his labours, 46, 181; survived her
brother, 46.
Herschel, Sir J., nephew of the latter,

and son of the former, 45, 46; his
discourse before the Astronomical
Society, 143; remarks on southern
stars, 157; his catalogue of nebulæ,
181, 182; notices of his labours and
citations from his disquisitions, 183,
et al.

Hesiod, 5, 6.

Hesseburg, fossil footmarks at, 714.
Hevelius of Dantzic, his labours, 34;
specially observed the northern hemi-
sphere, 41; Hounds of, 154, 155; dis-
covers a temporary star, 168; searches
for the Stella Mira, 170.
High-water at various places, time of,
356.

Highlands, the Scotch, 658, 659, 602,
681, et al.

Himalaya mountains, 204, 487, 540;
geology of the, 645, 681, et al.
Hindoo tables, 4.

Hindoos, complexions of the, 599, 600.
Hinds, Mr, 548, 560, 569.
Hipparchus, 11; the greatest astrono-

mical name in antiquity, 10; made
a catalogue of the fixed stars, 10;
also an artificial globe, 11; his system
illustrated and examined, 12.
Hippopotamus, the, 590, 594; the fos-
sil, 756.

History of astronomical discovery, 1-

48.

Hitchcock, Professor, 633, 702, 714-
716, 761.
Hoar-frost, 483.

Hob-hole, Whitby, view and descrip-
tion of, 393.
Hoff, M., 388, 398.

Hog, notices of the, 588, 592, 593, 005,
606.

Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, quoted,
120.

Holland, tides of, 358; coasts of, 401.
Holland, Dr, 712.

Hollows, circular, at Polistena, 433.
Holoptychius, the, 688.

Home, Sir Everard, 721.

the Cordilleras, 221; of the Sahara
and other deserts, 226, 229; of the
llanos, 230; of cavities in the earth,
240, 242; of Guacharo, 245; of the
climate of tropical America, 296-
299; his conjecture regarding the
Caspian, 317; notice of ocean springs,
328; light and colour of oceanic
water, 330, 333; his observations on
the Mediterranean, 347; on the At-
lantic sea-weeds, 348; currents, 362;
of the earthquake at Caraccas, 431;
of the tropics, 441; his observations
on Teneriffe, 441, 491; his table of
climates, 493; his theory of Ameri-
can climates, 495; his account of
climates in general, 496-503; of a
thunder-storm at Cumana, 518; and
of a halo seen there, 530; of subter-
ranean plants near, 547; gigantic
trees measured by, 549; his account
of the forests of equinoctial America,
555; and its trees, 557; declares the
native country of the potato to be
unknown, 567; describes the action
of the electrical eel on man and ani-
mals, 576; his account of a cayman,
580; of the jaguar, 586; of the wild
horses of South America, 587; of the
earth-eating Indians, 598; of the
acute scent of Indians, 606; of the
longevity of Indians, 607; was a pupil
of Werner, 617; his observations on
the Peruvian rocks, 645; on the
Andes' tops, 655.
Hungary, mountains of, 656.
Hunter, Mr John, 609.
Hurricanes, 451-456; illustration of
tropical, 451; in South America,
451; in the East and West Indies,
452-455; their whirlwind character,
453, 456; their action on desert
sands, 456; on dusty plains, 457; on
the ocean, 457; their uses in the
economy of nature, 458, 565.
Hutton, Dr James, propounded the
Vulcanian or igneous hypothesis of
geology, 618; his exploration of Glen
Tilt, 632.
Hutton, Mr, 702.

269, 367, 600.

Homo, the genus, 595.

Honfleur, fossil bones found near, 723,
726.

Hooke, Dr, developed the influence of
gravity, 38.

Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 517.
Horizontal stratification illustrated,

625.

Hornblende, a component of granite,
644; and of greenstone, 652; of
trachytic rock, 655; of slate, 659.
Horrock and Crabtree observe transit
of Venus, CS.

Horsburgh, Captain, 384, 439.
Horse, the wild, of South America,
587, 600; other animals of the equine
kind, 598; diversities of the, Co5.
Hot spring plants, 550.
Hot wells. See Thermal Springs.
Hot winds, 447-450.
Hotham volcanic island, visit to, de-
scription and view of, 377-379.
Howard, Mr Luke, 463, 480, 483.
Hudson, the river, 620; Palisadoes, or
basaltic rocks of the, 627.
Human race, chapter on the distribu-
tion of the, 595-610; its numbers,
598; food, 597; varieties, 598; colour
of skin, and complexion, 599; shape
of the head, 601-605; bodily propor-
tions, 605; odours, 605; other diver-
sities, 606; longevity, 607; general
analogies, 608; pretensions and
usurpations of races, 609; original
unity, 609; and accidental disper-
sions, 610.

Humboldt, Von, 211; his account of

and the great nebula in Orion, 34,
185; is invited to, but afterwards
banished from, France, 34; a re-
mark of his, 164.

Hyades, constellation of the, 159.
Hydrogen, with oxygen, forms water,

622.

Iguana, the, 729.

Iguanodon, the, 729.
Illusions, aërial, 535-543.
Inclined stratification, illustration of,
627-630.

India, flora of, 562, 563.
Indications, concluding chapter on
general geological, 784-788.
Indus, the river, 294, 357.
Inequalities of the ocean-bed, 326.
Inflammable springs, 275.
Infusoria, 572, 614.

