naturally divided into the three
orders of aerial, terrestrial, and
aquatic, 580; bird-rocks of the north-
ern seas, 580; tameness of many
kinds, 581; singing-birds, 582; orders
and species, 582; species in Britain,
582; locomotive powers of birds,
582; localities of birds, and their
migrations, 583; distribution of the
varieties of, 592; fossil remains of,
during the several periods, 640.
Birs Nimrood, view of, 1; ruins of, 2.
Bise, a cold, piercing wind in France,
450.

Bison, the, 589, 598.
Bituminous, or pitch springs, 275;
fossils, 642; matter, 779.
Black Sea, 347, 366; was once united to
the inland Asian seas, 578.
Blanc, Mont, description

of, and

ascents to, 203, 205.
Blesson, Mr, his researches regarding
the ignis-fatuus, 544.
Bloomfield, Robert, quoted, 467.
Blue John Mine, description of, 248;
view of "Organ" stalactite in, 249.
Blumenbach, Professor, 601, 604-606,
753.

Boa constrictor, the, 579.
Bode, Professor, his observation of the
planetary system, 46; his catalogue
of the stars, 158.

Bodies, the heavenly, were anciently
objects of superstitious regard and
fear, 3; animal and vegetable, con-
tain carbonate of lime, 623.
Body, the human, can bear great ex-
tremes of heat and cold, 484; diver-
sities of the human, in different
races, 605; its growth, decay, and
diseases the same in all races, 608;
its bones and teeth contain much
carbonate of lime, 623.
Bohemian coal-mines, 702.
Boleslaw lake, in Bohemia, 320.
Bolton and Manchester Railway, fossil
trees on the, 705.

Bombay, annual rain-falls at, 470.
Bone, how to petrify, 642.
Bone Well, view of the, 667.
Bones principally composed of carbo-
nate of lime, 623.
Bonpland, Aimé, 518, 576.
Bootes, the herdsman, or bear-keeper,
constellation of, 6, 153; apparently
pursues Ursa Major round the pole
of the heavens, 154.
Boothia, western coast of, 523.
Borelli developed the influence of gra-
vity, 38.

Borrowdale, pure lumbago found in,
624.

Borrowstounness, fossil shells at, 775.
Bory de St Vincent, M., 548.
Bosphorus, mouth of the, 199; view of,
347; drains the Black Sea, 366.
Botanical regions of plants, 560-564.
Bothnia, gulf of, 328.

Bouguer, M., 533.

Boulders, 342, 751, 760, et seq.
Bourbon, isle of, 581.

Bovine race, the, 508, 598, 600, 001,
605, 606.

Brachiopoda, fossil, illustrated, 665.
Bradley, Rev. James, was the third
astronomer-royal, 42; discovered the
cause of the aberration of the stars,
43; also the nutation of the earth's
axis, 43; his great industry, 43; his
death ignorantly interpreted as a
divine judgment, 43, 44.
Brandes, Professor, 131.
Brazil, forests of, 556.
Bread-fruit tree, the, 563.
Breakwater in Plymouth Sound, 350.
Breccia, its formation, 624.
Brecon, view of hills near, 667,
682.

Breeds, mixed animal, 609.

Bridlington bay, 394.
Brighton, atmospherical spectra seen
at, 540.

Bristol Channel, tide in the, 356, 358.
Britain, climate of ancient, 507; the
Romans in, 507; early surface of,
771, 782; diagram of the succession
of strata in, 638; granitic rocks of,
645; coal strata of, 652.
British Association, 350.
British Channel, the, produced by a
disruption between France and Eng-
land, 578.

British Museum, remarkable slab in
the, 715; saurians in the, 721.
Brittany, climate of, 493.
Broaw, peat district of Loch, 769.
Brocken, account of the spectre of the,
with illustrative view, 541.
Brockhill, view of trap-dyke at, 681.
Brongniart, M., 643, 651, 657, 703, 704,
736, 738.

Brooke, Sir A. de Capell, 332.
Brown, Mr R., his botanical researches,

566.

Bruce, James, of Kinnaird, his ima-
gined discovery of the source of the
Nile, 279; his description of its
localities, 295; of the simoom, 447;
of a sand-storm, 456; of wild oats,
567.

