late Superintendent of the Toulonese Emigrants. In one portable volume, Ss.

EDUCATION.

History of the Fairchild Family; or, the Child's Manual, being a collection of stories, calculated to show the importance and effects of a religious education. By Mrs. Sherwood. With a frontispiece. 12mo.

5s.

Geographical Questions and Exercises, blended with historical and biographical information. By Richard Chambers, author of an Introduction to Arithmetic. 2s. bound.

Nature Displayed in her Mode of Teaching Language to Man; being a new and infallible method of acquiring languages with unparalleled rapidity, deduced from the analysis of the human mind, and cousequently suited to every capacity. Adapted to the French. By N. G. Dufief. 2 vols. 8vo. £l 8s.

A Visit to the Bazaar: illustrated by 32 engravings, exhibiting the different trades carried on there; with appropriate explanations. Square 12mo. Ss. plain, and 4s. coloured, half-bound.

Scenes in Europe; written for the amusement and instruction of little tarry-at-home travellers: illustrated by 84 engravings, and a map. By the Rev. I. Taylor. 12mo. 4s. plain, and 6s. coloured, half bound.

The Pleasures of Life; written in the manner of Mrs. Barbauld's Hymns, in prose. By the author of many approved little works. 12mo. 2s. 6d. half-bound.

An Introduction to Geography, on the easy, natural, and self-evident principle of describing the maps in writing. By which the irksome labour, and unnecessary waste of time usually employed in the acquisition of this science, are avoided. By F. Francis, Private Teacher. 12mo. 2s. bds.

Miscellaneous Pieces, selected from the Family Magazine; designed principally for the information and improvement of the lower classes, and also for young persons in the higher walks of life. By the late Mrs. Trimmer. 12mo. 4s. 6d. bound.

The Philosophy of Elocution, elucidated and exemplified by readings of the Liturgy of the Church; for the use of young clergymen, and students who are preparing for Holy Orders. By James Wright, of Magdalen Hall, Oxford. 8vo. 12s.

HISTORY.

Universal History. By J. Aspin Part IX. 4to. 5s.

The Civil and Constitutional History of Rome, from its foundation to the age of Augustus. By Henry Bankes, Esq. M. P. | 2 vols. 8vo. £1. 4s.

LAW.

The Justice Law for the last five years: being supplementary to the several treatises on the office and duties of a justice of the peace, by Burn, Williams, and Dickinson: comprehending the statutes and decided cases relating thereto, to the conclusion of the session of 57 Geo. III. with additional precedents. By William Dickinson, Esq. Barrister at Law, and one of his Majesty's Justices of the Peace. 8vo £1.5s.

A short Digest of the Law and Practice in Bankruptcy; including a statement of the commissioners' authority to summon and examine witnesses, and others, under commissions of bankrupt; with a reference to all the material cases. To which are added the orders in bankruptcy. By Geo. Roots, Esq 8vo. 12s.

Cases in Bankruptcy, in 1817, in the High Court of Chancery; to which is added a digested index of cases reported in the different courts, presenting at one various courts. By I. W. Buck, Esq. Linview the contemporaneous decisions of the coln's Inn, Barrister at Law. Vol. 1, Part I. 8vo. 6s.

MEDICINE.

Modern Maladies and Present State of Medicine. The anniversary oration delivered before the Medical Society of London, and published at their request. By D. Uwins, M. D. 2s.

Practical Illustrations of the Scarlet Fever, Measles, Pulmonary Consumption, and Chronic Diseases, termed nervous, bilious, stomachic, and the like. With observations on the efficacy of sulphureous waters in various complaints. By John Armstrong, M. D. 8vo. 14s. bds.

Facts and Observations on Liver Complaints, and those various derangements of the constitution arising from Hepatic Obstruction; with practical remarks on the biliary and gastric secretions, and upon other important points essential to health; pointing out a new and successful mode of treatment, and illustrated by numerous

cases.