Inglis, Mr, his mountain experiences,
214, 217; traced rivers to their
sources, 278; his opinion of the
Shannon rapid, 284; his estimation
of divers European rivers, 299;
account of the Tyrolese Alps, 490.
Ingredients, the various, found in
granite, 644.

Inquiry into the origin of the various
races of men, 599-610.

Insect tribes, the, 572; in equatorial
and polar regions, 573; fossil, list of
successive, 640.

Intermittent springs, 265; diagram of
the action of one, 265.
Internal structure of rocks, illustrated,
€24.

Intertropical regions of animals, 589.
Irby and Mangles, Captains, 315, 421.
Ireland, lakes of, 310, 311; climate of,
492; has no serpents or toads, 579;
has no tertiary strata, 739; granite
of, 649, 650; pitchstone of, 653;
geological districts of, 659, 668; bogs
of, 769.

Ironstone, localities of, 695.
Irving, Washington, his description of
the prairies, 234.
Ischia, island of, 780.
Islay, isle of, 661.

Jaguar, the, or American tiger, 586,

589.

Jameson, Professor, 401, 421, 617, 619.
Jarrow colliery, fossil lepidodendra
found in, 705.
Java, isle of, 591.

Jefferson, President, 758.

Jericho, rose of, a remarkable plant,
548.

Jerome, St, passage in his comment-
aries, 267.

Jerusalem, temple of, 522.

Hypogenous rocks, 643.
Hypothesis of Linnæus regarding the
original habitat of plants, difficulties
attending the, 564.

Ice-fields in the ocean, description and
view of, 337; icebergs, origin and
character, with an illustration, 338-
345; perils to navigators from, 339-
341, 342-345; animals drifted on,

592.

Iceland, 361; Yokuls of, 207; volcanic
isle near, 375; calamities in, 376;
boiling mud of, 515; lightning in,
519; aurora borealis in, 527; atmo-
spherical isothermal phenomena of,
542; rein-deer and white bear of,
588.

Ichnolites, or foot-prints in stone, 714.
Ichthyolites, 684-686, 689, 694.
Ichthyophagous races of men, 597.
Ichthyosaurus, the, 640, 721, 724.
Igneous action, force of, 631, 643; past,
in Britain, 656, 698.
Ignis-fatuus, the, 543-545; localities
of, 543-545; view of an, 544; arises
from inflammable gas, 545.

Jorullo mountain in Mexico, descrip-
tion and views of, 239, 782; its
origin, 426.

Josephus, citations from, 315, 522.
Judea, rains of, 469, 470; hail-storms
in, 479; dews of, 482.
Jungfrau, the, or Virgin Mountain,
203.

Juno, the planetoid, 91.
Jupiter, the planet, 93; his brightness
-distance from the sun-path and
rate of movement-dimensions, 93;
his density-form, 94; has no seasons
like the terrestrial-reasons therefor,
94; zones or bands, otherwise belts,
of, 94; their supposed use, 95;
satellites of, four in number, 95, 191;
eclipses of the, 96; are of great use
in astronomical calculations, 96; the
Jovian system a miniature of the
solar, 97; area and solid contents of,
102; inclination of, to the earth, 104;
density of, 106.

Jura, district of the, 408; section of
undulated strata of the, 630; lime-
stone of the, 718, 761; Oolitic system
of the, 724.
Jura, isle of, 661.

Jussieu, M., 551.

Kaaterskill Falls, description and view
of the, 284.

Kadu, a native of Ulea, his enforced
voyage, 610.

Kalofaro, the ancient Charybdis, 368.
Kamenis, volcanic isles of the, 374.
Kamtschatka, 588.

Kandal Steig Lake, view of, 310.
Kangaroo, the, 591, 594.
Kaup, Professor, 714, 748.
Keith, Mr, on the dissemination of
plants, 565.

Kelloway rock, the, 726.
Kentish ragstone, 730; chalk, 731.
Keppler, John, is invited to Prague by
Tycho Brahe, 26; his birth, educa-
tion, and discoveries, 27; his three
great laws, 27; becomes zealous
Copernican, and was the harbinger of
Newton, 28; his observations on the
comet of 1604, and others, 28; falls
into distress in his latter years, 28;
his death, 29; was the discoverer of
the general laws of the universe, 33;
surmised those of gravitation, 38;
also the existence of other planets,
46; was a zealous watcher of the
stars, 158; his familiar refutation of
the Epicurean atheism, 167; his
graphic account of a new star, 168;
divined the true cause of tides, 352.
Kerguelen's Land, flora of, 563; has no
indigenous population, 596.
Keswick, rainfall at, 469, 474.
Khamsin wind, 447.

Killarney, lakes of, 310.

Killicrankie, 659.

Killingworth coal-mine, 502.
Kimmeridge clay, the, 726, 727.
Kinderscout, eminence of, 694.
Kingsclere, valley of, illustrated, 630.
Kirby, Rev. Mr, 543.

Kirby and Spence's Entomology
quoted, 746.

Kirkcudbright, illustration of rocks at,

655.

Kirkdale Cavern, fossil bones found in,
251; view of opening to, 252.
Knight, Mr T. A., 678.

Koferstein's estimate of fossils, €35.
Konig, Mr, 721.

Konigsberg in Norway, huge mass of
silver found at, 634.

Koran, mentions the stars as used in
navigation, 144.

