes, even, it is said to have been used by the Archontes, as a council-house in which they dispensed justice.

The form of the odeons resembled that of other theatres, except that they were inferior in point of extent, and were covered with a roof. The inside of that built by Pericles, before alluded to, was filled with seats and ranges of pillars, and on the outside the roof descended shelving downwards from a point in the centre, with many bendings, in imitation of a famous pavilion of the king of Persia. Vitruvius is of opinion that the roof of this building was constructed of the masts or sail-yards of Persian ships which the Athenians had taken in their war with that people.

ODER, a considerable river of Germany and the Prussian states, rises in Moravia, about eighteen miles north-east of Olmutz, enters Silesia, and flows through that province, Brandenburg, and Pomerania, where it forms the large maritime lake called the Haff, and runs into the Baltic by three mouths, the Peene, the Swine, and the Divensa. These streams form here two large islands called Usedom and Wollin. In Silesia this river has a very rapid course; but, on reaching the level ground, this impetuosity diminishes; but it here frequently overflows its banks. It becomes navigable for small boats at Ratisbon, and vessels of fifty tons reach Breslau: it receives numerous tributaries, and communicates by canals with both the Elbe and the Vistula. Breslau, Frankfort, and Stettin are on its banks.

ODERICO (Gasper Lewis), a learned Genoese antiquary and medallist, entered early into the society of the Jesuits, and going to Rome became professor of theology. He was admitted a member of the Etruscan academy of Cortona, under the name of Theodemio Ostracinio. On the suppression of his order he retired to his native city, where he was made conservator of the university library. In 1787 he went to Turin with his brother, to conduct some negociations, and remained there six years. The revolution deprived him of his office at Genoa, but on the reorganisation of the university he was replaced, and chosen a member of the Institute. He died December 10th, 1803, of apoplexy, aged seventyeight. He published several valuable works on ancient medals and inscriptions; and left in MS. Notizie istoriche sulla Taurica fino all, anno 1475, written at the request of the empress Catherine.

ODEYPOOR, a fertile Hindoo principality in the province of Ajmeer, of which it occupies the south-eastern quarter, and situated between 24° and 26° of N. lat. It yields sugar, indigo, cotton, and the grains of India: it also produces mines of iron and sulphur. It formerly bore the appellation of Mewar; and its chief, who is of the Rajpoot, or military tribe, is descended of the most ancient and honorable family in Hindostan, frequently denominated in history the Ranahs of Chitore. The present territories of this prince are estimated at 110 miles in length by seventy in breadth. The lands are held on a sort

of feudal system, every Rajpoot being a soldier by profession; but, owing to the frequent inroads of the Mahrattas, the revenues have been grea ly diminished. The cultivators of the soil are Hindoos, of the tribes of Brahmin, Jaut, Bheel, and Rajpoot; the weapons of the latter, which he frequently carries into the fields with him, while ploughing, &c., are a lance, sword, matchlock, or bow and arrow. The cattle here are smaller than in the neighbouring countries; but they breed a number of sheep and camels.

ODEY POOR, the capital of the above district, is situated on the south side of the Banass, in an amphitheatre of hills. It can only be approached through three narrow defiles, barely wide enough to admit a carriage. When, in the beginning of the fourteenth century, Chitore, the former capital, was taken by the Mahometans, the royal family took refuge in this place, and the alliance of the Ranah has been always sought by the neighbouring Hindoo princes. Through his alliance with the British he has been enabled to throw off the Mahratta yoke. Long. 74° 5′ E., lat 25° 28′ N.

ODESSA, a thriving modern sea-port of Southern Russia, in the government of Cherson, stands on a bay of the Black Sea between the mouths of the Dniester and Dnieper. Russia, it is well known, particularly after her acquisitions in south-east Poland, had long looked for an establishment in this direction. At the peace of Jassy Catherine II. fixed in 1792 on this place, then called Kodjabeg, and consisting of only a few houses. But without having a river it has a fine bay, with sufficient depth of water almost to the edge for large ships of war. Its bottom is of fine sand or gravel, and it is hardly ever froThe public works were quickly constructed, and the emperor Alexander followed up the views of Catharine, and greatly benefited the new town by the judicious selection of the duke of Richelieu, at that time a French emigrant nobleman, as its governor. Under his superintendance a number of excellent establishments were set on foot, under the patronage of the government. In 1804 the population had risen to 15,000; and when Dr. Lyall was here in 1824 to 40,000.

zen.

