THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION AT PHILADELPHIA. Mr. David Richardson, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, England, recently sent the following article to the London Herald of Peace. The buildings of the United States International Exhibition, at Philadelphia, are being pushed rapidly forward, and there is now little doubt that it will fully equal any of its prede cessors. These International Exhibitions have, from the first in 1851, all had among their aims, the promotion of international amity. The last, at Vienna, was as pronounced in this respect as any of the earlier ones, as the following extract from the opening address to the Emperor of Austria will show : In reply to the Times, which has objected to the proposal" to calm an infuriated nation with the technicalities of International Law," as a chimerical attempt, Mr. Richard observes that his proposal is to prevent them from becoming infuriated, by taking the very beginnings of their strifes into the keeping of law and justice. He gives a similar answer to those who scornfully minion of the world, would have submitted their pretensions to ask if the great conquerors, who have been aiming at the doarbitration. He replies, "I dare say not. But you may as well try to show that courts of law are useless, or inefficient, have refused to submit their pretensions to prey on society, to because Rob Roy and Robin Hood and Jack Sheppard would their authority. The answer is, that in communities where laws are properly established, the very existence of such men would be impossible." is an alternative for war, and that the comparatively slight disThe essay dwells, appropriately, on the fact that arbitration advantages occasionally attendant on it, must be weighed against the awful results certainly accompanying that other albe- ternative. From this point of view, rare indeed must be the circumstances, in which rulers or statesmen, with any claim whatever to wisdom, can plead the unsuitability of the better way advocated by Mr. Richard.—London Herald of Peace. "In this solemn hour your majesty confers the highest consecration upon an undertaking, the noble destiny of which is to show of what the human mind, the human species and art in every zone are capable of achieving; that progress may come common property, and be fostered and furthered by the co-operation of all, by the rivalry of inventions and dexterity, and the blessings of peace amongst all nations." Other official documents of the same tenor might be quoted. Nevertheless, with this sincere anxiety to promote durable international peace, the Government of the Vienna Exhibition, as well as others, gave diplomas and medals for the best made arms and for improvements in the arts of war. And they permitted the big lie motto, Pacem si ris bellum para, to be placed in big letters over a stand of arms in the principal dome of the Exhibition. Little wonder that International Exhibitions do not seem to have had much influence for peace! In the prospectus of this American Exhibition, the object of the promotion of peace is not so prominently put forward. In their first advertisement they merely say: "The Exhibition is to be international and universal-international, inasmuch as all nations will be invited to participate in it, and universal, because it will include all natural and artificial products, all arts, industries and manufactures, and all the varied results of human skill, thought and imagination.” This may of course include "black" arts as well as useful ones, condemned arts, as well as arts of peace, but it is to be hoped that the people of the United States will show themselves wiser than Governments in Europe, and that on this occasion they will not exhibit to the world a repetition of the foolish spectacle, of their laboring to advance civilization, while at the same time they encourage and reward one of her worst foes-the art of war! The City of Philadelphia is about to erect a better statue of Penn than it has hitherto possessed, and they do well; but it will be a noble and fitting tribute to his memory, if they will on this same occasion declare that in the State and City of his founding-in 1876-in this Exhibition-the art of war shall not be admitted to competition, and from their hands shall receive no encouragement, they well knowing that it is an art condemned, and that it is vain to expect that it will ever cease to be practised, so long as it is taught and rewarded. ests. ENGLAND IN THE EAST. It would be a cause of the highest gratification if we could solace ourselves with the reflection that the peaceful conditions of all the nations of the earth in their external affairs were the result of an enlightened Christian policy, or even of a wellgrounded conviction among the sovereigns and managing statesmen that war is destructive to the highest human interBut, if peace prevails over all the earth at present, it is not because the war-like spirit has died out, or that any more harmonious and kindly feelings prevail than was the case a hundred years ago, when all the nations were at war. There has been no disbanding of armies nor dismantling of navies. Russia, Germany and France each keeps up a military and well-trained force of a million of men; and England is armed at all points, for she has more points to be defended than any other