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in fuch channels it is likely to find fufficient employment, and still more, whether many of those who poffefs it will be as readily attracted to objects of this nature as to manufacturing purfuits, which bear greater analogy to thofe to which they have been accustomed, and to the spirit generated by them.

To open the one field, as well as the other, will at least fecure a better profpect of ufeful employment, for whatever acceffion of population and money there has been or may be.

There is at the prefent juncture a certain fermentation of mind, a cer tain activity of fpeculation and enterprize, which, if properly directed, may be made fubfervient to ufeful purpofes; but which, if left entirely to itself, may be attended with pernicious effects,

The difturbed state of Europe inclining its citizens to emigration, the requifite workmen will be more eafily acquired for different manufactures than at another time; and the effect of multiplying the opportunities of employment to those who emigrate, may be an increase of the number and extent of valuable acquifitions to the population, arts, and induftry of the United States.

To find pleasure in the calamities of other nations would be criminal, but for the Americans to benefit themselves by opening an afylum to those who fuffer in confequence of them, is as justifiable as it is politic.

A full view having now been taken of the inducements to the promotion of manufactures in the United States, accompanied with an examination of the principal objections which are urged in oppofition thereto by fome of their own citizens, it is proper, in the next place to confider the means by which the promotion of them may be effected, as introductory to a specification of the objects which, in the present state of things, appear the most fit to be encouraged, and of the particular measures which it would be advisable for them to adopt in respect to each.

In order to a better judgment of the means proper to be reforted to by the United States, it will be of use to advert to thofe which have been employed with fuccefs in other countries- The principal of thefe are

I. Protecting duties—or duties on thofe foreign articles which are the rivals of the domeftic ones intended to be encouraged.

Duties of this nature evidently amount to a virtual bounty on the domeftic fabrics, fince by enhancing the charges on foreign articles, they enable the national manufacturers to underfell all their foreign competitors. The propriety of this fpecies of encouragement need not be dwelt upon, as it is not only a clear refult from the numerous topics which have been fuggested, but is fanctioned by the laws of the United

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States in a variety of inftances; it has the additional recommendation of being a refource of revenue.-Indeed all the duties impofed on imported articles, though with an exclufive view to revenue, have the effect in contemplation, and, except where they fall on raw materials, wear a beneficent afpect towards the manufactures of the country.

II. Probibitions of rival articles, or duties equivalent to prohibitions.

This is another and an efficacious mean of encouraging their national manufactures, but in general it is only fit to be employed when a manufacture has made fuch a progress, and is in so many hands as to enfure a due competition, and an adequate fupply on reasonable terms. Of duties equivalent to prohibitions, there are examples in the laws of the United States, and there are other cafes to which the principle may be advantageously extended, but they are not numerous.

Confidering a monopoly of the domeftic market to its own manufactures as the reigning policy of manufacturing nations, a fimilar policy on the part of the United States in every proper inftance is dictated, it might almost be said, by the principles of diftributive justice; certainly by the duty of endeavouring to fecure to their own citizens a reciprocity of advantages.

III. Prohibitions of the exportation of the materials of manufactures.

The defire of fecuring a cheap and plentiful fupply for the national workmen, where the article is either peculiar to the country, or of peculiar quality there,—the jealousy of enabling foreign workmen to rival thofe of the nation with its own materials, are the leading motives to this fpecies of restraint. It ought not to be affirmed that this regulation is in no inftance proper; but it is certainly one which ought to be adopted with great circumfpection, and only in very plain cafes. It is feen at once, that its immediate operation is to abridge the demand, and keep down the price of the produce of fome other branch of industry, generally speaking, of agriculture, to the prejudice of thofe who carry it on; and though, if it be really effential to the profperity of any very im portant national manufacture, it may happen that those who are injured in the first instance, may be eventually indemnified by the fuperior fteadiness of an extenfive domeftic market depending on that profperity: yet, in a matter in which there is fo much room for nice and difficult combinations, in which fuch oppofite confiderations combat each other, prudence feems to dictate, that the expedient in queftion ought to be indulged with a fparing hand.

IV. Pecuniary bounties.

This has been found one of the most efficacious means of encouraging manufactures, and it is, in fome views, the beft. Though it has not yet

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been much practifed upon by the government of the United States, unlefs the allowance on the exportation of dried and pickled fish and falted meat could be confidered as a bounty, this method of encouraging manufactures though lefs favoured by public opinion than fome other modes has its advantages.

1. It is a fpecies of encouragement more pofitive and direct than any other, and, for that very reafon, has a more immediate tendency to ftimulate and uphold new enterprises, increasing the chances of pro fit, and diminishing the risks of lofs, in the first attempts.

2. It avoids the inconvenience of a temporary augmentation of price, which is incident to some other modes, or it produces it to a less degree; either by making no addition to the charges on the rival foreign article, as in the cafe of protecting duties, or by making a smaller addition. The first happens when the fund for the bounty is derived from a different object, which may or may not increase the price of fome other article, according to the nature of that object; the second, when the fund is derived from the fame or a fimilar object of foreign maunfacture. One per cent. duty on the foreign article converted into a bounty on the domeftic, will have an equal effect with a duty of two per cent. exclufive of fuch bounty; as the price of the foreign commodity is liable to be raised, in the one cafe, in the proportion of one per cent.; in the other, in that of two per cent. But the bounty when drawn from another fource is calculated to promote a reduction of price; because, without laying any new charge on the foreign ar ticle, it ferves to introduce a competition with it, and to increase the total quantity of the article in the market.