Odessa stands in lat. 46° 29′ 30′′ N., and long. 30° 45′ 22′′, as astronomically ascertained, on the declivity of a considerable eminence in the south-west of the bay of Adschai, andin the midst of a number of fertile plains. The streets are laid out with great regularity and generally intersect each other at right angles; some are very long, but all of them unpaved: the houses are not generally contiguous but separated by a portion of garden ground. They are neatly built of stone, with roofs of wood, or sheets of iron, the stone of which they are constructed being the same as the rock on which the town is built,-a semiindurated limestone, exhibiting throughout its entire mass an assemblage of small cockle-shells, tinged with an iron oxide. Odessa contains seven churches, an admiralty court, a customhouse, hospital, theatre, several inns, a lyceum, and schools for trade and navigation, and for the instruction of girls. The air is pure and remarkably wholesome; but it labors under the want of

fresh water. A large export trade in corn is conducted with England, France, Spain, Italy, the Levant, and Germany. The articles of importation are wines, liqueurs, tobacco, cotton stuffs, cloth, perfumes, shawls, oil, spices, porcelain, and paper. Other exports latterly have been butter, caviare, tallow, hog's-lard, ironmongery from Tula, furs, &c. About 800 vessels arrive annually; 400 of which are British. The villages in the neighbourhood produce the rarities in the south of Russia, of butter and cheese, potatoes, and remarkably fine melons. The mutton here is also very fine. Fuel is scarce; and bundles of weeds, and cow-dung, are used as a substitute. The Greek inhabitants are the most numerous : and are chiefly retail merchants and workmen. The Russians are principally servants: the most wealthy and powerful are the French, English, and Germans. Jews abound, but they are mostly poor. The corn brought hither from the Ukraine and neighbouring provinces is conveyed chiefly in carts or waggons drawn by oxen, which travel in companies, and stop at intervals, to let the oxen feed in the steppes or vast natural pastures of the road, so that the expense of carriage is trifling. In summer several hundred waggons arrive in the town in a single day. Other articles produced in the Ukraine, and exported at Odessa, are tallow, hides, flax, and timber. Brewing and distilling are carried on on a large scale; and there are manufactures of woollens, silk, gunpowder, and soap. The great disadvantages hitherto have been the want of water, of mechanics for the town, and of farmers for the surrounding district. The government has spared no expense to procure all of these; and those who fix on the country round Odessa are allowed a house, a pair of oxen, a plough, a little money, and an exemption, during twenty-five years, from all taxes and military service..

ODİN, in Saxon mythology, called also in the dialect of the Anglo-Saxons Woden, or Wodan, a name given by the ancient Scythians to their supreme god.

ODIN, in Saxon history, a name assumed about A. A. C. 70 by Sigge, a Scythian prince, who conquered the northern nations, made great changes in their government, manners, and religion, enjoyed great honors, and had even divine honors paid him. According to the account given of this conqueror by Snorro, the ancient historian of Norway, and his commentator Torsæus, Odin was a Scythian, who withdrew himself, with many others in his train, by flight, from the vengeance of the Romans, under Pompey; and, having officiated as priest in his own country, he assumed the direction of the religious worship, as well as the civil government, of the nations which he conquered. Having subdued Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, he retired to Sweden where he died. Dr. Henry gives this account of him: 'Odin is believed to have been the name of the. one true God among the first colonies who came from the east and peopled Germany and Scandinavia, and among their posterity for several ages. But at length a mighty conqueror, the leader of a new army of adventurers from the east, overrun the north of Europe, erected a great empire, assumed the name of Odin, and claimed the ho