Bruno, Jordano, maintains the proper
motions of stars, 177.
Brydone, citations from his Tour in
Sicily and Malta, 160, 369, 539; his
account of a sirocco, 449.
Bûch, Von, 619, 650, 711.
Buckland, Dr, 251-254, 619, 630, 672,
673, 681, 682, 702, 703, 712, 714, 720,
721, 723, 725, 734, 757, 762.
Buenos Ayres, drought at, 472; hail-
storm in, 479; fatal thunder-storm in,
518; insects of, 574; estuary deposits
near, 567.

Buffalo, 598, 606.

Buffon, the Count de, 497, 586, 587.
Bullers of Buchan, 648.
Burdie-house, limestone, 694.
Burnes, the late Sir Alexander, 422.
Buxton wells, 269.

Byron, Lord, quotations from the works
of, 159, 261, 286, 326, 334, 399, 448;
swims across the Hellespont, 366.

Cabro di Capello, 579.

Cactus family of plants, indigenous
only to America, 558; botanical
region of the, 561.
Caddis-worms, fossil, 745.
Cader Idris, lake on, 324; porphyritic
columnar trap of, 627.

Caen Stone, 725.

Cainozoic period, 638.
Cairngorm, district of, 649.
Calamites in carboniferous strata, view
of, 706.

Calcutta, annual rain-falls at, 471.
Calm at sea, illustration of a, 438.
Cambrian system, 637, 662.
Camel, the, 590.

Campagna di Roma, is mainly volcanic,

427.

Canada, lakes of, 318; climate of, 497.
Canary Islands, 362, 441.
Cancer, or constellation of the Crab,

150.

Canis Major, and Canis Minor, constel-
lations of, 154.
Canton, unwonted snow-fall at, 475.
Cape Cod, view of sand-drift at, 761.

tralis seen at, 527.

Cape of Good Hope, observatory estab-
lished at, 156; coast and harbour,
503; thistle-butterfly found at the,

572.

Capricornus, or constellation of the
Goat, 151.

Caprifoliacea, region of the, 561.
Caraccas, coast of, 362, 364; earth-
quakes in, 431.

Caradoc sandstones, 668; group, 674;
hill of Caer, 630.

Carbonate of lime, enters into com-
position of organic and inorganic
bodies, 623.

Carboniferous system, 638, 040, 642;
coal often turned to coke in the, 652;
chapter on the, 690-707.
Cardona, salt-mines of, 711.
Cardoon plant, the, its wonderful fer-
tility, 569.

Carex plant, of great use to the Lap-
landers, 560.

Carlsbad, granitic veins at, 650.
Carnans, fall of the mountain, 408.
Carniola, caverns of, 571.
Carnivorous races of men, 597.
Carrara marble, 624, 632.

Caryophillæ, botanical region of the,
560.

Caspian, the, 311, 314, 323, 324, 578.
Cassia plants, 563.
Cassini discovered satellites of Saturn,
84, 45.

Cassiopeia, constellation of, new star
appears in the, 167.
Cassiquiaire river, singularity of the,
280; its junction with the Orinoco,
299, 500.

Castalia, or Castaly, fountain of, 260,
261; views of, 260, 614.
Castleton Dale cavern, description of,
244, 692.

Cat, notices of the, 588, 598.
Catalogues of stars, 143, 158, 166, et al.
Catania, city of, 410.

Cataracts, how formed, 283; of the
Nile, 284.

Catecucaumene, or burnt-up region of
Asia Minor, 429; view in the, 430.
Catenipora escaroides, view of the,
640.

Catlin, Mr, 762.

Cattle, varieties of, G01, 606.
Caucasian race of men, 601, 609.
Caucasus, mountains of the, 218; road
made in by Alexander of Russia,
219; great plain of the, 224; steppes
of the, 225; snow-line of the, 488.
Caverns and subterranean passages,
238-258; temperature diverse in,
249-251; fossils of, 251-255; the
Delphian in Greece, 239; Thor's, in
Derbyshire, 239; of Sweden, Norway,
&c., 240; of Fingal, in Staffa, 241; of
Iceland, 242; of Eldon Hole, 242;
of Peveril of the Peak, 243; of
Castleton Dale, 244, 692; of the
Guacharo, 245; stalactitic, such as
Antiparos, 246; and Adelsberg, 247;
of Blue John mine, 248; of Kirkdale,
251; of Devonshire, &c., 252; of
Germany, 254; of Gailenreuth, 254,
255; Grotto del Cane, at Naples,
255; others similar to it, 256; of
Dudley Castle, 257; of Odin's Mine,
258; of Carniola, 571; at Notting-
ham Castle, 707, 710.
Cayenne, humidity of, 471.
Cayman, the, 579.
Cayster, the river, 398.
Cedar-tree, respect of the Arabs for the,
559.
Celano, lake, the ancient Fucinus, 312.
Century, eighteenth, opened with the
physical demonstrations of Newton,
and closed with the telescopic dis-
coveries of Herschel, 44; nineteenth,

Crétins, cagots, or goîtred idiots of the
Alps and Pyrenees, 459.

