day of September; and, passing an archiepiscopal city called Amalfi, and another archiepiscopal city called Cosenza, arrived on the eighteenth day of September at a city and castle called Escala. Near this castle is a small island, where are said to have been the schools of Lucan, and there is still a fine chamber beneath the ground, in which Lucan used to study.

The night following the king slept in a village, the name of which is Lacerart, in the priorate of Monte Cassio. On the nineteenth day of September the king passed through the priorate which is called Saint Michael de Josaphat, to another priory of the same order, which is called Santa Maria de Fosses, where there is a castle called Saint Luke. On the twentieth day of September the king, passing by a castle which is called Lamante, came to a town called Saint Euphemia. On the twenty-first day of September the king came to Melida, and was there honorably received and entertained at the abbey of the Holy Trinity. Here there is a tower of wood close by the abbey, by means of which Robert Guiscard attacked and took the castle and town of Melida.

87

On the twenty-second day of September, the king of England, departing from Melida with a single knight, passed through a certain small town, and, after he had passed through, turned towards a certain house in which he heard a hawk, and, entering the house, took hold of it. On his refusing to give it up, numbers of peasants came running from every quarter, and made an attack on him with sticks and stones. One of them then drew his knife against the king, upon which the latter giving him a blow with the flat of his sword, it snapped asunder, whereupon he pelted the others with stones, and with difficulty making his escape out of their hands, came to a priory called Le Baniare; but, making no stay there, he crossed the great river 88 which is called Le Faro de Meschines, and passed the night in a tent near a stone tower which lies at the entrance of the Faro, on the Sicilian side. At the entrance of the Faro, near Labinaria, lies that peril of the sea which is called Scylla, and at the outlet of the same river is another peril of the sea which is called Charybdis.

On the twenty-third day of September, Richard, king of England, arrived at Messina, in Sicily, with many busses and galleys, in such state and with such a noise of trumpets and clarions, that alarm seized those who were in the city. The king

87 For a churl to keep a hawk was contrary to the rules of chivalry. 88 He means the Straits of Messina.

of France and his people, and all the chief men of the city of Messina, together with the clergy and people, stood on the shore, admiring what they saw and heard respecting the king of England and his might. On his landing, he immediately held an interview with Philip, the king of France; after which conference, the king of France, on the same day, immediately, embarked on board of his ships, intending to proceed towards the land of Jerusalem; but after he had got out of harbour, on the same day, the wind shifted, and with sorrow and reluctance he returned to Messina.

The king of England, however, proceeded to the house of Reginald de Muhec, where a lodging was prepared for him, in the suburbs of the city, among the vineyards. On the twentyfourth and twenty-fifth days of September the king of England went to the lodging of the king of France, to hold a conference with him, and the king of France visited the king of England. In the meantime, Richard, king of England, sent his envoys to Tancred, king of Sicily, and delivered from his custody his sister, Joanna, the former queen of Sicily. On the twentyeighth day of September the king of England went to meet his sister Joanna, who the same day arrived at Messina, from Palermo, with some gallies sent by king Tancred.

On the twenty-ninth day of September, that is to say, on the day of Saint Michael, the king of France went to the lodgings of the sister of the king of England, and saw her and offered her his congratulations. On the thirtieth day of September the king of England crossed the river del Faro, and took a place which is extremely well fortified, called Le Baniare, and on the first day of October brought his sister Joanna to that place, and, leaving her there with some knights and a considerable number of men-at-arms, returned to Messina. On the second day of October the king of England took possession of a monastery of the Griffons, a very well fortified place, lying in the middle of the river del Faro, between Messina and Calabria. Having expelled the monks and their servants, he placed in it the provisions which had come from England and his other territories, and garrisoned it with some knights and others.

When the citizens of Messina saw that the king of England had placed knights and men-at-arms with his sister in the castle of Le Baniare, and had taken possession of the monastery of the Griffons, they had suspicion of him, believing that he would seize the whole of the island, if he could: consequently they were disposed to be easily excited against him. Ac

cordingly, on the third day of October, a disagreement arose between the army of the king of England and the citizens of Messina, and to such a pitch did the exasperation on both sides increase, that the citizens shut the gates of the city, and, putting on their arms, mounted the walls. On the king's troops perceiving this, they made a vigorous attack on the city gates; but our lord the king rode to and fro through the army on a steed of the greatest swiftness, beating back with a staff such of his men as he could reach, trying to restrain them from making the attack. However, he was unable so to do; and at last returned to his lodging, where, putting on his armour, he went out again to put an end to the affray if he possibly could. He then embarked in a boat and repaired to the palace of king Tancred, to consult with the king of France on the affair that had taken place. In the meantime, however, through the mediation of the elders of the city, the discord was allayed; and arms being laid down on both sides, each party returned home.