3. Bounties have not, like high protecting duties, a tendency to produce fcarcity. An increase of price is not always the immediate, though, where the progrefs of a domestic manufacture does not counteract a rife, it is commonly the ultimate effect of an additional duty. In the interval between the laying of the duty, and a proportional increase of price, it may difcourage importation, by interfering with the profits to be expected from the fale of the article.

4. Bounties are fometimes not only the best, but the only proper expedient, for uniting the encouragement of a new object of agriculture with that of a new object of manufacture. It is the intereft of the farmer to have the production of the raw material promoted, by counteracting the interference of the foreign material of the fame kind-It is the intereft of the manfacturer to have the material abundant and cheap. If, prior to the domeftic production of the material in fufficient quantity to fupply the manufacturer on good

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good terms, a duty be laid upon the importation of it from abroad, with a view to promote the raising of it at home, the interest both of the farmer and manufacturer will be differved-by either destroying the requifite fupply, or raifing the price of the article beyond what can be afforded to be given for it by the conductor of an infant manufacture, it is abandoned, or fails, and there being no domestic manufactories to create a demand for the raw material which is raised by the farmer, it is in vain, that the competition of the like foreign article may have been destroyed.

It cannot escape notice, that a duty upon the importation of an ar ticle can no otherwife aid the domestic production of it, than by giving the latter greater advantages in the home market. It can have no influence upon the advantageous fale of the article produced in foreign markets, no tendency, therefore, to promote its exportation.

The true way to conciliate thefe two interefts, is therefore to lay a duty on foreign manufacturers of the material, the growth of which is defired to be encouraged, and to apply the produce of that duty by way of bounty, either upon the production of the material itself, of upon its manufacture at home, or upon both. If this is done the manufacturer of the United States will commence his enterprife under every advantage which is attainable, as to quantity or price of the raw material; and the farmer, if the bounty be immediately to him, is ena bled by it to enter into a fuccefsful competition with the foreign ma terial; if the bounty be to the manufacturer on fo much of the domef tic material as he confumes, the operation is nearly the fame; he has a motive of intereft to prefer the domeftic commodity, if of equal quality, even at a higher price than the foreign, fo long as the difference of price is any thing fhort of the bounty which is allowed upon the article.

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Except the fimple and ordinary kinds of household manufacture, or thofe for which there are very commanding local advantages, pecuniary bounties are in most cases indifpenfable to the 'introduction of a new branch. A ftimulus and a fupport not lefs powerful and direct is, generally fpeaking, effential to the overcoming of the obftacles which arife from the competitions of fuperior skill and maturity elfewhere. Bounties are efpecially effential in regard to articles upon which thofe foreigners, who have been accustomed to fupply a country, are in the practice of granting them.

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The continuance of bounties on manufactures long efablished, must almost always be of questionable policy; becaufe a prefumption would arife in every fuck cafe, that there were natural and inheredt

impediments to fuccefs. But in new undertakings they are as justi fiable, as they are oftentimes neceffary.

There is a degree of prejudice against bounties, from an appearance of giving away the public money, without an immediate confideration, and from a fuppofition that they ferve to enrich particular claffes at the expence of the community.

But neither of thefe fources of diflike will bear a ferious examina. tion when applied to an infant ftate. There is no purpofe to which public money can be more beneficially applied, than to the acquifition of a new and useful branch of induftry; no confideration more valuable than a permanent addition to the general ftock of productive labour.

As to the fecond fource of objection, it equally lies against other modes of encouragement which are admitted to be eligible. As often as a duty upon a foreign article makes an addition to its price, it caufes an extra expence to the community, for the benefit of the domestic manufacturer. A bounty does no more. But it is the intereft of the fociety in each cafe to submit to a temporary expence, which is more than compenfated by an increafe of induftry and wealth, by an aug mentation of resources and independence; and by the circumftance of of eventual cheapnefs, which has been noticed in another place.

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It would deferve attention, however, in the employment of this fpecies of encouragement in the United States, as a reafon for moderating the degree of it in the inftances in which it might be deemed eligible, that the great diftance of the United States from Europe impofes very heavy charges on all the fabrics which are brought from thence, amounting from 15 to 30 per cent, on their value, according to their bulk.

V. Premiums.

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Thefe are of a nature allied to bounties, though diftinguishable from them in fome important features.

Bounties are applicable to the whole quantity of an article produced or manufactured, or exported, and involve a correfpondent expence. -Premiums ferve to reward fome particular excellence or fuperiority, fome extraordinary exertion or skill, and are difpenfed only in a fmall number of cafes: but their effect is to ftimulate general effort-contrived fo as to be both honorary and lucrative, they addrefs themfelves to different paffions, touching the chords as well of emulation as of intereft. They are accordingly a very economical mean of exciting the enterprise of a whole community.

There are various focieties in different countries, whofe object is

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