nors which had been formerly paid to that deity. From thenceforward this deified mortal, under the name of Odin or Wodin, became the chief object of the idolatrous worship of the Saxons and Danes in this island, as well as of many other nations. Having been a mighty and successful warrior, he was believed to be the god of war, who gave victory, and revived courage in the conflict. Having civilised, in some measure, the countries which he conquered, and introduced arts formerly unknown, he was also worshipped as the god of arts and artists. He was at the same time a priest, a soldier, a poet, a monarch, and a victor. He imposed upon the credulity of his superstitious countrymen, and made them believe that he could raise the dead, and that he was acquainted with futurity. When he had extended his power and increased his fame by conquest and by artifice, he determined to die in a different way from other men. He assembled his friends, and with the sharp point of a lance he made in his body nine different wounds in the form of a circle; and, when expiring, he declared that he was going to Scythia, where he should become an immortal god. He added that he would prepare bliss and felicity for those of his countrymen who lived a virtuous life, who fought with bravery, and who died like heroes in the field of battle. These injunctions had the wished-for effect his countrymen superstitiously believed him, and constantly recommended themselves to his protection when they engaged in battle; and they entreated him to receive the souls of such as fell in war. In a word, to this Odin his deluded worshippers impiously ascribed all the attributes which belong only to the true God; to him they built magnificent temples, offered many sacrifices, and consecrated the fourth day of the week, which is still called by his name Woden's day, or Wednesday, in England and in all the other countries where he was formerly worshipped. Notwithstanding all this, the founders of all the kingdoms of the AngloSaxon heptarchy pretended to be descended from Wodin, and some of them at the distance only of a few generations.' His wife's name was Frea. See MYTHOLOGY. Gräter, with great boldness, insists that the island Sams, mentioned in the Edda, is the Samos of the Archipelago; and, from some faint resemblance between the Gothic cosmogony and that of a Samian philosopher, he infers Odin to have been a pupil of Melissus; and thus he throws back his antiquity to a period which would make it probable that the Scythian kings of Herodotus are the heroes deified in Gothic song. Mallet defends the equally wild conjecture that the arms of Pompey occasioned Odin to migrate from the Euxine to the Baltic. In this case, Pliny and Tacitus would have met with traces of his progress among the nations whom they describe. Extensive recent conquests, terminating in the imposition of a new religion, could not but live in the memory even of barbarians. It is therefore most probable that Odin is posterior to these writers, and that the Anglo-Saxon historians are correct, who describe Hengist as fifth in descent from Odin, and who have preserved the intervening pedigree. An interval of 125 years would then be

sufficient to allow between Odin himself and his grandson Vecta's great-grandson, Hengist. This would place Odin in the year of Christ 325, about seventy years before Alaric, and would plausibly account for the momentous impulse which, about that time, propelled the Gothic multitudes against all the provinces of the Roman empire.

Odin is called in the Edda, and by Snorro, Runhofdi and Runomfauthr, father of letters, king of spells, as the poets phrase it; which favors the opinion that he introduced the art of writing among the Goths. Now Tacitus expressly pronounces the alphabet to have been unknown to the Germans; literarum secreta viri pariter ac fœminæ ignorant; Odin, then, must have lived subsequently to this period. The oldest Runic inscriptions on stone commemorate the fortunes of soldiers who had served at Constantinople in the corps of Varangi; and the art of stone cutting in the north is therefore posterior to the transfer of the seat of empire from Rome to Constantinople. Now Odin, according to Snorro, first introduced the practice of using grave-stones: in his time, no doubt, they were simply inscribed, not engraved but these cannot long have preceded the more permanent memorials. This circumstance, again, tends to corroborate a chronology which places Odin at the beginning of the fourth century.

:

De ODIO ET ATIA. The writ de odio et atia was anciently directed to the sheriff, commanding him to enquire whether a prisoner charged with murder was committed upon just cause of suspicion, or merely propter odium et atiam, for hatred and ill-will; and if upon the inquisition due cause of suspicion did not then appear, then there issued another writ for the sheriff to admit him to bail. This writ, according to Bracton, ought not to be denied to any man; it being expressly ordered to be made out gratis, without any denial, by magna charta, c. 26, and stat. Westm. 2. 13, Edw. I. c. 29. But the statute of Gloucester, 6 Edw. I. c. 9, restrained it in the case of killing by misadventure or self-defence; and the statute 28 Edw. III. c. 9 abolished it in all cases whatsoever; but, as the stat. 42 Edw. III. c. 1 repealed all statutes then in being contrary to the great charter, Sir Edward Coke is of opinion that the writ de odio et atia revived. See HABLAS CORPUS. O'DIOUS, adj. Fr. odieur; Lat. odiosus, O'DIOUSLY, adv. odium. Hateful; invidiO'DIOUSNESS, n. s. ous; exposed to, or causO'DIUM. ing hate: odiously and odiousness follow these senses: odium, quality or state of provoking hatred; hence invidiousness; disrepute; badness of character; opprobrium.