Crich-hill, Derbyshire, view of, 628.
Crinoïdeans, 678.

Crocodile, the, 579, 590, 741.

stratum at, 625.

Delaware Bay, 396.

De Luc, M., 648, 772.

594.

Dembia, lake of, 311.

Denderah, sculptured planisphere of, 5.

475.

Cuba, island of, 606, 608; fresh springs
in the ocean near, 259.
Culture, its ameliorating effects on
plants, 568.

Cumana, electrical action manifested
at, 518; double halo round the moon
seen at, 530.

Cumbrian group, 663, et seq.
Cumulo-stratus, or twaincloud, 467.
Cumulus, or stackencloud, 464.
Cunningham, Mr, 715.

Currents of rivers, 281, 283, 372; of the
ocean, 359-369; of the atmosphere,

437.

Curved strata in rocks illustrated,
625-630.

Cuthbert, St, beads of, 677.

Cuvier, observations of, 252, 254, 380,
397, 400, 571, 590, 595, 603, 619, 713,
721-760.

Cycades, 706; view of fossil, 709.
Cygnus, the swan, constellation of, 163;
temporary star in, 168.

Dalton, Dr, his insensibility to colour,
176; on height of clouds, 463; esti-
mates deposit of dew, 480; his account
of the aurora borealis, 526, 529.
Dampier, Captain, his account of the
tropical winds, 445, 446.

Daniell, Professor, his analysis of sea-
water, 329; his account of prevailing
winds, 460; hygrometrical experi-
ments, 462.

Danube, the river, 466; account of its
shores, by Virgil, 508.
Dardanelles, the. See Bosphorus and
Hellespont.

Darial, defile of the, 218-220.
Dartmouth hills, thunder-storm in the,
519.

Darwin, observations of Mr, 471, 472,

504, 555, 550, 564, 568, 569, 574, 581,
582, 585, 593, 650, 608, 755, 758, 761,
763.

Date-palm, the, 556.
Daubeny, Dr, 433, 787.

D'Aubuisson, M., 617, 620, 649.
Davy, Sir Humphry, philosophical re-
flection of, 399; his theory of earth-
quakes and volcanic eruptions, 433;
of mists, 465; on peat, 769.
Dead fish in the ocean, 690.
Dead Sea, the, 314-316; view of, 314;
fabled fruits of the, 315; analysis of
its waters, 316.

De Candolle, botanical notices of M.,
331, 547-550, 560, 569, 598.
Deccan, the, 652.

Dee, the river, 324.

Denudation of the land by rivers,
370-373; valleys of, 629.
Deposits, sedimentary, the origin of
stratified rocks, 627, et al.; were all
originally horizontal, 631.
Depths of lakes, table of, 322; of the
ocean, 326, 327.
Derbyshire, toadstone of, 655; lead-
mines of, 692; peat-moss of, 770.
Deserts, great, 223; of Europe, 223; of
Asia, 225, 228; Africa, 225; of
Sahara, 226-228; of the north, 229;
of America, 230-232, 234; of France,
237; of the East, 421-423.
Deshayes, M., 740, 743, 747, 750.
Desmarest, M., 578.

Devonshire, mild climate of, 492; geo-
logy of, 682.

Dew, formation of, 480; depositions of,
480; in hot climates, 481.
Diablerets mountains, fall of one of
the, 411.

Diallage, 650.

Dicotyledonous plants, 550, 563.
Diluvium, fossil animals found in,

753-760; boulders of, 763-765.
Dinornis of New Zealand, 715.
Dinotherium, view of the, 748.
Diodorus Siculus, 144, 423, 535.
Diorite or greenstone, 645.
Dip of strata, 614, 627.
Dipterous fossil fish, 689.
Discordant, or unconformable strata,
623.

Discovery, astronomical, history of,
1-32.