Labiata, botanical region of the, 560.
Laborde, Count A., 712.
Labyrinthodon, the, 713.
Lacepède, 575, 578.
Lacustrine deposits, 775.
Ladoga, Lake, 318.
Lagoons, what they are, 308; common
in coral isles, 384.
Lakes, chapter on, 308-325; their
characteristics, and origin, 308; those
of primary regions, 309; of secondary
regions, 310; of Britain, 310; of Ire-
land, 311; of Europe, &c., 311;
lakes without affluents or outlets,
those with outlets and no affluents,
those with affluents, but without
outlets, and those with both affluents
and outlets, 312-318; characteris-
tics of various, 318; floating islands
in, 318-320, 593; fluctuations and
changes in, 320; the American, 321;
depth of various, 322; periodical,
322; decrease in, 323; of Wales, 324.
Lalande, M., anecdote of, 158; his cata-
logue of the stars, 158.
Lamarck, M., 750.
Lamartine, M. de, 559.

Laminar structure of rocks, 624; for-
mations, hypothesis of, 658.
Lammermuir hills, the, 662.
Lancaster Sound, 450.

Land changes, interior, chapter on,
407-435; in mountainous regions,
407; in sandy regions, 421-423; in
active volcanic districts, 423; in in-
active volcanic regions, 427; after
earthquakes, 430; concluding reflec-
tions on, 434; land-slips and moun-
tain-slips, their causes, 408; of
Mount Carnans, 408; of the Rosen-
berg, 408; of Mont Conto, 410; of
Les Diablerets, 411; of Mont Grenier,
411; in the Alleghanies, 419, 420; at
Seminaria, 433; view of a, 613; of
Marley Hill and Kynaston, 679.
Landes of Bordeaux, 237, 402.
Languedoc, extinct volcanoes of, 417.
Laplace, M., 3, 436; solved the problem
left by Newton and Keppler, 34;
eulogises Flamstead, 37; his estimate
of Newton's Principia, 38; and of
Bradley's merits, 42; his opinions of
temporary stars, 169.
Lapland, swarms of insects in, 573;
white fox of, 588.

Lisbon, earthquake of, 386; its remote
influence, 270, 431.

Liverpool, prevailing winds at, 450.
Lizard class, animals of the, 579; leth-
argy they are occasionally subject to,
580; general tribes of, 592.
Llama, the, 589, 594.
Llampeter, fossil remains at, 666.
Llandeilo rocks, 669, et al.
Llanos of South America, account of
the, 230, 576, 587.
Loch Dee granite, 649.
Loch Earn, 659.

Loch Katrine, 311, 659; view of, 309.
Loch Leven, view of, 524.
Loch Lomond, 320, 542, 776.
Loch Sunart, 658.
Loch Tay, 659.
Locke, Professor, 672.
Locomotive powers of birds, 582.
Locust, particulars of, and its ravages,
573; serves as food in the East, 597.
Logan-stone, the celebrated, 648.
Loire, descent of the river, 281.
Lombardy, plain of, 553.
Lomonosov, a Russian poet, his verses
on the northern lights, 524.
London, anemometer of, 459; climate
of, 492; winters and summers of,
498; built on tertiary strata, 739.
London basin, strata of, illustrated,
741.

Longevity of mankind, 607.
Lonsdale, Mr, 670.
Lophiodon, 745.

Lowerz, lake of, 409, 410.

Lowland, or ground-level of Europe,
defined, 223.

Lubec Bay, account of, 773.
Lucretius, citations from, 271, 275, 295,
457, 571, 615.
Lucrine Lake, 403, 405.

Lucullus introduced the cherry-tree,
568.

Ludlow rocks, 669, et al.; site of town
of, 678.

Lunar observations of Flamstead, 37;
influences examined, 86, 482.
Lunardi, the aëronaut, 437.
Lyell, Sir Charles, 687; his theory of
thermal springs, with an illustrative
diagram, 273; his account of the
force of river-currents, 283; his sum-
mary of losses at sea, 373; observa-
tions at Sheringham, 395; at Dun-
wich, 395; on the Rhone, 398; on
the temple of Serapis, 405; on earth-
quakes in Chili, 406; on the absence
of heath-plants in America, 558;
on the dissemination of plant-seeds,
566, 567; on fish of inland seas, 578;
on stray birds, 583; his Principles of
Geology, 615, 616; his geological re-
searches, 643, 657, 661, 684, 731, 740,
741, 743, 750, 774, 787.

Lyon, Captain, 528.

Lyons, Gulf of, 450.
Lyra, constellation of, 163.

Macculloch, Dr, his geological observa-
tions, 619, 628, 633, 635, 643, 654, 655,
658, 659, 661, 702, 774, 784.
Madras, surf at, 350; description of a
monsoon at, 442-444.
Mæander, river of, 282, 398.
Maelstrom of Norway, 367.
Maestricht, mososaurus found near,
735, 736.

Magellan's voyage, incident of, 520.

Magnesian limestone, composition and
localities of, 711.

Magnesite or meerschaum, 739.
Magnetic needle, dip of the, 522; varia-
tion of the, 523.

Magnetism is intimately connected with
electricity, 522.

Magnitude of the stars, 164.
Magnolias, region of the, 561.

Mairan, M., his observations on the
aurora borealis, 528, 529.

Malay islands, 591, 592; race, the,
603, 604.

