Principles of Extractive Metallurgy

acid activity coefficient alloy anions anode atoms blast furnace calculate carbon chemical chemical equilibrium CO₂ coke combustion component composition compounds concentration condensed converted copper curve decreases density diameter diffusion electric electrolyte enthalpy entropy equal equation equilibrium constant example expression extractive metallurgy fluid fluidized fraction free energy function gases given gives graphite H₂ heat capacity heat flow heat losses heat transfer coefficient hydrogen impurities increasing ions iron kcal kcal/(m²h°C kilocal liquid magnetite matte melting point metal metallurgical mixture molar mole molten N₁ N₂ obtained oxide oxygen partial pressure particles percent phase preheated pure radiation Raoult's Law ratio react reactants reduction refractory relation relative roasting shown in Fig silica silicon sintering SiO2 slag smelting solid solubility solution standard steel stoichiometric sulfide sulfur surface temperature thermodynamics tion usually vapor velocity volume whereas wustite zero zinc