The third edition very considerably enlarged. By John Faithhorn, formerly Surgeon in the Hon. East India Company's Service. 8vo.

A Treatise on Blood Letting in Fevers. By J. Van Rotterdam, Physician to the Great Hospital at Ghent, &c. &c. Translated from the French, by J. Taylor, M .D.

8vo. 5s.

MISCELLANIES.

The Rights of Property vindicated, against the claims of universal suffrage; with an analysis of the principle of pro

Foreign Literary Gazette.

AMERICA: UNITED STATES.

Native Copper: vast mass of Dr. Lebaron, Apothecary General of the United States, has recently communicated to the Institution of New York, the following information:

In the bed of the river Onatanagan, which falls into Lake Superior, on the South East, has been discovered a mass of native copper, larger than any other, of a like nature, in the known world. It is no less than fourteen feet in circumference, and seems to be composed of copper in a state of purity. Dr. L. has presented a specimen to the Institution, accompanied by a map of the Western side of Lake Superior. This map is the production of a young Indian of the Chippeway tribe; it shews the course of the river Onatanagan, with the spot where this mass of copper lies: it shews also, all the remarkable currents of the Lake, with its bays

and islands.

Rare Animal: Quadruped. The same Society has also received a present of the skin of an animal, which is rarely met with, and inhabits the summits of rocky mountains. This quadruped, which is perfectly white, partakes of the form of the goat, the sheep, and the antelope. Under the exterior coat, which is hairy, grows an extremely fine wool, equal to that of the finest Merinos, and extremely white. This skin, for which the Society is beholden to Mr. Aston, has been placed in the cabinet of Natural History belonging to the Institution.

American Literary Societies. The American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia is printing a new volume of its Transactions.

The Agricultural Society of Philadelphia is printing the fourth volume of its Communications. Much attention has been bestowed on the Geology of the United States; and Mr. Mac Cleuch has published an interesting memoir on that subject, illustrated with a geological map.

The Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia, publish occasionally a number of their Journal. We have received a copy of their publications, of which an account will be found in p. 228 of the present number.

Dr. Barton (nephew of the late eminent physician and naturalist, Dr. B. S. Barton) is publishing an important work on the VOL. VIII. No. 44, Lit. Pan. N.S. May 1.

Materia Medica. Dr. Bigelow, Professor of Botany at Boston, is also publishing a work on the same subject.

AUSTRIA.

Voyage of Discovery: Natural History. On occasion of the departure of the Archduchess Leopoldina for Rio Janeiro, the Emperor of Austria determined to send under her protection, and forming part of her suite, a number of scientific men, naturalists, and other literati. These are commissioned to examine the principal provinces of Brazil, and to make their observations and researches in every 'department of science, of the arts, and of natural phenomena: they will also make collections of articles of natural history, and others, proper to enrich the cabinets and museums of Vienna. The general direction, the conditions, and plan of this literary and scientific expedition, the choice of the gentlemen engaged, &c. has been confided to Prince Metternich, who has named the following company: in the University of Prague, &c. who has J. C. Mikan, M.D. Professor of Botany the superintendence of the department of Botany and Natural History.

M. Natterer, one of the Keepers of the Imperial Cabinet of Natural History; this gentleman's department of discovery is Zoology.

M. Thomas Enders, Landscape Painter. M. Sochor, a huntsman in the service of the Imperial Archduke; from whose activity in the chace much is expected. Botanic Garden of the Belvedere. M. Schott, inspector of the Imperial Professor Pohl, of Prague, whose department is Mineralogy.

John Buchberger, Painter of Flowers and Plants.

M. Schiich, Librarian of the Archduchess, now Princess of Brazil.

Of these nine persons the first five em barked at Trieste, and sailed for Brazil, April 5, 1817. The other four embarked from Leghorn with the Archduchess.M. Schribes, director of the Imperial Cabinet of Natural History at Vienna, will receive the correspondence and publish the results.