Malcolmson, Dr, 472.

Malpais, a volcanic district in Mexico,
240.

Malte Brun, M., 221, 579, 610.

mated amount of the, 425; in the
earth's centre, probably in a state of
fusion, 643.
Maundrell, 482.

Mauritius, the, 452, 453, 592.
Mauvoisin, Mont, 414.
Mayer's lunar tables, 44.
Meadow or pasture plants, 549.
Mechanical structure of rocks, 624.
Mediterranean Sea, its colour, 331; its
extent, depths, and peculiarities, 336,
846-348; is almost without tides,
357, 404; hot winds in the, 449;
water-spouts in the, 458; flora of the
isles of, 560; fish of the, 577.
Meerschaum, or magnesite, 739.
Megalonyx, the, 758.

storm in the, 520.

Mam Tor Hill, 407.

Mammalia, 584-591; marine, 578;
came after reptiles, 639; list of fos-
sil, 640.

Mammifers, flying, 591.
Mammoth, the, 753.

Man, reflections on his humble and yet
exalted nature, 165; heedless nature
of, 410; unreasonable selfishness of,
434; his position in nature, 595; ani-
mal inferiority and helplessness, 595;
numerical distribution of, 596; adap-
tability of, to climate, 596; classed
by nature of food, 597; varieties of,
598-606; longevity, 607; compari-
son of tribes of, 608; migrations of,
610; remains of, 759; recent creation
of, 784-786.

Manatus Americanus, the, 578.
Mandia Lake, description and view of,
226.

Mantell, Dr, his Geology of Sussex,
388;
his list of strata and their ani-
mal remains, 636; his observations
on the perfect preservation of fossil
animals, 641, 642; his geological
observations, 677, 729-731, 735, 736.
Marble, its composition, 677; statuary,
660, 661.

Marcet, Dr, his analysis of sea-water,
329.

Mareotis, lake of, 397.

Marine plants, 548, 558; alluvium, 772.
Mariners' lights, 520.

Maritime or saline plants, 548.

Mark, tower of St, in Venice, view and
particulars of, 521.

Marley Hill, 679.

Marmorice Bay, storm at, 479.
Marriotte, M., his experiments, 263.
Mars, the planet, 64, 75; his distance
from the sun, 90; once an object of
fear, 89; varying distance of, from
the earth, 90; revolution of, round
the sun, 90; diameter, form, and
volume of, 90; physical constitution
of, 90; superficial appearances of,
91; analogies of, with our earth, 91;
inclination of, to the earth, 104;
relative density of, 106.
Marsh or swamp plants, 548, 558.
Marshes and bogs, carburetted hydro-
gen exhaled from, 545.
Marsupial animals, family of, 589, 591,

725.

Martial, epigram of, on Vesuvius, 423.
Martigny, on the Upper Rhone, 413-
415.

Martineau, Miss, her visit to Niagara
Falls, 290.

Massachusetts, surface of the State of,
has one quarter unstratified, 635;
view of erratic blocks in, 751.

Mastodon, the fossil, 747, 754.

Megatherium, the, 614, 757; skeleton
of the, 641.

Melanic, or dark-haired races of man-
kind, 599.

Melville Island, register of cold expe-

rienced at, 506; carboniferous for-
mation in, 515; plants of, 547, 786.
Memnon, head of, 645.

Mendip Hills, the, 692, 697; section of
the, 698.

Mer de Glace at Montanvert, 341; view
of the, 647, 648.

Mercury, the planet, 64; its distance
from the sun, 64, 65; is the smallest
yet swiftest planet in our solar sys-
tem, 64; its extreme density, 64;
length of its days and nights, 64;
its probable light and heat, 65;
shews phases like the moon, 65;
transits the solar disk, 65, 66; incli-
nation of, to the earth, 104; density
of, 106.

Meredith, Mrs, her account of a sirocco
at Sydney, 450; of columns of dust in
the air, 457.

Merrimac River, 776.

579; of saurians, 579; of birds, 583;
of man, 594, 596.

Milan, Duomo of, 661.

Milk Pond, New Jersey, 776.

Milky-Way, the, resolved by the elder
Herschel into an infinite number of
stars, 46; of which 50,000 occupied
but two degrees, 159; called by the
Greeks Galaxy, by the Romans Via
Lactea, 159; its position and aspects,
159; its superior brilliancy in the
southern heavens, 159; was thought
by some ancients to be a disused
path of the sun, 160; its true compo-
sition conjectured by modern astro-
nomers, but first made manifest by
Herschel, 160; apparently the out-
ward boundary of the solar system,
180.

Miller, Mr, his geological observations,
681, 683, 684.

Millstone grit, 691; projection of, illus-
trated, 695.

Milton, the Ptolemaic theory supposed
to be impugned by, 19; his lines on
Galileo's discoveries, 30; on the
Milky-Way, 159; on the heavens
generally, 189; cited, 267, 278, 291,
532, 536, 722, 723, 785.
Mimosas, their beauty, 555; localities
of, 563.

Minasi, Signor, 540.

Mineral springs, various, 276.
Minerals, the various simple, 623.
Mines, high temperature in different
deep, 501; of Cornwall, 633; of
France, 634; of silver, gold, and
copper, 634; of Peru, 634.
Mining operations, importance of geo-
logical science in, 620.

Miocene tertiary period, 638, 747-
750.