nation. But science has so greatly improved and modified all the methods of warfare that all nations are reduced to the necessity of keeping on their good behavior, because they know the hopelessness and cost of an encounter with a rival. The only danger of a war now is the trouble caused by the Eastern nations, which have not yet fully learned their own weakness nor the strength of the Western nations. England maintains her rule in India solely by her intellectual superiority, by means of her universities and scholars, as much as by her ships and soldiers; and when it shall come to be well understood that the best educated people are always the most powerful, then the great struggle will be for enlightenment and the motive for sanguinary battles will be destroyed. This is the actual condition of affairs in Europe at the present time, and, if it were not for the perils growing out of the still unsettled "Eastern question," there would be little probability of another European war. But Russia and England have conflicting claims in the east, and, as the Crimean struggle grew out of them, there is now an impending danger of another fierce encounter taking place in China, from the same cause. There is evidently a very uneasy feeling in England at the present time in relation to the Chinese Government, owing to the hesitation of the Celestial authorities to punish the murderers of a British subject, named Margary, in the province of Yunnan. The Celestials cannot afford to do anything upon the compulsion of a foreign power; but they are well convinced, too, that they cannot afford to provoke a power like that of England, which has more than once made them feel its crushing strength. They resist, however, to the last, and will make no reparation while they can avoid it. But England cannot tamper nor delay where any Eastern nation is concerned. Any hesitation to punish an infraction of a treaty would be regarded as indicating weakness, and the consequences might be another rebellion in India and a war with China and Burmah, which might tempt Russia to improve the opportunity for extending her boundaries in the East. Judging from the tone of the British journals in their discussions of THE ADVOCATE OF PEACE. 15 this affair, there is evidently a very serious apprehension of Representatives, occupied himself with the subject last trouble, the extent of which could not be foreseen if hostilities autumn at the meeting of the Delegations of Austria and were once commenced. But it is to be hoped that the Chinese Hungary, proposing to hold an annual international Conference officials have learned enough, from their former attempts to of eminent Deputies of all countries, whose first task should deny justice to the United States and Great Britain, not to be the endeavor to reduce the heavy burden of standing provoke another war, which might prove vastly more damaging armies. After this project had been privately communicated than any they have heretofore been engaged in. England feels to the Italian Parliament and the French National Assembly, the necessity of maintaining peace, even at the cost of keeping in both of which bodies the idea was much approved of, it was a great navy and a great army in constant preparation for an finally laid by Baron Ducker before the members of the Geremergency; and the sending out to India of the heir to the man Parliament. Nearly fifty deputies of all parties, about a throne, so as to impress the native princes with a proper sense sixth of the whole House, immediately declared their willingof the dignity and magnificence of the power he represents, is ness, to take part in such meetings, and to use their influence intended as a measure of peace, and it may be much cheaper towards the realization of the project. It is not intended to than any military demonstration could be. The Prince of propose the dissolution of all standing armies, but merely to Wales is not likely to dazzle the eyes of Indian chiefs by his reduce the number of soldiers at present under arms, which in personal appearance; but the brilliant surroundings of his fol- proportion to the productive powers of the several countries lowers and the gifts he may lavish upon the potentates he visits has attained a fearful height. Respecting the execution of may have the effect of filling them with a desire to be on the project, it is reported that the first conference of European amicable terms with his people. It will be a mistake, how-deputies to be held next year will be asked to designate the ever, to let them discover the motive of his visit. If he should quota of the Continental standing armies to be reduced, and betray too much earnestness for peace, it might and doubtless that the members will engage to move in the next session of would be considered by them a sufficient reason for going to war. their respective national Parliaments the following resolution: In spite, however, of the "cloud in the far East," it does" The House expects with confidence that the Government not appear that there is any serious cause for alarm. Ignorant will shortly declare to all Continental powers, or at least to all and superstitious and warlike as the Eastern tribes may be, the Great Powers on the Continent, their readiness to reduce there is intelligence enough among them to cause a wholesome their standing army by the quota arranged by the Conference, dread to be entertained of an encounter with any of the Chris- in case the respective Powers do the same." This motion, it tian nations of the West. The real conditions on which the is hoped, will give the first impulse to the Governments for peace of the world now depend are the intellectual improve- opening diplomatic negotiations on the subject. ment and scientific education which the leading nations enjoy and which are not likely to be diminished.