Disintegrated granite, view of, 648.
Dislocation of strata illustrated, 629.
Disruption of rocks by igneous action,
632, et al.

Dissemination of plant-seeds, 565-567.
Distances, relative, of the planets from
the sun, 46, 189; of the stars, 162-
164.

Distribution of plants, 546-571; of
animals, 571-594; of fossils, 635.
Districts, the various coal, 700, et seq.
Disturbances, ancient, of the earth's

crust have been beneficial to man-
kind, 629.

Divination, founded on the appearance
of the heavens, 3.
Division of plants, 548-550.
Dobrizhoffer, 479.
Docility of fish, 575.
Dodo, the, 767, 786.

Dodona, inflammable fountain of, 275.
Dog, notices of the, 587, 595, 601, 606.
Dome, chain of Mont de, 746.
Dorsetshire, land-slip on the coast of,
392; coast of, abundant in ichthyo-
sauri, 722; strata of, 727.
Dovedale, valley of, description and
view, 221.

Dover, straits of, 390; chalk-cliff of,

391; present state and ancient con-
dition of, 396.

Downs or dunes, how formed, 400;
localities of, 401.

Dranse, the river, its source, 413; its
irruption, 414.
Drayton quoted, 679.

Drift and erratic blocks, 751-765, et al.
Drift timber in the arctic seas, 361.
Dripping well at Knaresborough, 277.
Dromedary, the, 590.

Drought, details of a great, in South
America, 471, 472; in India, 472.
Dru, Aiguille de, view of, 647.
Druids, tradition of the, 648.

Dudley basalt, notices of the, 627, 654;
Silurian rocks of, 680.

Dudley Castle caverns, description and
view of, 257.
Dufrénoy, M., 650.
Dugong, the, 591.

Dumont d'Urville, his discoveries, 196.
Dundry Hill, 725.

Dunwich, changes at, 395.

Durdham-down, fossil remains at, 713.
Durham, magnesian limestone in, 639.
Durrenstein, on the Danube, view of,
466.

Dykes, in strata, 033; volcanic, 656.

Earth, transmission of light from the

sun to the, 35; its distance from the
sun, 53, 73; revolution of round the
sun, 64; general observations on, 70;
its spherical figure proved, 71; its
diameter at the pole and equator, 71;
its rotation proved, 72; its transla-
tion and velocity in space, 72; the
seasons caused by its double move-
ments, 73; precession of the equi-
noxes, 73; atmosphere of the, 75; is
visible to some of the planetarians,
but not to others, 75; is invisible to
a moiety of the lunarians, 80; den-
sity of the, 106; great natural divi-
sions of the surface of the, 193-199;
antiquity of the, 429, 434; supposed
causes of volcanic action and earth-
quakes in the, 433; importance of
rain to the, 462; benefits of diverse
climates in the, 484; soils of, influ-
ence climate, 495; climate of, has
undergone changes, 515; zoological
provinces of the, 588-591; popula-
tion of the, 596; true shape of, 613;
composition of the crust of the, 622,
et al.; fractured surface of, caused
by upheavings, 629.
Earthquakes, 386; at Lisbon, 386; in
Peru, 386; Jamaica, 386; Chili, 405;
action of, 430; Creoles of America
distinguish two kinds of, 430; ex-
tensive influence of, 431; in Carac-
cas, 431; in Calabria, 432; causes
of, 433-435.

East, the, astronomical inquiry had its
origin in, 2; in its deserts travellers
early found the stars indispensable
guides, 144.

18, 74.

Edentes, the, of Cuvier, 590.
Eel, the, its wanderings, 578.
Egg, Scuir of, 653.

Egypt, once the chief seat of astrono-
mical science, 8; ancient and present
condition of its land, 397, 421; hot
winds of, 447, 448; granitic monu-
ments of, 648.
Egyptian system, the, explained and
examined, 14; was the prototype of
the Tychonic, 14.
Egyptians claim the honour of first
observing the celestial sphere, 4;
learned from the Greeks to measure
the pyramids by their shadows, 4.
Egmont, Mount, in New Zealand, view
and description of, 201.

Ehrenberg, Herr, 635, 749.
Eldon Hole, in the Peak, description
of, 242.