To these nine literati the King of Bavaria has added two members of the academy at Munich: Dr. Martins and Dr. Spix, conservator of the Zoologic collections.

Ancient Church: curious.

In Austria on the Ems, has lately been discovered at Schoengrabern, near Hollabrun, an ancient church of the Templars ; it has made a considerable impression on

L

It is well known, that great anxiety has lately prevailed throughout our own country with respect to the fruit-bearing trees in general; and particularly on account of the decaying state of the apple tree. To that decay, there can be no doubt but what the vicissitudes of the seasons essentially contribute, and especially the frosts to which our climate is subject. It may, therefore, prove of some interest to peruse the observations made by other nations on a similar subject; and these we take from Le Verger Francais, &c. The French Orchard, by the Chevalier Aubert de Petit Thouars, of which a part already published treats on the effects of frosts on plants.

To explain the different effects of frost on fruit trees, the author distinguishes them into three species: those which are indigenous; those which, though of foreign origin, are become habituated to the climate; and those which still are exotics. In the first class the Chevalier ranks those trees, which, notwithstanding the severity of the cold, retain their fruit, such as the coniferous, and those which keep their leaves, but which, nevertheless, resist the | severity of the strongest frosts; such as oaks, and almost all forest trees. As to those trees which are become habituated to the climate, they resist ordinary frosts, but are not able to bear those which are more intense. Among these are the nuttrees, the introduction of which into Gaul is extremely ancient, which are cultivated in all parts of France, and which having been established during many ages, might have been capable of supporting many winters; yet, nevertheless, the winter of 1788-9 proved fatal to great numbers of them. In that winter, the magnificent cypresses were destroyed. There are also other trees which may be considered as conformed to the climate, the cultivation of which, however, is restricted within certain boundaries; and which perish if extended beyond them; such are the orange and the lemon trees, which are able to maintain themselves in the open air, in some parts of France, as Provence; and such are the olives, which may be cultivated beyond those boundaries. But without having passed their ordinary li

mits, these trees, for the most part, were not able to endure the rigour of certain winters. Accordingly, in the winter of 1809, as in that of 1788 9, a very great proportion of them perished. The figtrees advance to the vicinity of Paris, where they may flourish many years in succession without sustaining any aceident; but if at length winter assumes its full terrors, the labour of twenty years is ruined at once. The author concludes that habitude to climate, that delightful chimera of cultivation ! (as he expresses bimself) is restricted within very narrow bounds.

The fig-tree becomes the thermometer of the author's estimate; this he fixed on, during a journey that he made to Cherburgh. As he crossed the country of Maine, he never lost sight of them; and every where they announced the ravages of cold; but on approaching the confines of Normandy be found them not injured; he traced them in this condition to Cherburgh; there he found the most flourishing fig-trees standing in safety; and he learned on enquiry, that the thermometer had not descended lower than eight degrees below freezing: this had also been the case on the coast of Bretagne. It is well known, that for a very long period, the cold has never reached a great degree of intensity, in this province. The author was convinced of this at St. Maloes, where he saw with astonishment, extremely delicate plants pass the winter in the open air, without any shelter. This is usually attributed to the vicinity of the sea. It must, however, be observed, that in the year 1788 the cold had been very considerable on the coast near Caen; and consequently, more to the north, and on the coast near Rochelle, also, which is to the south; whence the author derived a confirmation of his opinion that the quality of the soil influences the temperature. In general, he adds, the CALCAREOUS SOILS are most exposed to the extremes of heat and cold, while SCHISTOUS and GRANITIC SOILS, such as those of the Cotentin, Bretagne, and part of Poitou, are of more equal temperature: the cold is never very cold; and the heat is never very hot: insomuch that certaiu fruits never arrive at maturity in these countries, and among others the grape, which unless it have a powerful heat toward the close of its maturity does not ripen.

The limit assigned by the author, in dependance on his thermometer, the figtree, is apparently, most extended in ONE own days. The Bengal rose, the Hortensia, were raised fifteen or twenty years ago in