-Independent. IOWA PEACE SOCIETY. A few moments were spent in silent prayer followed by a vocal supplication by President Magoun of Grinnell College. The President then read a paper of some length and much interest, upon the origin and progress of the Society, the work it is accomplishing, and the wide field of labor open before it. The President of Iowa College, Dr. Magoun, was then introduced and made the leading speech of the evening. The following resolution, which was afterward adopted, was the subject of his remarks: PRESIDENT MACMAHON'S PROCLAMATION. The State Peace Society convened in special session, at Senate Chamber, this city, last evening, (January 20) with a goodly Frenchmen :-For the first time in five years you are called representation of members, and many visitors in attendance. upon to participate in a general election. Five years ago you President Dugdale, of Mt. Pleasant, called the meeting to desired order and peace, and at the price of the most cruel sac-order and invited the Vice-Presidents to seats upon the platrifices, and after the greatest trials, you obtained them. You form, after which a committee to prepare resolutions was still desire order and peace. The Senators and Deputies you appointed. are about to elect must co-operate with the President of the Republic to maintain them. We must apply with common accord and sincerity the constitutional laws, the revision whereof I alone, until 1880, have the right to propose. After so much agitation, discord, and misfortune, repose is necessary for the country, and I think her institutions ought not to be revised before they are honestly tried, but to try them as the salvation of France requires, it is indispensable that the conservative and truly liberal policy which I always intended to pursue, should prevail. To uphold it, I appeal for union among those who place the defence of social order, respect for law, and patriotic devotion above their recollections, aspirations or party engagement. I invite them to rally around my government. It is necessary that the sacred rights which survive all governmental changes and the legitimate interests which every Administration is bound to protect, should enjoy a full security under a strong and respective government. It is necessary not only to disarm those who might disturb security now, but to discourage those who threaten its future by the propagation of anti-social and revolutionary doctrines. France knows that I neither sought nor desired the power I am invested with; but she may rely upon my exercising it without weakness. In order to fulfil to the end the mission intrusted to me I hope God will aid me, and that the support of the nation will not fail me. M. MACMAHON, Resolved, That this Society has noted with lively interest and entire satisfaction the united efforts of different classes of intelligent and public spirited persons in various countries of Christendom not heretofore accustomed to act together to mitigate the horrors of war, diminish occasions for its occurrence, and prevent it altogether, especially as exhibited in schools of international.law and the Association for the Codification of the Law of Nations, and gratefully recognizes these new movements as signs of hearty and hopeful progress in the great cause of peace, and marks of the gracious favor of Divine Providence. Letters were read from Elihu Burritt and Rev. H. C. Dunham, Secretary of the American Peace Society. New Britain, Conn., Jan. 12, 1876. MR. JOSEPH A. DUGDALE, The Pall Mall Gazette of December 24th, contains the fol- the entire nation than at the present moment. It is a fact that lowing important and cheering announcement: Our Berlin correspondent, writing on the 21st inst., says: Shortly before the adjournment of the Reichstag the question was raised of a gradual European disarmament. Dr. Albert Fischhoff, a prominent member of the Austrian House of increased to $73,000,000, or at the rate of more than 300 per barous custom of war, and at the earliest possible period, to cent. in 20 years! What other country can show such a have a World's Parliament constituted by the civilized nations growth as this in its "peace establishments"? Can the tax- of the earth, to whom the disputations of States and Nations laden masses of our land be made to realize the meaning of may be referred, and thus supersede effusion of blood on the these figures to them? What illustrations will press the lessons battle-field. 