Electricity, manifestations of during
hurricanes, 452; an agent in evapora-
tion, 461; identical with lightning,
517; derivation of the word, 517; its
energy decreases by distance from the
equator, 517; its operation in equa-
torial latitudes, 517-519; is con-
nected with magnetism, 522; various
manifestations of, 523-529.
Elements, the four, an exploded error,
613; of the solar system, 189-192.
Elephant, the, 590, 595; fossil, 753.
Elevation, valleys of, illustrated, 630.
Elk, gigantic horned, 758, 759.
Ellore, drought at, 472.
Elmo, fire of St, 520.

Encrinal limestone, illustrated, 693.
Encrinites, illustrated, 676.
Encrinitis moniliformis, view of the,
640.

Encroachments of the sea, 386-388;

chronological list of, 388-390; in
Holland, France, and Britain, 390-
396; in America, 396.
Endogenitæ, fossil, 730.

Engineer, geological knowledge useful
to the, 620.

England, flora of, 564; geological maps
of, 619; east coast of, its alluvium
and drift, 642; igneous formations
of, 656; abundance of the New Red
Sandstone strata in, 709; oolitic
formation in, 718; chalk strata of,
731, et seq.

Ensisheim on the Rhine, fall of meteoric
stones at, 132.

Eocene tertiary period, 638, 741-747.
"Eöthen," citation from, 228.
Epacrides, botanical region of the, 562.
Epicycles, Ptolemy's theory of, 13.
Epoch, the human, in geology, 636.
Equatorial and hot regions, climate of
the, 504.

Equinoxes, precession of the, 73, 74;
has caused zodiacal changes, 149.
Era (astronomical) of the Greek and

Alexandrian schools, 1-16; of
Copernicus, Tycho Brahé, Keppler,
and Galileo, 17-32; of, Newton,
Halley, and Herschel, 33-48.
Erebus, Mount, 210.

Erethrina, or coral-tree, 555.
Erica, the genus, 558.

Erie, lake, depositions of, 740.
Erratic rocks, 760.

Escalonias, botanical region of the, 561.
Escape, providential, of a Swiss shep-
herd, 411.

Escher, M., his account of the inunda-
tion from the Val de Bagnes, 414.
Escobar, Marie de, carries grains to
Lima, 567.

Eskdale, peat-mosses of, 770.
Esquimaux drift to the Orkneys, 363;
shelter of the, 477, 597; food of the,
597; skulls of, 605; stature of, 605;
hair of, 606.
Etesian winds, 447.
Ethiopian division of the human race,
603.

Etna, Mount, 210, 212, 410; view of,
213; changes in, 425, 427; variety of
climates on, 491; Ovid's remark on,
616; fissures in, 654; eruptions of,
780.

Euboea, earthquake at, 433.
Eucalyptæ, botanical region of the,
562.

Eudoxus of Cnidus described the face
of the heavens, 147.
Euomphali, fossil, illustrated, 675.
Euphrates, the river, 294.

Europe, computed population of, 596;
diversities of the human figure in,
605; granitic mountains of, 645.
Euxine Sea. See Black Sea.

Evaporation, its causes and effects, 461;
takes place from terrene as well as
aqueous surfaces, 461; its natural
limits, 461.

Everest, Mount, the culminating point
of the world, 204.
Everett, Mr, quoted, 679.

External structure of rocks, 625.
Eyes, immense number of, in some
animals, 672.

Fable, Arab, a beautiful, 616.
Fahrenheit, thermometer of, 507.
Fair-head, Ireland, basaltic promon-
tory of, 653.

Falkland Islands, the, 502, 581, 590,
668.

Fall River, view of rocking-stone at,
761.

Falls of Trolhetta, 285; of Terni, 286;
of Leeambye or Zambesi, 286; of
Tequendama, 286; of Niagara, 287-

290.

Fata Morgana, 535, 540; view of the,
538; causes of it, 538, 540.
Fault in strata, illustrated, 629, 698.
Fayal, marine meadows near, 348.
Feejee island, hot spring in, 269.
Feline race, the, 598.
Felspar, its compounds, and where
found, 623; a component of granite,
644; its crumbling nature, 618;
forms a moiety of greenstone, 652;
porphyry, 654; glassy, 655.
Fennel, its prolific nature, 569.
Ferguson, James, 158.

Fern plants, 551; fossil, 706.
Fibrous structure of rocks, 624.
Field plants, 549.

Fifeshire, coal of, 639.

Findhorn, loss of land at the river, 401,

416-420; basin of the river, 683.
Fiords of Norway, description and view
of, 332.