There was left of the blood royal an aged gentleby his cousin's power but danger from him, and man of approved goodness, who had gotten nothing odiousness for him.

Sidney.

ODO, or ST. ODo, second abbot of Clugni in France, illustrious for learning and piety in the tenth century. The sanctity of his life contributed greatly to enlarge the congregation of Clugni; and he was so esteemed that bishops, and secular princes, usually chose him for the arbiter of their disputes. He died about the year 942, and his works are printed in the Bibliotheque of Clugni.

ODO CANTIANUS, so called as being a native of Kent in England, was a Benedictine monk in the twelfth century, in which order his learning and eloquence raised him to the dignity of prior and abbot. He was the intimate friend of archbishop Becket. He composed Commentaries on the Pentateuch and the 2nd Book of Kings; Moral Reflections on the Psalms; treatises entitled De Onere Philistim; De Moribus Ecclesiasticis; De vitiis et virtutibus Animæ, &c.

ODOACER, king of the Heruli, according to Ennodius, was only a private man in the guards of the emperor Augustulus, when (A. D. 476,

under the consulship of Basilicus and Armatus) the barbarians chose him for their leader. The barbarians thought, as they often defended Italy, they had a right at least to part of it; but, upon demanding it, they were refused, and the consequence was a revolt. Odoacer is said to have been a man alike capable of commanding an army or governing a state. Having left his own country when he was very young, to serve in Italy, as he was remarkably tall, he was admitted among the emperor's guards, and continued in that station till the above year; when, putting himself at the head of the barbarians in the Roman pay, who, though of different nations, had unanimously chosen him for their leader, he marched against Orestes and his son Augustulus, who still refused to share any of the lands in Italy. The Romans, being inferior both in numbers and valor, were easily conquered: Orestes was ordered to be slain; but Augustulus was spared; and, though stripped of his dignity, was treated with humanity, and allowed a liberal sum for his support and that of his relations. Odoacer was proclaimed king of Italy, but assumed neither the purple nor any other mark of imperial dignity. He was afterwards defeated and slain by Theodoric the Ostrogoth.

ODŎNTALGIC, in medicine, from Gr. odovταλγια, the tooth ache (οδους, a tooth, and αλγος, pain) is a term applied to all remedies for the tooth-ache. When the affection is rheumatic, blistering behind the ear, or applying flannel dipped in spirits and covered with ginger or Pepper, will generally cure; but, when it proceeds entirely from the injury of a carious tooth, the pain is much more obstinate. In this case it has been recommended to touch the pained carious part of the tooth with a hot iron, or with oil of vitriol, in order to destroy the aching nerve; to hold spirits in the mouth; to put a drop of oil of cloves into the hollow of the tooth, or a pill made of camphor, opium, and oleum caryophylli. Others recommend gum mastich, dissolved in oleum terebinthina; others camphor alone, kept in the mouth. The great Boerhaave is said to have applied camphor, opium, oleum caryophylli, and alkohol, upon cotton. The caustic oil which may be collected from writing paper, rolled up tight, and set fire to at the end, will sometimes destroy the exposed nervous substance of a hollow tooth. The application of radix pyrethri, by its power of stimulating the salivary glands, either in substance or in tincture, has also been attended with good effects. But one of the most useful applications of this kind is strong nitrous acid, diluted with three or four times its weight of spirit of wine, and introduced into the hollow of the tooth, either by means of a hair pencil or a little cotton. When the constitution has had some share in the disease, the Peruvian bark has been recommended, and perhaps with much justice, on account of its tonic and antiseptic powers. When the pain is not fixed to one tooth, leeches applied to the gum are of great service. But very often all the foregoing remedies will fail, and the only infallible cure is to draw the tooth.

ODONTOLOGY, in anatomy. See TEETH.