On the ninth day of October there came to the king of England, Richard, archbishop of Messina, William, archbishop of Montreal, William, archbishop of Risa, Margarite, the admiral, Jordan de Pin, and many others of the household of the king of Sicily, who brought with them Philip, king of France, Reginald, bishop of Chartres, Manasseh, bishop of Langres, Hugh, duke of Burgundy, Peter, count de Nevers, and Geoffrey, count de Perche, and, of the household of the king of England, Walter, archbishop of Rouen, and Gerard, archbishop of Auxienne, together with many others, in whom they placed confidence, for the purpose of making peace between them and the king of England.

Now when the terms of peace had been for some time under consideration, and they had nearly come to a conclusion thereon, the citizens of Messina, collecting in great multitudes, proceeded to the mountains, and waited in readiness, treacherously to fall upon the king of England; while others made an attack on the lodging of Hugh Le Brun. On this, their shouts, which were far from subdued, came to the ears of the king of England, who immediately leaving the conference with the king of France and the other persons above-named, ordered all his men to put on their armour, and he, with a few followers, climbed a steep hill, which no one could have supposed he could possibly have done, and having, with

great difficulty, reached the top of the hill, there took to flight with all possible speed and re-entered the city, the king pursuing them with the edge of the sword.

On this, the knights and men-at-arms of the king of England bravely attacked the citizens at the gates and walls of the city, and, suffering many hard blows from stones, at one moment effected an entrance into the city gates, while at another they were driven out. Here there were slain five knights of the king of England's people, and twenty men-atarms, while the king of France was looking on, and giving them no assistance, although they were of one brotherhood with him in the pilgrimage. As for the king of France, he and his people entered the city, and made their way through them in perfect safety.

However, the men of the king of England at last exercised their strength with such effect, that by main force they burst open the city gates and mounted the walls in all directions, and so having entered the city, they took possession thereof, and immediately hoisted the banners of the king of England on the fortifications around the walls. At this the king of France was greatly indignant, and demanded that the banners of the king of England should be lowered, and his own set up; this, however, the king of England would not permit, but still, that the wishes of the king of France might be satisfied, he lowered his own banners and gave the city into the charge of the knights Hospitallers, and the Templars, until everything should have been complied with that he demanded of Tancred king of Sicily.

Respecting the agreement made between Philip, king of France, and Richard, king of England, at Messina.

On the eighth day of October, the king of France and the king of England, before their earls and barons, and the clergy and people, made oath upon the relics of the Saints, that the one would defend the other in that pilgrimage, both in going and returning, with good faith, and the earls and barons swore that they would strictly and inviolably observe the same. After this, by the advice and consent of the whole of the army of the pilgrims, the said kings enacted that all pilgrims who should die on their journey on the said pilgrimage, might at their pleasure dispose of all their armour, horses, and apparel which they should

make use of, and of a moiety of their possessions which they might chance to have with them on the journey, at their own option, provided only they should send nothing back to their own country; while clerks might give such orders as to their chapels and all utensils belonging to such chapels, and all their books, as they should think fit. The other moiety was to be at the discretion of Walter, archbishop of Rouen, Manser, bishop of Langres, the Master of the house of the knights Templars, the Master of the Hospital, Hugh, duke of Burgundy, Raoul de Coucy, Drogo de Merlou, Robert de Sabul, Andrew de Chauvigny, and Gilbert de Wascuil; who were to employ the said money towards the relief of the land of Jerusalem, as they should think necessary. This also the kings in their own persons swore strictly and faithfully to observe throughout the whole expedition, on both sides of the sea, with regard to all the pilgrims of both kingdoms, both those who should come, as well as those who had come already. The archbishops and bishops promised on their word of truth to observe the same. The Masters of the Temple and the Hospital agreed that the same should be observed on behalf of their respective orders, while the earls and barons in their own persons swore that the same should be observed.

Further, no man in all the army was to play at any kind of game for money, with the exception of knights and the clergy, who, in one day and night, were not to lose more than twenty shillings; and if any knight or clerk should lose more than twenty shillings in any natural day, as often as such persons should exceed twenty shillings they were to pay one hundred shillings to the before-named archbishop, bishop, earls and barons, who were to add the before-mentioned sums of money to the said sums. The kings, however, were to play at their good pleasure; and in the lodgings of the two kings their men-at-arms might play as far as the sum of twenty shillings, with the permission of the kings. Also, in presence of archbishops, bishops, earls and barons, with their sanction men-atarms might play as far as the sum of twenty shillings. But if any men-at-arms or mariners, or others of the lower orders, should be found playing of themselves, men-at-arms were to be whipped naked three days through the army, unless they should be prepared to ransom themselves at the arbitration of the persons before-named; and the same as to other servants of a like degree. But if mariners should so play, they were

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