Fir-trees, various species of, 552; extra-
ordinary, 772.

Fire-balls, 131, 519. See Stars, fall-
ing.

Fires of the interior of the earth, 656.
First cause, necessity for a, 40, 107,
164, 183; is not suspended by the
adoption of the nebular hypothesis,
188.

Fishes, class of, 574-579; longevity
of, 575; sword-fish, 575; phosphor-
escence of fish, 575; numbing power
of several kinds, 575; climatic differ-
ences in the varieties of, 577; the
cod, 577; tunny, pilchard, and her-
ring, 577; migrations of several
kinds, 578; species having analogy
to land mammalia, 578; fossil, list
of successive, 640.

Fissures at Polistena, 432; in rocks,
625, 632; volcanic, 644, 656,
Fitzroy, Captain, 451, 775.
Fixed stars. See Stars.
Flamborough Head, cliffs of, 731, 735.
Flamstead, the first astronomer-royal,
36; is highly esteemed, 37; was of
humble origin, yet attained the sum-
mit of practical astronomy, 37; his
labours much assisted Newton, 37;
his letters discovered by Mr Baily,
37; was injuriously treated by New-
ton and others, 37; observed the
northern hemisphere, 41; cited,
358.

Fleabane, wide dissemination of the
plant, 565.

Flinders, Captain, his researches, 383.
Flints, found in chalk, 733.
Floating islands, 318-320, 593.
Floods, great, at Martigny, 413-415;
in Morayshire, 416, 592.
Flora, ancient, of the earth, 707.
Flowers, their beauty and uses, 546.
Fluviatile deposits, 777.
Flying-fish, the, 575.

Folkstone, land-slip at, 392.
Foot-marks and other traces of animals
in strata, 631, 716.

Forbes, Professor, his alpine experi-
ences, 203, 207, 208, 341.
Forest plants, 549; marble, 724.
Forests of equinoctial America, descrip-
tion of, by Humboldt and Darwin,

555.

Formations, geological, 636, et al.
Forster, Mr W. M., Newcastle colliery
tables, 696.

Forth, river, its tortuous course, 282.
Fossil organic remains found in caverns,
251-255; their true nature and ori-
gin unknown till recent times, 617;
definitely distributed in the earth's
strata, 619; ferns in coal strata, 631;
remains, 662; of the Silurian system,
670; in the Carboniferous system,
690, et seq.; fossil trees, views of,
705, 706.

Fossiliferous rocks, division of, 635, et
seq.; thickness of, in Britain, 637.
Fox, the, 588, 592; polar, 568.
Foyers, falls of, 286.

France, coast of, 402; extinct volcanoes
in central, 427, 429; action of winds
in, 450; varying climates of, 493;
flora of, 564; New Red Sandstone of,
708; oolites of, 724, 725; clays of,
726; chalk of, 731, et al.; tertiary
strata of, 745, 747.
Franklin, Dr Benjamin, observes the

effect of oil in stilling waves, 351;
his celebrated kite experiment, 517.
Franklin, Sir John, 525, 523.
Freiberg, mines of, 501; school at, 617;
masses of silver found there, 634.
Fresnel, M., 463.

Frost, its operation on rocks, 408.
Frozen regions, climate of, 506.
Frugivorous races of men, 597.
Fruits and cultivated vegetables, notices
of the introduction of various, 567-

Gailenreuth Cave, 254; section of, 255.
Galapagos islands, the, 582.
Galaxy, the. See Milky Way.
Galileo, his birth and carcer, 20; ad-
vances the system of Copernicus, 29;
discovers the four satellites of Jupiter,
29; discovers, though imperfectly,
the peculiar structure of Saturn, and
the phases of Venus, 30; demon-
strates the earth's rotation, 30; is
persecuted for his doctrines, 30; and
belies himself, 31; falls into distress
in his latter years, but dies at an
advanced age, 31; candid apology
for, in the mistaken conduct of his
persecutors, 31; observes a nebulosity,
185.

Ganges, the river, 280, 281, 294, 870;
mouth of the, 302; contrasted with
the Jumna, 325; gavial of the, 579,
590, 723, 729; raft-islands at the
mouth of the, 593.
Garonne, the river, 280, 549.
Garnet, 659.

Gas, irrespirable, formed in caverns,
255; at the Grotto del Cane, 255; at
St Leger, in Dunsthohle, and in
Java, 256.