Miqué, village of, near Poitiers, appari-
tion of a cross seen at, 541.

Mesembryanthema, botanical region of Mirage, the, 227, 535; view of a, 536.

the, 562.

Mesozoic period, 638.

Messier, M., the "comet-ferret," 118;
his list of nebulae, 182.
Messina, earthquake of, 433; fata
morgana between, and Reggio, 538-

540.

Metallic bases, 623.

Metals, the various simple, 623, 624;
localities and extent of the veins of,
633; localities of, in various rocks,
634; but origin of obscure, although
probably igneous, 635; almost all
found in gneiss, 658; found in the
Carboniferous system, 690.
Meteor, a remarkable, in 1718, 131.
Meteora, view of the granitic rocks of,

621.

Meteoric showers. See Stars, fal-
ling.

Mexico, varying climates of, 489, 492;
atmospheric phenomena scen by
Humboldt in, 530; wheat first sown
in, 567; abundant crops of, in, 570;
gold found in, 634; Gulf of, 362, 591,
593.

Meyendorff, Baron, 324.
Mica, 644, 659; its nature, and where
found, 623; used in Russia for
glazing, 625.
Mica-schist system, 638, 642, 659-662;
illustrated, 658.

Michaelis, cited by Salverte, 522.
Michael's Mount, St, 388.

Michael's, Island of St, boiling foun-
tains in, 271; its orange-trees, 570.
Micrometer, its discovery, loss, and re-
discovery, 32.

198.
Mather, Dr, 755.

Matlock, 692, 694; waters of, 269.
Matter ejected from Vesuvius, Etna,
the Skaptar Yokul, and Hecla, esti-

servation of, 641.

Middle ages, in Europe, a time of astro-
logical delusion, 4.
Middleton Moor quarries, 677.
Migrations of fish, 577; of tortoises,

Misenum, port of, 423.

Mississippi, sources of the river, 282;
varying colour of its waters, 283; its
periodical risings, 294; its width,
302; course of the, 305; its tribu-
taries, 306; floating island-rafts in,
319; soil in its waters, 372; winds in
valley of the, 450.

Missouri, springs of the, 279, 280;
prairies of the, 589.

Mistral, a violent wind in the south-
east of France, 450.

Mocesamus concentricus, shell of the,
641.

Mole, legend regarding the river, 291.
Molucca Isles, dispersion of nutmeg
seeds through the, 567.

Mollusca, class of, 572; composition of
shells of, 624; fossil, 639, 665, 666;
living and extinct, 740.

Monge, M., his account of a mirage in
Egypt, 536.

Mongolian race of men, 602.
Monkeys, 590, 595.
Monocotyledonous plants, 563.
Monotreme animals peculiar to Aus-
tralia, 591.

Monsoons, 442; illustration of their
commencement, 443; causes of, not
well understood, 444.
Mont Blanc, granite of, 644, 645.
Montanari, 131.

Monte Nuovo, near Naples, 403.
Monte Rossi, its origin, 425, 426.
Monte Rotondo Lake, 312.
Monteith, Colonel, 324.
Montmartre, spring at, 263; quarries
of, 743, 744.

Montoire, bog of, 769.

Monument Mountain, U.S., view of,

752.

Moon, the, 191; causes of her accelera-
tion, 3; peculiar eclipse of, 3;
savages worship the, 3; lunar

phenomena, 76; has served as a
measurer of time, 76; diagram of her
phases, 77; is evidently not self-
luminous, 77; its ashy light, or
earth-shine, 78; her distance from
the earth, diameter, motions, and
tour round the earth, 78; luni-solar
period of Meton, 79; how her eclipses
are caused, 79; remarkable eclipse
of, as seen in Africa, 79; turns
always the same face to the earth,
80; librations of the, 80; earth is
invisible to a moiety of the inhabit-
ants of the, 80; equality of day and
night on the, 81; uncertainty as to
there being any atmosphere around
the, 81; superficial appearances of
the, 81-83; phenomena attending
the occultation of, 81; maps of the,
83; supposed mountains and seas in
the, 83-85; imagined volcanoes in
the, 84; delusions as to the appear-
ances of the, 85; occultations of the,
86; tides are caused by the, 86, 352,
353; imputed lunar influences exa-
mined, 86, 482; light of the, its
peculiarities, utility, and amount of,
87; the earth reciprocates reflected
light with the, 88.
Moonbeams, supposed malign effect
of, 87, 482.

Moore, Thomas, his Canadian Boat-
song, 284; his account of the Baha-
mas, 333; lines on the acacia, 563.
Morasses, 768.
Morat, lake of, 331.
Morayshire floods, 292, 416-420, 592,
593.

Moselle, course of the river, 282; colour
of its waters, 283.

Moskwa, Prince of the, his ascent of
the Pyrenees, 101.
Mososaurus, the, 736.

Moss plants, 551; botanical region of,
560.

Mountain limestone in the coal forma-
tion, 691.

Mountain-slips. See Land-slips.
Mountains, definition of the term, 200;
length of the principal chains of, 201;
heights of the chief, in Europe, Asia,
Africa, America, and the Antarctic
continent, 203-205; land changes
among, 407-421; unstratified, 408;
stratified, 409; plants of, 550; rich
flora of, 557; table of the vegetation
on, 557; some wholly composed of
organic matter, 635.

Mourne, mountains of, 649.
Moutiers, springs of, 270.
Mowna Roa volcano, in the Sandwich
islands, 206, 210.

