Research Design and Statistics for Applied Linguistics

able allow analysis ANOVA answers appropriate assign assume beginning chapter collected column comparisons consider control group correct correlation course decide dependent difference distribution divide effect English error estimate example expect experiment factor Figure foreign students formula frequency give given identify important improvement independent variable individual instruction interpret interval language learners learning look mean measure method normal distribution null hypothesis observations obtained pairs performance population possible practice predict present pretest probability problem procedure proficiency question random reading regression reject the null relationship relative reliability sample sample means scale scattergram scores significance simple square standard deviation statistics subjects Suppose t-test tell treatment validity variance