Gases, the five elementary, C22.
Gassendi, the celebrated, 133.
Gault, 732, et al.

Gavial of the Ganges, the, 579, 590,
723, 729.

Gay-Lussac, M., 242, 463.
Géant, mountain of the, 648.

Gemini, or constellation of the Twins,
150.

Gemma, Cornelius, 527.

Geneva, or Leman Lake, 320; lateral

mirage on the, 543; alluvium of, 776.
Gensanne, M., 501.

Genus, definition of the word, 598.
Geography, science of, its origin, 193;
definition of the word, 195; and of
the subordinate terms of, 197.
Geological Society of London, its
labours, 620.

Geology, what it is, 611; its origin as
a science, 611; obstacles it had to
encounter, 612; its study exalts
humanity and glorifies the Creator,
614, 786, 787; the ancients had some
glimpses of the truths of, 615; era of
modern, 617; Werner's theory of,
617, 618; Dr Hutton's, 618; William
Smith's labours in, 619; use of, in
the arts, 620; tells the early history
of the globe, 620.
Geophagists, or earth-eaters, 597.
Gerard, Captain A., his description of
the Darial Pass, 219.

Gerdau, lake, floating islands in, 319.
German Ocean, tides of the, their
operation on the British coasts, 372;
sands of the, 772.

Germany, surface of, 236; Now Red

Sandstone system of, 708, 713; oolitic
fossils of, 721.

and

Germination of plants, after long
immersions in the ocean, 566.
Geysers of Iceland, description
view of the, 271-273, 778.
Giants' Causeway, the, 626; notices of
the, 653, 731.

Gibraltar, Straits of, 329, 337; view of,
366; Dutch ship sunk in the, 366.
Giggleswick spring, Yorkshire, 268.
Gilpin, Mr, 768.

Giraffe, the, 587, 590, 594.

Glaciers, their nature and movements,
207, 341; their disastrous action,
412-415.

Glairine, a fossil animal substance,
277.

Glamour of the Highlanders, 535.

Glance at the stars, 143-158.
Glen Roy, 778.

Glen Tilt, geological character of,
illustrated, 632, 659, 663.
Glencroe, 659.

Globe, area of the, 195; presents the
two grand natural divisions of land
and water, 195; tides at various
points of the, 355-357; denudation
of its lands by river action, 370-373;
geological reasoning respecting the,
425; changes in the, 434; botanical
regions of the, 560-564; crust of
the, 611, et seq.; fossils in the strata
of the, 635, et seq.

Glogau, a powder-magazine saved from
explosion at, 521.

Gmelin, M., 528, 602, 603.

Gneiss system, 638, 657-659.

Goat, the, 588, 606.

Goatfell in Arran, 655.

Gold ore, where found, 634.

Goldau, vale of, 409.

Good, Dr Mason, 169.

Goodwin Sands, the, when and how
formed, 387.

Gorbitz, valley of, ignis-fatuus in the,
544.

Graba, his account of the Vogel-berg,
580.

Graham, Mrs, her account of an earth-
quake in Chili, 405.
Graham, Professor, 570.
Grampians, the, 659, 681.
Gran Seco, the, 767.
Granite, 638, 642; its composition, 624;
interminglings of, in strata, 631;
underlying masses of, 632; croppings
out of, in Glen Tilt, 632; forms the
skeleton of the earth, 645; general
localities of, 645; area in Britain,
650.

mical science, 6, 12.
Green, Mr, the aëronaut, 69, 205.
Green sand, 732, et al.; shells found in,
732, 733.

Greenland, east coast of, 342, 507;
animalcula in the seas of, 348; insect
scourges of, 573; white hare of, 589;
brown fox in, 592.
Greenough, Mr, 619, 761.
Greenstone rock, is often columnar,
626; or diorite, 645; or whinstone,
652; porphyry, 654.
Greenwich Observatory, 664; its origin,
35; its successive superintendents,
36; its arrangements and importance,

36.

Grenier, fall of Mont, 411.
Greywacke, 662.

Grindelwald, valley of, 208.
Grinsill, fossil animal remains found
at, 713.

Groningen, peat of, 769.

Grotte des Fromages, view of the, 653.
Grotto del Cane, description and view
of, 255, 256.

Gryllus migratorius, or locust, ravages
of, 573.