Mudstone, 669.

Multiple or compound stars. Sec
Stars.

Muncaster Fell, Cumberland, 644.
Murad IV., Sultan, 312.
Murchison, Sir R. I., observations of,
627, 628, 666, 670, 678, 680, 681, €84,
687, 689, 694, 699, 731.
Muschelkalk of Germany, 708, 713.
Myans, Abymes de, 412.

Mycene, view of cyclopean remains at,
766.

Mysore, sheep of the, 600.

Naphtha springs at Baku, 275.
Napier, his invention of logarithms,

33.

Naples, bay of, 403.
Naseby, battle-field of, 279.
Nativities, calculation of, 4.
Nature always is changing, though man
is slow to perceive it, 370.
Nautical Almanac, its uses, 144.
Nebulæ, the, examined by Sir William
Herschel, 46; appearances and prob-
able nature of, 180; chapter on the,
180-189; their immense distance

from us, 180; catalogue of, by Sir J.
Herschel, 181; their aspects, 182-
188; nebulæ in Hercules, 182; in
Doradus, Pollux, and Sobieski's
Shield, 183; planetary and double
nebulæ, 184; nebula in Orion, 185;
dumb-bell and halo nebula, 187;
what are the nebula? 188.
Needle Rocks, the, Isle of Wight, 393;
views of, 394, 656,
Negroes, complexions of, 599; heads
of, 603; skulls of, 604, 605; longevity
of, 607; natural equality of the race
of, 609.

Neocomium, 732.
Neptune, planet, 102-106; satellites
of, 191.
Neptunists, the disciples of Werner,
618.
Nereidina, the, 666.
Nettle, the English, now rife in North
America, 569.

Neva, the river, 292.
New, variable, and compound stars,
166-179.

New Zealand, flora of, 562.
Newcastle coal-fields, 696-698.
Newfoundland, 339.

Newton, Sir Isaac, 10, 34; was much
indebted to Flamstead's labours, 37;
his birthplace, 38; was the architect
of physical astronomy, though his
reputation was not much extended
till long after his death, 38; popular
tradition concerning the manifesta-
tion of gravitation, 38; rationale of
that great law, 39; Newton left a
more thorough investigation of the
subject to his successors, 40; his
house at Woolsthorpe, description of,
40; was associated with Halley in his
labours, 41; was the founder of
physical astronomy, 41; his tidal
theory, 352.
Ngami, the lake, 312.
Niagara, falls of, 287-290; river of,
324.

Nichol, Dr, his illustration of double
motions, 13; his reasoning on the
multiple stars, 174; on nebula, 186.
Niebuhr, 266.

Nile, source of the river, 278, 279, 283;
its inundations, 294-296, 307;
breadth, 302; ancient and present
condition of, 397, 400, 421; croco-
diles of the, 579; alluvium of the,
777.
Nimbus, or raincloud, 468.
Nitrogen, with oxygen, forms air, 622.
Noah, ark of, 593.
Non-fossiliferous rocks, division of,
635, et al.

North Cape, 650, 773; sun at midnight
at the, 51.
Northampton, Marquis of, 721.
Northern lights. See Aurora Borealis.
Northwich, brine springs at, 712.
Norway, transparency of water in the
lakes of, 322; flords of, 332; pines
of, 552; diallage of, 650; shores of,
773.

Norwich, altered position of the city
of, 396.
Nottingham Castle, views of, 707, 710.
Nova Zembla, 588, 596.
Numa, said to have brought fire from
heaven, 521.
Number, distance, and magnitude of
the stars, 158-165.

Nyöe, or New Island, near Iceland, its
volcanic appearance and disappear-
ance, 376.

Oak-trees, boundary of the growth of,
552.

Oases of Egypt, 226.
Obsidian, or volcanic glass, 653, 781.
Observatories, list of public and private,
192; Tycho Brahe's at Uraniberg, 25,

26; at Greenwich (see Greenwich
Observatory); at Paramatta, main-
tained by government, 157; of Paris,
rain-gauge kept at the, 469; temper-
ature in the substructions of the
latter, 501.

Occultations of the stars and planets,
14; of Mars and Saturn, 14; of
Jupiter and Saturn, 81; explanation
of the term, 86; occultations of fixed
stars, 164.

Ocean, the, is continuous, but divided
into five grand divisions, 196; Arctic,
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Ant-
arctic Oceans, their several limits,
197; influences, by its temperature,
the climates of the earth, 492;
general chapter on the, 325-348;
its extent and influences, 325; our
knowledge of its boundaries, 325;
its unequal depths, 326; composition,
327-330; specific gravity, 328; bit-
terness, 329; colour, 330; trans-
parency, 331-333; phosphorescence,
333, 575; calms and storms, 334;
temperature, 335-337; ice, 337-
345;
coast-line of Atlantic and
Pacific, 345; the Mediterranean, 346
-348; weeds of the Atlantic, 348;
effects of typhoons in the Indian, 593;
muriate of lime in the waters of the,
624.

Oceania. See Australasia.
Oceanic highways. See Tides.
Ochill Hills, 683.

Odin's Mine, Derbyshire, description
and view of entrance to, 258.
Odours of human races, 605.
Ohio, river, its scenery, 306; prevailing
winds in the valley of the, 450;
mastodon in the, 755.

Oil, effect of, in stilling waves, 351.
Olafsen, 592.

