hall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arfenals, dock-yards, an d other needful buildings:-And

To make all laws which fhall be neceffary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vefted by this conftitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

SECT. IX. The migration or importation of fuch perfons, as any of the States now exiting fhall think proper to admit, fhall not be prphibited by the Congrefs prior to the year one thoufand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be impofed on fuch importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each perfon.

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus fhall not be fufpended, unlefs when, in cafes of rebellion or invafion, the public fafety may *quire it.

No bill of attainder or ex poft facto law fhall be paffed.

No capitation, or other direct tax, shall be laid, unless in proportion to the cenfus, or enumeration, herein before directed to be taken.

No tax or duty fhall be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference fhall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over thofe of another; nor fhall veffels bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another

No money fhall be drawn from the treafury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money fhall be published from time to time.

No title of nobility fhall be granted by the United States.—And no perfon holding any office of profit or truft under them, fhall, without the confent of Congrefs, accept of any prefent, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state, SECT. X. No State fhall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confedera tion ; grant letters of marque and reprifal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and filver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex poft facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

No State fhall, without the confent of the Congrefs, lay any impofts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be abfolutely neceffary for executing its infpection laws; and the net produce of all duties and impofts, laid by any State on imports or exports, fhall be for the use of the Treafury of the United States; and all fuch laws fhall be fubject to

the

the revision and controul of the Congrefs. No State fhall, without the confent of Congrefs, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or fhips of war, in time of peace, enter into any engagement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in fuch imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

ARTICLE II.

SECT. I. THE executive power shall be vested in a Prefident of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of fur years, and, together with the Vice-Prefident, chofen for the fame term, be elected as follows:

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of fenators and representatives to which the State may be intitled in the Congrefs: but no fenator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, fhall be appointed an elector.

The electors fhall meet in their refpective States, and vote by ballot for two perfons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the fame State with themselves. And they shall make a lift of all the perfons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which lift they fhall fign, certify and tranfmit, fealed, to the feat of the government of the United States, directed to the Prefident of the Senate. The Prefident of the Senate fhall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representative, open all the certificates, and the votes fhall then be counted. The perfon having the greatest number of votes fhall be the Prefident, if fuch number be a majority of the whole number of elec tors appointed; and if there be more than one who have fuch majority, and have an equal number of votes, than the Houfe of Reprefentatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for Prefident; and if no perfon have a majority, then from the five higheft on the lift, the faid house shall in like manner choose the Prefident. But in choofing the Prefident, the votes fhall be taken by States, the representations from cach State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall confift of a member or members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be neceffary to a choice. In every cafe, after the choice of the Prefident, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors fhall be the Vice-Prefident. But if there fhould remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate fhall choose from them by ballot the Vice-Prefident.

1

The Congress may determine the time of choofing the electors, and

the

the day on which they fhall give their votes; which day shall be the fame throughout the United States.

No perfon, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this conftitution, fhall be eligible to the office of Prefident; neither fhall any perfon be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a refident within the United States.

In cafe of the removal of the Prefident from office, or of his death, refignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the fame fhall devolve on the Vice-Prefident, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, refignation, or inability, both of the Prefident and Vice-Prefident, declaring what officer shall then act as Prefident, and fuch officer shall act accordingly, until the difability be removed, or a Prefident shall be elected.

The President shall, at ftated times, receive for his fervices, a compenfation, which fhall neither be increased or diminished during the period for which he fhall have been elected, and he fhall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.

Before he enters on the execution of his office, he fhall take the following oath or affirmation :

"I do folemnly fwear (or affirm), that I will faithfully execute the "office of Prefident of the United States, and will, to the best of my ❝ability, preserve, protect, and defend the conftitution of the United "States."

and

SEC. 2.

The Prefident fhall be commander in chief of the army navy of the United States, and of the militia of the feveral States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any fubject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cafes of impeachment.

He fhall have power, by and with the advice and confent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the fenators prefent concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate fhall appoint ambaffadors, other public minifters, and confuls, judges of the fupreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whofe appointments are not herein otherwife provided for, and which fhall be established by law. But the Congrefs may by law veft the appointment of fuch inferior officers, as they think proper, in the Prefident alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

VOL. I.

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The

The prefident shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recefs of the fenate, by granting commiffions which shall expire at the end of their next feffion.

SECT. 3. He fhall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their confideration fuch measures as he fhall judge neceffary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occafions, convene both houfes, or either of them, and in cafe of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to fuch time as he fhall think proper; he fhall receive ambaffadors and other public minifters; he fhall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and fhall commiffion all the officers of the United States.

SECT. 4. The Prefident, Vice-Prefident, and all civil officers of the United States, fhall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and mifdemeanors.

SECT. I. The judicial power of the United States fhall be vefted in one fupreme court, and in fuch inferior courts, as the Congrefs may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the fupreme and inferior courts, fhall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their fervices, a compenfation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

SECT. 2. The judicial power fhall extend to all cafes, in law and equity, arifing under this conflitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which fhall be made, under their authority; to all cafes affecting ambassadors, other public minifters, and confuls; to all cafes of admiralty and maritime jurifdiction; to controverfies to which the United States fhall be a party; to controverfies between two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens of the fame State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or fubjects.

In all cafes affecting ambaffadors, other public ministers, and confuls, and those in which a State fhall be party, the fupreme court shall have original jurifdiction. In all the other cafes before mentioned, the fupreme court fhall have appellate jurifdiction, both as to law and fact, with fuch exceptions, and under fuch regulations as the Congrefs fhall make.

The trial of all crimes, except in cafes of impeachment, fhall be by 'jury; and fuch trial fhall be held in the State where the faid crime fhall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the

trial fhall be at fuch place or places as the Congrefs may by law have directed.

SECT. 3. Treafon against the United States fhall confift only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort, No perfon fhall be convicted of treafon, unless on the teftimony of two witneffes to the fame overt act, or on confeffion in open

court.

The Congress fhall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treafon fhall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the perfon attainted.

SECT. I.

ARTICLE IV.

Full faith and credit fhall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congrefs may by general laws prefcribe the manner in which fuch acts, records, and proceedings fhall be proved, and the effect thereof. SECT. 2. The citizens of each State fhall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the feveral States.

A perfon charged in any State with treafon, felony, or other crime, who fhall flee from juftice, and be found in another State, fhall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be de livered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime,

No perfon held to fervice or labour in one State, under the laws thereof, efcaping into another, fhall, in confequence of any law or regulation therein, be difcharged from fuch fervice or labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom fuch fervice or labour may

be due,

SECT, 3, New States may be admitted by the Congrefs into this union, but no new State fhall be formed or erected within the jurifdic tion of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legisla tures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

The Congrefs fhall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations refpecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this conftitution fhall be fo conftrued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any parti cular State,

SECT. 4. The United States fhall guarantee to every State in this union a republican form of government, and fhall protect each of them against invafion; and on application of the legislature, or of the execu❤ tive, when the legislature cannot be convened, against domeftic violence.

ARTICLE V.

The Congrefs, whenever two thirds of both houfes fhall deem it ne ceffary,

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