and the Meira. Speaking of one of the wildest and loneliest scenes there, Parkman says: "I never knew a place so haunted by 'those airy tongues that syllable men's names.

244. Andeer, a village in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland. "I never left any place with more regret than these mountains."

245. the Ogillallah tongue, a dialect of the Dakota. Considerable literature is preserved in the Dakota language, and at the present time two Dakota newspapers are published. 248. mountains were on fire; the forest fire.

249. " washtay,"
," translated by the word just following.

253. worst of the three. Byron was one of Parkman's favorite authors. The last book he read was Childe Harold.

253. antres, caverns.

CHAPTER XX

254. Sublette. Four brothers of this name were prominent in the fur trade of the West. In one generation the family became extinct.

255. Comanches, a martial tribe ranging along the foot of the Rocky Mountains.

Russel's party. Col. William H. Russel, of Kentucky, started with a party of 350 emigrants. At Fort Bridger dissensions arose. Russel finally succeeded in reaching California with a few of the original party.

Captain Wyeth, of Boston, led a party over the Oregon Trail in 1832. Although his trip was a notable accomplishment, his business venture was a financial failure.

257. apocryphal, imaginary. Utah squaw.

The Utes lived east of Great Salt Lake. "Goché's Hole." A "hole" is a level area surrounded by hills; the term is used in the northern part of the Rocky Mountains. It is equivalent to "Park" in the southern part of the Rockies.

259. Pueblo. This name was applied to a number of mud forts on the Arkansas above Bent's Fort. The one Parkman visited was probably on the site of the present city of Pueblo.

261. war had been declared with Mexico. President Polk's message, May 11, 1846, read: "War exists, and notwithstanding all our efforts to avoid it, exists by the act of Mexico herself." Matamoras, captured May 18, 1846.

262. poncho. A narrow blanket with a slit for the head to pass through. The blanket hangs down before and behind, leaving the arms free.

66 'to daff the world aside Fourth, Act III, scene 1:

First Part of King Henry the

"The nimble-footed madcap Prince of Wales,
And his comrades, that daff'd the world aside
And bid it pass."

Paganini (1782-1840), a noted Italian violinist. famous for his execution on the single G-string.

263. tutelary spirit, a guardian spirit or genius.

He was

264. horned frog, also called horned toad. It is not a frog, but a lizard shaped like a frog. It has spikes all over its back and especially long ones on its head.

gave up the ghost. The author adds (1872), "he now occupies a bottle of alcohol in the Agassiz Museum." This is the zoological museum of Harvard University.

266. Long's Peak, about forty miles northeast of Denver. 267. Scylla and Charybdis, a rock and whirlpool in the Straits of Messina. "We steered down between Scylla and Charybdis and in half an hour were fairly out of the Sicilian Sea. The ghost of departed perils still lingers about the scene—an apology for a whirlpool on one side still-bearing the name of Scylla— and an insignificant shoal on the other."-Parkman's Diary.

Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, banished the reptiles from the country, according to a legend related by Jocelyn.

268. Sweating lodges-the Turkish baths of the Indians.

"To the sweat-house went Cecil forthwith. He found it to be a little arched hut made by sticking the ends of bent willow wands into the ground and covering them over with skins, leaving only a small opening for entrance. When a sick person wished to take one of these 'sweat baths' so common among the Indians, stones were heated red hot and put within the hut, and water was poured on them. The invalid, stripped to the skin, entered, the opening was closed behind him and he was left to steam in the vapors.' -The Bridge of the Gods. Bk. IV. Chap. II, p. 177.

"This little framework is an Indian bath-house In the spring nights when the willows begin to blossom they bend the branches into the shape you see here, and they place two big stones in the hut and across them the skull of a buffalo with horns pointing north. Then they cover the hut with blankets and creep inside and build a big fire. There they kneel in the smoke, and the sweat rolls from them and they are purified. And they pray to their God in a loud voice to drive back the white man to his home across the water, and they know that some day these things will be, for the horns are good medicine and their God talks to them through the smoke. Then they run out quickly to the ice-cold river and jump in. After that they sit in the blankets all night and sing songs that are very strange, for they are very sad'.'-The Old Man at Lone Pine, Nassau Lit. Mag., vol. 59.

M. St. Vrain. St. Vrain's Fort was also called Fort George. It was built at the junction of the St. Vrain Creek and the South Platte.

still another fort, known by two names, Lupton and Lancaster. It was also built of adobe. The ruins are still visible. 269. Cherry Creek, a branch of the South Platte, flowing northward into the main stream at Denver.

270." Des Sauvages!" Indians!

271. Dark Suli. A mountainous district in the western part of European Turkey.

Pindus. A range of mountains in Greece, between Thessaly and Epirus.

sky of Naples. The Bay of Naples is noted for its beautiful shore and its sunsets.

Capri, a small island near Naples famed for its bold and picturesque scenery.

272. "La Fontaine qui Bouille," Boiling Spring Creek.

CHAPTER XXI

272. glaive, a poetic word for sword.

wall of mud, i.e., adobe, unburned brick dried in the sun. 273. Turkish fashion, cross-legged.

Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, two battles of the Mexican War, fought by General Taylor, May 8 and 9, 1846.

274. Mormons. This was the beginning of the Mormon emigration to Utah, which took place chiefly during the two years following.