Olbers, Professor, 47, 137.
Olive-tree, the, 568.
Olivine, 652.

Olmstead, Professor, 141, 142.
Oolitic system, 620, 638, 640, 642;
chapter on the, 717-731; develop-
ment of, in England, 718; shells of
the, 719-721; saurians in, 721-724,
729, 730; lithic and other materials
of, 724-727; distribution of, in
England, 727-729; speculations on
the, 730.

Opossum, the, 589, 591.
Optical phenomena, chapter on, 516-
545; lightning, 516, 517; electricity
in southern latitudes, 518; different
kinds of lightning, 519; meteoric
lights, 520; lightning strokes, 520-
522; magnetism and electricity con-
generic, 522; aurora borealis and
aurora australis, 523-529; halos,
530; parhelia, 530-532; paraselenæ,
532; rainbows, solar and lunar, 532
-535; aërial illusions, 535; the
mirage, 536; illusions by refraction,
530-538; the fata morgana, 538-
540; illusions by reflection, 540-
542; by reflection and refraction
combined, 542; ignis-fatuus, 543-
545.
Oran-outang, the, 595.
Orange-trees, prolific, 570.

Orbits of the planets, 64; orbit of the
earth, 161.

Order of successive strata fixed and
universal, 639.
Organic alluvium, 767.

Origin of springs, inquiry into the,
262; of lakes, 308; of plants, 563, et
seq.; of animals, 571, et seq.; of man,
595, et seq.
Orinoco River, 230, 280, 292, 297, 439;
climate of plains of the, 492; wooded
banks of the, 555; confluents of the,
576; Manatus Americanus of the,
578; floods of the, 584; wild horses

on the plains of the, 587; raft-islands
at mouth of the, 593; Otomacs of,

597.

Orion, constellation of, 2; is visible
all over the habitable globe, 154; its
position in the heavens, 154; was
known to and dreaded by the ancients,
154; number of stars in the trapezium
of, 158.

Ornithichnites, or stony bird-tracks,
714.

Ortler Spitz Mountain, ascent of the,
203; view of, 547.
Osteolepis, the, 689.

Otomacs, an earth-eating tribe of South
America, 597.

Ovid quoted, 271, 615, 616; his
Epistles from Pontus, 508.

Owen, Captain, his surveying voyage,

472.

Owen, Professor, 713, 722, 726, 730,
757.

Ox, the, 587, 598, 600, 601, 605, 606.
Oxford stone, the, 620, 726; clay, 726,
727.

Oxidation, hypothesis of subterranean,
433.

Oxide of iron, found in basalt, 652.
Oxus, the river, 423.

Oxygen, with nitrogen, composes the
principal part of the atmosphere,
622; with hydrogen composes water,
622; combines largely with earth and
metals, 622.

Pachydermata, tribes of the, 592, 744.
Pacific ocean, 355, 361; gale in the,
illustration of a, 335; winds in the,
439; isles of the, 592, 593.
Paderborn, spring at, 238.
Palæosaurus, the, 713.
Palæotherium, the, 744, 745.
Paleozoic period, 638.
Palestine. See Judea.

Paley, Archdeacon, his question re-
garding the laws of nature, 182.
Palitzch, George, a landowner and
astronomer, 114, 170.
Pallas, the planetoid, 92, 190.
Pallas, Professor, 136, 605, 753, 755.
Palma, volcanic isle of, illustrated, 779,

780.

Palmæ, or palm tribe, the, 556; view
of a forest of, 556; description of a
palm-grove, 557; luxuriance and fer-
tility of different species, 557.
Palmer's Cairns, view of, 680.
Palmir, or "Roof of the World," table-
land of, 216.
Palmyra, or Tadmor in the desert, 228.
Paludina, 746.

Pampas of South America, account of
the, 233; pamperos, or hurricanes in
the, 451; of Buenos Ayres, 451;
bones in the, 472.
Panama, Isthmus of, 440.
Paraguay, animals of, 600.
Paraguay, river, descent of the, 281.
Parallax, 1, 9, 10; what it is, defined,
with a diagram, 161; annual, of the
fixed stars long a desideratum, 162;
now ascertained by Professor Bessel,
162.

Parallelism of strata, 630.
Paramatta, observatory erected at, 157;
nebula sketched at, by Mr Dunlop,
183.

Paraselenæ, or mock-moons, 532.
Parasitic and pseudo-parasitic plants,

550.

Parhelia, or mock-suns, 530-532; view
of, 531.

Paris, climate of, 492; temperature in
the substructions of its observatory,
501; built on tertiary strata, 739;
basin, 743; animals of the, illus-
trated, 745.

Paris, Matthew, citation from his his-
tory, 531.

Parish, Sir Woodbine, 472, 757.
Parkinson, Mr, observation on fossils
by, 642.

Parliament, stone of the new houses of,
620, 711.

Parnassus, Mount, 260; view of, 737.
Parrot, Professor, the Russian travel-
ler, 204, 239, 488.

Parry, researches of Captain, 341, 344,
361, 450, 506, 525, 528, 529, 531, 532,
534, 547, 588.

Patagonians, stature of the, 605.
Peach, introduction of the, 568.
Peat, formation of, 768, 769.
Pendulum, the, of clocks, an important
acquisition to practical astronomy,
32.