4. That in no country on the earth can the government run counter to the opinions and feelings of the majority and be permanently maintained; that our efforts should be to mould public opinion by reason and love, powers more potent than the bayonet, the shell or the cannon ball. of these facis home upon their minds? Will this comparison 3. That the sensible and practicable method of overthrowhelp them to do it? During the two hottest years of the lasting a widespread evil is by the change of public opinion so as war with Great Britain, the cost of our army and navy was to make such opinion utterly opposed to a continuance of such $28,000,000 or but little more than one-third their cost in evil, and that such change, either in individuals or in nations1874, a single year of peace! And this preposterous system aggregates of individuals-cannot be effected by fraud, violence threatens to fasten its rule of burden upon this country forever! or hatred. It grows by what it feeds upon, like the daughter of the horseleech and it will find blood enough for its appetite as long as the nation will give to it, its best veins to suck. It mocks at all that God and nature are doing for the peace and brotherhood of nations. It ignores religion, commerce and all the socializing agencies, tendencies and influences of Christian civilization present and to come. It counts all these as if pre-subsidized auxiliaries to its everlasting rule. It grasps all the future in its greed. In spite and in mockery of the sublime court of ar bitration at Geneva and its award, it grows, and threatens to grow forever with the growth of this nation, to proportion its burden only to the patient capacity to bear it on the part of the people. See what a stupendous incongruity our Government is preparing for this very Centennial year of universal brotherhood! See how this armed peace vampire is putting out its fangs and feelers to grasp these coming months of International fellowship, host-hood and guest-hood! Can the industrial masses of this country translate these statistical figures just announced by our Government for the first year of our new century of national life? Here is its new point of departure. There is its inauguration of the better future to which the laboring masses, and all the other millions of the country are hopefully looking as "those who watch for the morning." For army and navy for the year ending June 30th, 1877, $61,000,000; or $11,000,000 more than they demanded for the costliest year of the war with Mexico! Now then I earnestly hope that your convention will address itself with honest courage to the consideration of these facts, that it will utter a voice that the people of other States shall hear, that shall bring them face to face with the question, shall the sword devour forever? Shall the nation carry this horseleech at its bluest veins, into the new century to waste and defile its years of hope? It is for the people it has so long bled to say. If they would say no then let them arise and shake off the vampire, as St. Paul did the viper that Yours sincerely, fastened on his hand. ELIHU BURRITT. Office of the American Peace Society, MR. JOSEPH A. DUGDALE, H. C. DUNHAM, 5. That we cordially approve of the sentiments and efforts of the late Congress at the Hague, and hail it as one of the glad signs of the times. 6. That we reaffirm our former expressed opinion that standing armies are standing reproaches, and should be discontinued by the powers of the earth at the earliest possible moment; that they are an onerous tax upon the laboring classes, and that compulsory military drills in our colleges and institutes of learning are to be deplored as fostering the war spirit. Senator Woolson introduced the following resolution, which was adopted: Resolved, That the letters received and read in this Convention from our distinguished countrymen, Elihu Burritt; Alfred Love, President of the Peace Union of Philadelphia; H. C. Dunham, on behalf of the American Peace Society of Boston, and President Burns, be spread upon our record and published with our proceedings. The following, presented by the President, was adopted: Resolved, That, having on our roll of membership the names of generals, majors, captains, privates, and chaplains of the volunteer force in the late war of the rebellion, we respectfully submit to them the propriety of responding to the call of the President of the Peace Union to furnish implements of warfare to be placed on the anvil at the Centennial Peace Forge. On motion of Dr. Magoun, the following was adopted: Resolved, That this State Peace Society has heard with pain and sorrow of the recent death, in the midst of his days and services, of the Secretary of the American Peace Society, the Rev. James B. Miles, D.D., of Boston. He died in full strength, when his intelligent interest in the cause of peace, his wise zeal, his peculiar Christian spirit, his apt and skilful address, promised to make his future discharge of his duties at home and abroad still more eminently useful. On motion a committee of five, of which President Dugdale should be chairman, was appointed to represent the Society at the forthcoming Philadelphia Peace Convention. The remaining members of the committee chosen were Laurie Tatum, of Cedar county; Dr. Magoun of Iowa county; Rev. Francis Ward, Johnson county; and Senator Jessup, of Hardin county. Mrs. Laurie Tatum, on motion, was elected a member of the Executive Committee, in place of Joel Been, of Cedar county, lately removed from the State. Dr. Magoun presented the following, which was adopted : Resolved, That the Society has learned at this meeting with unusual pleasure of the proposition of Austria to other European powers for an International Commission to consider the fea Senator Woolson, on behalf of the Committee on Resolu-sibility and proper methods of securing a proportionate disartions, made a report, which was accepted. The Constitution of the Society was then circulated for signatures, and while other business was in progress, one hun dren and three new names were thus obtained. The following resolutions reported by the Committee on Resolutions, were then adopted: Resolved, 1. That the Iowa Peace Society, assembled at the city of Des Moines in special session in the Senate Chamber of the Capitol of Iowa, believe the age in which we live is pervaded with the advancing and accumulating spirit of truth, which is progressing with steady steps over the pations of the earth. 