275. The human race. In the southwestern part of the United States the position of the Mexicans is very forcibly expressed by the contemptuous term Greaser, applied to them by Americans.

276. Nauvoo, a once flourishing city of about 10,000, built by the Mormons, in Illinois. They were forced to abandon the city in 1846, the year of Parkman's trip. Joseph Smith, their leader, had been killed by a mob two years before. Their new prophet was Brigham Young.

Bent's Fort, in Colorado on the Arkansas River, then the boundary line between the United States and Mexico. Charles Bent, a pioneer with his brother, William, in the Santa Fé trade, was the first United States governor of New Mexico. He was assassinated the next year in Taos. A graphic account of this is given in the Literary Digest, Jan. 29, 1910. Bent's Fort was built in 1829, at a place near the present town of La Junta.

discharged him. "The hunter Raymond perished in the snow during Fremont's disastrous passage to the mountains in the winter of 1848."-Preface to the 1872 edition.

278. yager, an antiquated rifle of the United States army. a sailor. Seamen are notoriously poor riders. Compare with the description of the Shipman in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales: "He rode upon a rouncy as he coude."

Bridger's Fort, southwest of South Pass, was the second great stopping-place on the Oregon Trail. Jim Bridger was the Grand Old Man of the Mountains," and could not endure the canyons of the city," as he called the streets of St. Louis.

CHAPTER XXII

279. Tête Rouge, red head.

280. Calomel, a mild chloride of mercury. Some decades ago it rivaled quinine as a cure-all.

283. to get foul of, to come into collision with.

CHAPTER XXIII

285. train of Santa Fé wagons. After Governor Armigo of New Mexico began to tax all wagons at $500 duty, regardless of size, the Santa Fé wagons developed into enormous institutions.

The Caches (Käsh or Kåsh), five miles west of where Dodge City now stands. In Parkman's day the mossy pits were still objects of interest to travelers, but they have now been washed into the river. A cache is a hole dug in the ground to hide provisions in safety for a time. The term is used especially in northern regions and by the Indians, who are expert at such concealments.

289. Maxwell the trader. Lucien Maxwell later married the daughter of Beaubien, and purchased that part of the Beaubien Grant known as Maxwell rancho. He erected on the headwaters of the Cimarron River in New Mexico a palatial residence in which for years he entertained with medieval hospitality. He accompanied the Fremont Expeditions, 1842 and 1843-4. See Fremont's Report, printed by order of the U.S. Senate, 1845.

CHAPTER XXIV

293. Caledon, Scotland.

298. Kit Carson (1809-1868), a trapper, guide, soldier, and Indian agent of the Southwest.

298. Oui, bien chargé, yes, well loaded. C'est un bon fusil, it is a good gun.

CHAPTER XXV

309. "Victory," Nelson's flagship in the battle of Trafalgar, 1805.

310. Porsons. Richard Porson (1759-1808) was an English scholar famous for his knowledge of Greek. He was educated

at Eton and Cambridge, and taught at Cambridge.

Fleet Street, London, leading to the Strand and the West End, is now one of the busiest streets in the world.

Chesterfield, Earl of (1694-1773). He was distinguished for his polished manners. His one important production was his

Letters to his Son.

311. jester, or court fool. He carried a bauble and was dressed in motley and cap with bells.

313. 66

preferring the tyranny of the open night." Cf. King Lear, Act. III, scene 4:

"The tyranny of the open night's too rough

For nature to endure."

CHAPTER XXVI

316. the old trail of the Cimarron, the main Santa Fé trail. It formed the hypotenuse of a triangle, the other two sides of which were formed by the trails from the Caches to Bent's Fort, and from Bent's Fort to Santa Fé.

Price's Missouri regiment. Stirling Price was a colonel of Missouri cavalry in the Mexican War. He was made a brigadiergeneral. He served the Confederacy during the Civil War.

317. Doniphan's regiment. Doniphan, a lawyer, was Colonel of the First Missouri. He commanded at the battle of Sacramento.

the battle of Sacramento. In 1847, with scarcely 1,000 men, he marched 200 miles, met a force of 4,000 at Sacramento Pass, and defeated them with great loss-800 killed and woundedwhile his own loss was only one man killed and eleven wounded. 318. Springfield Carbines, a single breech-loader manufactured by the government, at Springfield, Massachusetts.

CHAPTER XXVII

333. the Mormon battalion. Five hundred men were enlisted for service for twelve months. They were sent to California, where they were discharged, retaining all their accoutrements. 334. " Camp ahoy!" Ahoy is a sailor's term used to attract the attention of someone at a distance.

335. Cow Creek, a small stream emptying into the Arkansas at Hutchinson.

336. Little Arkansas. It reaches the Arkansas at Wichita. Council Grove, where Santa Fé caravans were organized. The grove was a mile in width and of several miles in extent. It was named by the Santa Fé Road Commissioners, who in 1825 made treaties with the Indians at that place.

337. Diamond Spring, according to Gregg, the historian of the Santa Fé Trail, a crystal fountain discharging itself into a small brook." It was southwest of Council Grove, and the two places could not have been passed in the order in which Parkman gives them. Rock Creek and Elder Grove are east of Council

Grove.

339. Kansas Landing, Kansas City.

340. "Adieu, mes bourgeois." Good-bye, my masters.