Pennant, Mr, 593, 606, 661, 664, 665.
Pennsylvania, State of, rich in coal,
620, 702.

Pentacrinites, 676; Caput-Medusa, 678.
Pentland Hills principally felspar, 623.
Perca scandens, the climbing-fish, 578.
Perfection, gradual, of the same animal
and vegetable species, an illusive
theory, 639.

Periods of appearance, the successive,

of past and present animal and vege-
table races, 640, 641.
Peripatetics held the earth to be the
centre of the universe, 7. See Aris-
totle.

Permian and Triassic systems, 638;
chapter on, 707-716.

Peroul, ebullient spring at, 274.
Perturbations of the planets, 40.
Peru, mountain districts of, 645.
Petcheres, miserable race of the, 597.
Peter Botte Mountain, in the Mauri-

tius, view and description of, 202.
Petersburg, city of St, its perilous site,
293; falls of rain at, 470; snow of,
474.

Petrifactions, how formed, 277, 399.
Petroleum springs, 275.

Peveril of the Peak's castle and cavern,
view of, 243.

Peyronnel, M. de, his researches on
corals, 380.

Phænogamic plants, 550.
Phascolotherium, the, 726.
Philippine Islands, 610.

Phillips, Professor, his table of British
fossiliferous rocks, 637; notices by,
658, 660, 665, 681, 719, 735, 772, 777.
Philolaus, 7, 8.

Phlegræan fields, the, 403, 404.
Phocæ, the, or seal tribe, 517, 578.
Phoenicians, the, 348; the reputed in-

ventors of nautical astronomy, 144.
Phormium tenax, or New Zealand flax,
562.

Phosphorescence of the sea, its cause,
333, 575.

Physical nature, general analogies of,
103; diversities of, 104.
Piazzi's catalogue of the stars, Sir J.
Herschel's observations on, 143.
Pichincha, Mount, 645.
Pickering, Vale of, 727.
Pigeons, enormous flock of paɛsenger,

584.

Pike, longevity of the, 575.

Pillars of Hercules, 347. See Gibraltar.
Pindar mentions the eruptions of Etna,

212.

Pine tribe, the, 552.

Pinna marina, the, 572.
Pisces, or constellation of the Fishes,

152.

235; of Thebes, view of, 422; of the
Himalayas, 487; of Africa, 590.
Planetoids, the, 91; their anomalous
movements, 92; lists of, 92, 93, 190,
192; their fragmentary appearance,
93.

Planets, 189; what they are, 63; are
primary and secondary, 63; their
courses, 63; are superior and inferior,
63; their symbols, 64; their paths
are elliptical, 64; their distances
from the sun, 64; orbits of the dif-
ferent, 64; those technically called
"superior" (properly exterior), the
phenomena they present, 89; con-
tents and area of the Earth, Jupiter,
Saturn, and Uranus, 102; extent of
combined surface of, 102, 103; orbits
of, 103; analogies between the planets,
104; relative distances from the sun,
and size of, 105; length of day and
year of each, 105; form and magni-
tudes of, 105, 106; density of the
various, 106; general observations on
the, 107.

Plantain, or banana, the, 557.
Plants, chapter on the geographical dis-
tribution of, 546-571; their wide
dispersion, 546; their aggregate
numbers and general division, 548-
550; their relative numbers and re-
spective localities, 550, 551; in
northern latitudes, 551; in tempe
rate regions, 552; in torrid, 553-
555; in America, 555-557; eleva-
tion of places of growth, 557; marine
plants, 558; local species, 558-560;
regions of the various, 560-563;
sources whence all varieties sprang,
also their means of dispersion and
reproduction, 564-571; fossil, list
of successive, 640, 641; sometimes
perfect in form, and sometimes bitu-
minised, 642.

Plastic-clay formation, 739, 741.
Plata, La, or Plate River, 230, 518, 588,
601.

Plateaus, or table-land, 214-216.
Plato, 6, 8.

Playfair, Professor, 656.

Pleiades, the, or starry group in the
neck of the Bull, 2, 5; supposed deri-
vation of the term, 144; ancient
fable concerning, 150; constituents
of the group of, 159.
Plesiosaurus, the, 723, 724, 729, 781.
Plica polonica, the disease of, 609.
Plinlimmon, 639, 662.

Pliny the elder, his account of a river
in Judea, 267; on tides, 352; his
death, 423.

Pliny the younger, 11; his description
of the Caucasian defiles, 215; of the
Grotto del Cane, 258; of the Larian
spring, 266; fount of Ammon, 271;
strange omission of, 273; his
notices of Dodona fountain, 275; his
relation regarding Claudius, 313; his
letter to Gallus, 318; observation of
oil stilling waves, 351; on the Anio
floods, 416; of the eruption of Vesu-
vius, 423, 424; his assertion regard-
ing Tullus Hostilius, 521, 522; and
aerial illusions in Scythia, 535; of the
introduction of cherries, 568; on
obsidian, 781.

Pliocene tertiary period, 638, 750, 751.
Plot, Dr, his History of Oxford, 535.
Plumbago, or graphite, a carburet of
iron, 624.

Plutonic or igneous rocks, chapter on
the, 643-656; their nature and how
classified, 643; granitic, 644-649;
foreign bodies found in granite, 649-
651; trappean rocks, 651-655; vol-
canic rocks, 655, 656.
Po, the river, 400.
Poikilitic system, 708.
Pole, the, magnetic, 523.