2. That our distinctive idea is the banishment of the bar ་ mament of the great powers of Europe. Rev. Francis Ward, agent of the American Peace Society for Resolutions of thanks were returned to the President and the other speakers for their eloquent addresses, and to Senator Woolson, for soliciting, and the Senate for granting the use of the Senate hall for the Society, after which the Society adjourned sine die.-Des Moines Daily Register. Treat your enemies as if they would some time or other be your friends, TIME ENOUGH. BOSTON, FEBRUARY, 1876. Two little squirrels, out in the sun, Listen, my child, while I tell you his fate: He roused hin at last, but he roused him too late; Two little boys in a school-room were placed; Listen, my darling; their locks are turned gray; Two kinds of people we meet every day; Tell me, my child, if the squirrels have taught GOOD FOR EVIL. "Oh! mamma, it is so hard to be good!" exclaimed little Jessie Gray, "I have tried, and tried, and can't succeed. I will perhaps be good for a whole day, but before I go to bed I must do something to spoil it all. Now yesterday, I did nothing wrong all day, until after school, when Agnes Barnard said, Jessie Gray feels awful big, just because she hasn't whispered in school to-day; but I am as good as she is, any way, and she needn't turn up her nose at me!' Now, mamma, I didn't feel big; but I was feeling so happy to think I had been good all day. I was walking along and not speaking to any one, and that made her think that I was stuck up. Of course, it made me angry to hear her say so, and I called her an ugly, mean liar,' and told her to mind her own business, and let me No. 2. alone.' I felt sorry for it afterwards, and this morning asked her to forgive me; but she made fun of me and said, So you are getting pious, are you?' I did not answer her, but I had many hard feelings toward her; but I have forgiven her now and I want to do something for her. Can you think of anything, mamma?" "I can think of nothing at present," replied her mother, "but perhaps something will turn up before long." The next day there was a large frosted cake put in Jessie's lunch basket. Jessie did not see it until recess, when she sat down to eat her luncheon. Agnes Barnard, passing at the moment, spied the cake, and exclaimed, "Oh! what a lovely cake; give me a piece." Jessie was about to say, "No, I won't; you can get your own cakes if you want them." But suddenly remembering that she must return good for evil, she said, "Yes, Agnes, I will give you some And she broke off the larger portion of the cake, and handed it to her. Agnes took it without a word of thanks, and ate it greedily; but Jessie felt quite as happy as if she had thanked her, for she knew she had acted rightly, and a good deed always brings its own reward. Jessie kept on trying, in small things as well as great ones, and ere long she felt that she was one of God's little ones. She is now trying to help others as well as herself to walk in the good way.-Young Pilgrim. CHIP AND CHIPPER. The Chip and Chipper were two Boston sparrows They lived in a little red house in one of the elms on the Common. They only lodged there, though; they took their meals out other morning they flew down into Tremont street, hopped along until they came to Mason street, and turned in there to look for dinner. Presently they found a good big crumb; both saw it at once, and seized it together, Chip at one side, and Chipper at the other. Just then I came along, and found them tugging away at that one crumb, each determined to get it Whether it was for fear of me, or for shame at being found doing wrong, I do not say, but one of them dropped his side of the crumb, and left the other to fly away with it. Birds should not quarrel for their rights, any more than boys or girls. Did you ever know two boys, or two girls, or a boy and a girl to seize a book or a plaything both at once, and to pull away at it, each determined to make the other let go? Shame! AN OLD CHILD MADE YOUNG AGAIN. The widow Denison was strong and hopeful, and not very sensitive. She could work sixteen hours a day on her machine and not feel weary; and she wondered why Mary-who inherited her father's delicate constitution and natural refinement did not sing at her work! The girl was eleven years old, and did nearly all the housekeeping. Mary was very fond of reading and study. But since she had taken her from school, the mother looked on books and papers as thieves, that were stealing her time from her work. While her sick father lived, he used to say, "Try to sit down with your book and rest awhile, Mary dear;" but when he was