Guacharo, cavern of the, description
of, 245; subterranean vegetation in
the, 547.

Guadiana, the river, 292.

Guadaloupe, island of, 360; limestone,
human skeleton found in the, 636,
760.

Gulf Stream, 360, 362, 364, 372, 494,

592.

Guiana, spider of, 573; opossum of,

589.

Gurtshellir cavern in Iceland, 242.
Guwo-Upas, or Poisoned Valley of
Java, its noxious gas, 256.

Guy's Cliff, fossil batrachians found in,
713.

Gwennap, consolidated mines of, 634.
Gymnotus electricus, the, 576; Hum-
boldt's account of the numbing
power of the, 576.

Gypsum found in red sandstone, 711;
its nature, 739.

Hæmatite, or bloodstone, €34.

Hail, formation and theory of, 478;
operations of, 478-480.

Hair, divers colours of the human,
599-601.

Halfway Island, coral formations of,

383.

Hall, Sir James, 649.

Hall, Captain Basil, an expert navi-
gator, 144; observations by, 329,
365; his Alpine experiences, 208;
his account of Niagara Falls, 288,
289; of sea-water, 329; of tropical
storms, 334; of the Yellow Sea, 371;
of the coral insects, 382; of Italian
remains, 405; of an inundation,
415.

Halley, 3; his birth, career, and
labours, 41; his voyages, 41; be-
comes second astronomer-royal, 41;
observes the comet of 1680, which
since took his name, 41; his predic-
tions, and their verification since his
death, 42; notice of an eclipse, 60;
his opinions on meteors, 131; his

Harding, discovered a planetoid, 158.
Harmattan, or desert hot wind, 448.
Hartside Mountain, 451.

Hastings, singular atmospheric pheno-
mena seen at, 537.

Hatfield Chase, account of, 771.
Hatteras, Cape, 364.

Hawaii, or Owhyhee, prodigious vol-
cano in, 210.

Hawkshaw, memoir by Mr, 704.
Hayti, negroes of, 609.

Head, Sir Francis, 569; his description
of the Pampas, 233.

Heads, shape and illustrations of the
varieties of human, 601-605.
Heat, rarefaction of air by, familiarly
illustrated, 436; is a grand agent in
evaporation, 461; a high degree of,
supportable by man, 484; intense, in
various places, 495; increases as we
descend into the earth, 501; has
caused the upheavings of rocks, 631,
et al.; supposed focus of, in the
centre of the earth, 643; intense
action of, 643.

Heath plants rare in Asia, and almost
unknown to America, 558.
Heavens, appearance of the, 63;
scenery of the, 49-192; optical
illusion regarding the, 146; guide
to the constellations in the, 157, 158.
Heber, Bishop, observation of, 599.
Heberden, Dr, 469.

Hebrides, the, 363; geology of the, 660,
662.

Hecla, eruptions of Mount, 781, 782.
Hedge or thicket plants, 550.
Helena, St, observatory established at,
157; island of, 326, 356; peculiarity
of its plants, 558, 563; had no indi-
genous population, 596.
Heliacal rising and setting, the, 5.
Heligoland, islands of, 393.
Heliopolis, obelisk at, 15.
Hellespont, movement of its waters,
366; Byron swam across, 366.
Helm-wind in Cumberland, account of
the, 451.

Hemans, Mrs, quoted, 156.
Hemispheres of the globe, diversities of
the old and new, 198; temperatures
of northern and southern, 502.
Henderson, Mr, 528.

Henderson's Island, corals of, 384.
Henslow, Professor, 568.
Herbivorous fish, 578.

Herculaneum, city of, 212, 423.

Hercules, the constellation, 178, 188.
Herefordshire has no coal, 639; sand-
stone of, 682.

Herodotus cited, 7, 275, 308, 397.
Herring, the, its rapid movement, 575.
Herschel, Sir William, his birth and
history, 44; his great telescope, 44;
much extended our knowledge of the
solar system, and discovered Uranus
with its satellites, 45; also the sixth
and seventh satellites of Saturn, 45;
resolved the Milky-Way into an in-
finite number of stars, 46; time of
his death, 46; view of his great tele-
scope at Slough, 160; suggests the
proper motion of stars, 178; his cata-
logue of nebula, 181; his observa-
tions on, 181, 185; his estimations of
their distances, 184.
Herschel, Carolíne, sister of the pre-
ceding, and the constant partner in