and pouring in a well directed fire; while the Turks would blaze away with their cannon pointed toward the sky or to the sea. Such was their confusion, that often no balls were put into the guns; and both broadsides were fired by many vessels, from, as well as toward the Greeks.

The action continued until eight in the evening, when the Greeks despatched two brulots against a frigate; they were set on fire ineffectually, but the blaze was enough to complete the confusion of the Turks, and the whole armada retired, and left the Archipelago in disorder; the ships of war attended only to their own safety, and the transports fled every way. Several valuable prizes fell into the hands of the Greeks,* and others were lost; eight made for Alexandria, where the captains of four of them, who were Turks, were welcomed by Mehemet Ali, and nailed up by the ears; the rest reunited themselves to Ibrahim Pashaw, who had gone to Rhodes, and thence to Marmorice, having completely failed in his attempt to get to Candia, having had his fleet dispersed, many transports taken, and others driven on shore. Still, his resolution failed not; it was absolutely necessary that he should go to Candia, and he made new preparations for it.

Unfortunately, the Greek fleet which thus far had acquitted itself so gloriously, could no longer keep the sea; it retired to Hydra and Spetzia; and Ibrahim was left unopposed to make his way with an expedition destined to ruin and devastate the finest parts of Greece.

The exertions of the Porte to subdue continental Greece this campaign, were confined to ordering the reduction of Western Greece by Omer Pashaw; and the conquering of Eastern Greece, and the Morea, by the Seraskier Dervish Pashaw, who was to collect an army at Larissy, and march down through the Thermopyla.

But Omer Pashaw, who had more than suspicion of the evil intentions of the Sultan towards him, did not feel in

* One was a large Austrian ship, with fifty horses and two hundred regular soldiers, who were well treated.

clined to weaken himself by over exertions. He collected an army however, on the confines of the Ambracic gulf, and made preparation to march down and ravage the country again, as far as Missolonghi.

But Mavrocordato advanced with about 2,500 men, and took post in the strong passes of Lutraki, and presented a formidable barrier to the Turkish army. The whole summer was passed in unimportant skirmishes, the object of one party being to penetrate and pass the defiles, that of the other to defend them. Mavrocordato, stronger with the pen than with the steel, stronger in intrigue and deception than either defended the country as much by his wits as his arms. Omer, continually flattered with the hope, that upon the strength of the most solemn promises of safety and protection, he might get possession of the person of his adversary, calculated upon sending his head to Constantinople, as the most likely way to secure the good will of the Sultan; but the cunning and treacherous Albanian was completely outwitted by the wily Fanariote; the whole campaign was passed without his effecting any thing, and at the approach of winter, his Albanian soldiers began to break up into little parties, and unceremoniously take their leave.

In Eastern Greece, the Seraskier Dervish Pashaw, by great exertions, and promise of the plunder of the northern provinces, got together about 15,000 Turks in Thessaly, and uniting them at Zeituni, he marched down toward the Corinthian gulf, by the way of Salona. Had he completely succeeded, by this movement he would at once have effected a junction with the Turkish ships in the gulf, and would thus communicate with the garrisons which were invested by the Greeks at Patrae and Nanpactus.

"The shortness of the distance from the head of the. "Crissean bay to the Maliac gulf, added to the facility of "maritime intercourse which the latter affords with Thessa"lonica and the Hellespont, renders the route from Zeituni "to Salona, the most important passage in Greece next to "the isthmus of Corinth. Its military strength is equal to its "importance; and hence, all the endeavours of the Turks

"to maintain the communication between the gulf of Co"rinth and Thessaly, by this route, have hitherto been "frustrated. It traverses two of the most important passes in Greece; of these, the northern crosses a ridge "which lies between the plain of the Spercheius and the "Dorian valley, near the sources of the Cephissus, and "connects mount Calidromus with the great summits of “Œta; the southern is a narrow defile, separating Parnas"sus from the same mountains. Of the former of these "two passes, the danger was very much diminished to the "Turks, by their easy access into the valley of Doris, which, "by its continuity with the lower valley of the Cephissus, "and with the plains of Boeotia, extending to the barriers of "the Isthmus, has generally been open to the Turkish "troops; but the narrow rocky pass which leads from “Gavria, the ancient Lytinium, into the celebrated plain, "which extends from the heights of Amphissa and Delphi, "to the shore of the Crissean bay, can never be traversed

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by them without the greatest danger, while the enemy re"mains in possession of the mountains on either side of it."*

From neglect, or rather, want of organization, these passes had no other defenders than such of the Capitani, and their followers, as might chance to be there, or who felt it for their interest to be there. The Pashaw therefore, succeeded in passing them, and was advancing rapidly towards the gulf. But the inhabitants began to muster strong at Salona; about 4000 Roumeliotes took their stand at Ampliani, and prepared to dispute the passage of the Turks: they built up their tambouria, or little breastworks, of stones and earth, and laying down behind them, each one crossed himself devoutly and repeatedly, and waited for the enemy. The Pashaw soon attacked them briskly, but was hotly received, and repulsed with some loss; he fell back, and being followed and harassed by the Greeks, was obliged to retreat as far as Thessaly, without having effected any thing beyond the burning of a few villages, and the destruction of some olive groves.

*Col. Leake, p. 146.

He was to have been assisted by a division acting in Boeotia and Attica; Omer, a rich Turk of Negropont, had been elevated to the dignity of Pashaw of that island, and was ordered to retake Athens. He accordingly sallied from Negropont with a considerable force, and ravaged a part of Boeotia unopposed. He then attempted Attica, but he was met by Gourah just at the upper extremity of the celebrated plain of Marathon, and completely worsted in several pretty warm skirmishes. He then retreated into Bootia, and being followed closely, was obliged to take refuge in Negropont.

The Seraskier Dervish, after his retreat into Thessaly, hearing of the ill success of the Negropontian Omer, attempted to penetrate into Boeotia, to his relief. But he had the terrible defiles of Cnemis, below Thermopyla, to pass; and they were occupied by the Greek peasantry, and some Romeliote Palikaris. He made the attempt, however, to pass them; and was defeated with some loss: after which he fell back into Thessaly. Thus the Turkish campaign upon the land side, ended as uselessly, and ingloriously, as that upon the sea.

There was only one thing to cloud the prospects of the Greeks, at the close of this campaign. This was the arrival of the Egyptian expedition under Ibrahim Pashaw, at Candia. It has been seen how successfully he was opposed by the Greek fleet; that he had been detained by it for many months, and at last driven completely out of the Archipelago. But unfortunately, the Greek vessels could not, or would not, keep the sea any longer, and the Egyptian fleet arrived, unopposed, at Candia, where the disciplined myrmidons were debarked. All the strong fortresses in the island were still in the hands of the Turks, and the Greeks were soon put down, or were able to continue the war only in little guerrilla bands among the mountains.

Ibrahim Pashaw prepared therefore, to follow up his plan, and cross over to the Morea; and this too in the depth of winter, which the Greeks judging from the incapacity of the Turkish fleet, deemed impossible. But the Alexandrian fleet was as much superior to that of Constantinople, as is the Pashaw of Egypt in capacity to the Sultan.

L