gone, the only cry she heard was, "Come, come Mary! hurry up there, so as to sew the buttons on to all these overalls before night." Mrs Denison meant to be kind, but this was her nature She would have sat up all night to earn bread for her children; but if she had failed, she would have "bound them out" without very much grief. During the second winter of her widowhood, the price of provisions rose and her work failed. She only said, "We shall live somehow! I never heard of anybody in this town dying of starvation I'll trust good luck till spring comes." But little Mary wanted to know how they were to live; and she lay awake many hours contriving in some way to fill the flour-barrel and coal bin. She wanted a surer and more satisfying support than "good luck;" but no one had led her to the Friend of the fatherless. Mary had been a great favorite at school, and her little friends did not forget her now in her trouble. back On Christmas evening, two of them slipped in by the gate to see her. But only the mother was there. "Mary is sick," she replied, in answer to a question. "She takes all the care of everything and everybody on her mind; and I do believe she's fretted herself into a fever, and that'll make a great deal of trouble for me, now that I haven't any work. You may go up and see her if you want to; you won't hinder her for she isn't doing anything now." "Mary," said one of her little friends, taking her hot hand, "we've brought you a little present. We're having a Christmas tree, and a fair, and everything nice at our house, and we felt so sorry you couldn't be there." "I'm glad you're having a nice time," said Mary, as she opened the box her little friend placed in her hand. "O, earrings! But I don't wear such things, you know. They wouldn't match with my old dress and hat! But I'll keep them to remember you by as long as I live. It seems as if I am too old to have such things, even if I had good clothes." "Why, Mary, how old are you?" "Almost twelve: that seems so old, and the last year such a long, long one!" she replied with a sigh. "Isn't there anything in the world that can make you feel as young as you did when we used to go into the woods and up the mountain after school?" asked the sweet little girl. "O, yes, in the world; but I can't have all there is in the world, you know." "What would make you young and happy, Mary?" said the little girl who had not spoken before. "I think to see your father, and get some medicine from him, Cassie, would make me happier than anything to-night. What in the world will become of mother and the little boys if I'm going to have a fever?" 66 "You shan't have a fever," said Cassie, with the air of one who might hold life and death in her hand. "I'll bring papa; and he never lets folks be sick any time, if they only send for him soon enough." Cassie ran home with a mournful story, and said, "Now, mamma, and all the girls, don't you think the best thing we can do with our charity fund, that we made at our little fair,' will be to make Mary again young with it?" "Yes, my dear,-yes, O yes, yes!" came from half a dozen voices. 66 Papa shall find out what will make her young, and we will supply what you cannot," said her mother. 64 Say, mamma, won't our fund buy a ton of coal?" asked Cassie. "Yes, my dear, and more than that," was the reply. When the doctor sat down beside Mary, he said with a smile, I hear you have grown very old since you used to play babyhouse' with the girls in my harness room Mary smiled a poor, faint, tired little smile. and said, "Yes, sir, I have; and this last year seems ten years long! I have so much to worry about, and no one to tell it to. I can't trouble mother with it all." "Poor child, you shall not worry," said the kind gentleman. "Is there anything in the world that would make you feel young to-night?" "I suppose there is, sir." "Then tell me what it is. If a fairy god-mother should come and ask you what you wanted most, what would you say? Say the same to me," said the kind doctor. What do you suppose Mary asked for? A silk dress, fine books, nicer things to eat? No, she hung her weary little head, and replied, "I suppose, sir, I should choose a ton of coal and a barrel of flour; anybody would feel rich that had all that. And still that wouldn't quite comfort me." "Wouldn't you ask for anything else?" 66 'Yes, sir; I should ask work for mother, and a chance to go back to school again for myself." "Well, Mary, there's a tiny little god-mother with flaxen hair at my house, that can give you all that. Now take this medicine; and I think by next Monday, you will be able to begin school again. But remember, dear child, that you have a Friend greater than all others, the Father of the fatherless. Call on Him in all your troubles. You can talk to Him. The cual and the flour, with tea, coffee, butter, sugar, and ten dollars for shoes came the next day. A. note came with them, saying that Mary must go to school, and that work would be sent to Mrs. Denison from families in the neighborhood, for which she would get more money than the overalls brought her And then the dear child said to her mother, "I had just been asking God to help us when Cassie and Belle came in last night.' In a very short time the life came back into Mary's blue eyes, and the lines we call "wrinkles" faded out from her brow. She was a child again. |