deavoring to protect its men so that one of the backs may be able to secure the ball and make a run with it, while members of the opposing side are endeavoring to break through and stop this. The men of the side which has the ball in its possession may not use their hands or arms to obstruct their opponents, but may do this with the body only. The players of the side not in possession of the ball on the other hand are privileged to use their hands and arms to break through the ranks of their opponents. The man who has the ball in his possession, that is running with it, may use his hands and arms to ward off the opponents, but the rest of his side may not. The play thus continues by a succession of downs and runs interspersed with kicks, for a side may kick the ball instead of running with it if they so desire.

In order to prevent a side holding the ball indefinitely without making progress there is a rule providing that in 3 attempts the side must advance the ball 10 yards or take it back 20 or surrender it to the opponents. For this reason it is quite customary after two attempts, if the desired ground has not been gained, for the side in possession to kick the ball, thus transferring it to the possession of their opponents as far into the opponent's territory as possible. When the ball goes across the side line it is out of bounds and if it has gone out of bounds through being kicked, it belongs to the opponents, but if a man carries it out of bounds, in his possession, his own side has the right to it. The ball is brought back to the spot where it crossed the line and is put in play either by bounding it into the field of play, or, far more usually, by the holder walking in a certain distance and putting it on the ground for a scrimmage as already described.

The game thus proceeds until the ball approaches one or the other goal line and here begins the question of generalship for scoring. If the ball be kicked by a drop kick over the cross bar of the opponent's goal it counts the side thus kicking it five points. If the ball be carried by the player of that side across his opponent's goal line or secured by him after it has been kicked across it scores a touch-down, which counts four points and also entitles the side making it to a try at goal. This is performed either by kicking the ball out to a player who catches it and makes a mark with his heel, the ball then being kicked from any point behind that mark, or being brought directly out by a player of the side which has touched it down and held on the ground for another of his side to kick. In either event if the touch-down be converted into a goal by the kicking of the ball over the cross bar it adds an additional point for this scoring.

There is one other possible means of scoring and that is when a side is pressed by the opponents, and, instead of the opponents securing the ball, the defenders of the side secure it and either kick, pass, or carry it across their own goal-line and touch it back behind their own goal it entitles them to carry the ball out 25 yards for a kick. The opponents stand on the 25-yard line while this kick is made. This safety, however, as it is called, counts two points against the side making it.

The game is divided into 2 halves of 35 minutes each with a 10-minute intermission, and the side which has scored the greater number

of points at the end of the full period of play wins the game.

American football, while it started from the English Rugby Union rules has developed in many directions so that the game would not now be recognizable to an Englishman. The one thing that he would see that possibly reminded him of Rugby would be that occasionally a man runs in the open field with the ball. But the various formations and the tactics adopted would puzzle him exceedingly. Like the Rugby Union, however, there is some kicking in it, but far less than in the English Association. In the English scrimmage the two lines of forwards push until the ball pops out somewhere, whereas in the American scrimmage the man in the centre who has possession of the ball snaps it out with his hand whenever he is ready to do so to the quarter-back who stands directly behind him and this man passes it to the half-back or full-back or anyone else so long as he does not pass it ahead. This enables the Americans to carry out their very elaborate system of plays because the ball can be absolutely directed at any time to any spot. So perfect has this development become that the quarter-back gives signals for the plays by means of which signals the entire team knows exactly what man is to receive the ball and where he is to run with it when he has received it. Thus the others may assist him very materially in making his gain. Some idea of the variety of plays can be gathered from the fact that teams can without difficulty execute no less than 40 or 50 plays, each distinct from the other. It is not difficult to imagine that with this highly developed form of attack a most thorough and well-studied plan of defense is equally necessary. It is also not difficult to understand that this development on both sides has brought about specialization in the work of various players so that almost every position on the field has a distinct line of duties which its incumbent must be able to perform with skill and accuracy. The signals are quite elaborate codes, devised for easy memorizing, but at the same time sufficiently intricate and bewildering as to render the liability of discovery by the opponents very small.

In the American game the quarter-back usually gives these signals, although the captain sometimes prefers to give them himself.

In

The history of the game in America as in England and elsewhere has been one of discussion and opposition, the latter coming from those who believe that the sport is too strenuous. Kingly edicts were issued in the old days in England and in the United States State legislatures have been asked at various times to forbid the pastime. Yet it has lived on. America the game has had already three great epochs as it were. The first in the eighties when the "block game" was legislated out of existence, then in the early nineties when "momentum mass" plays were excised and finally in 1903 when "formation plays" were restricted.

Before the Rules Committee met in that year it sent out a request to those directly interested in the sport of football and to those connected with the boards of control of athletics in various colleges and schools that they offer suggestions concerning the future development of the game and opinions concerning modifications of the

style of play and the revision of the rules. Many letters were received by the Rules Committee, including a communication in response to this request signed by a large number of the head masters of schools. A widespread public sentiment was advanced in favor of such a change in the rules as might bring about more "open play," and it was further felt by the committee and their advisers that the rules should be so modified and the powers of the officials so increased as to eliminate to the greatest possible extent unsportsmanlike tactics, and with these ends in view the committee decided upon the incorporation of two important changes. The first of these was the adoption of such a formation in mid-field between the 25 yard lines as might lead to the development of that open style of play desired by so many. Since, however, it was impossible to predict the character of the play that might result under any specific modifications of the rules, the committee thought it desirable to retain the old style of play within each of the 25-yard lines so that football experts and the public should have opportunity to see the old and the new styles of play side by side, and to thus obtain practical demonstration of the effects of these changes to serve as a guide in further action. The second general change was the incorporation of rules that in some cases greatly increased the penalty for unfair tactics, and in others did away with all excuses for indulgence in certain rough plays, at the same time providing for less offensive armament, as for instance, in the case of the headgear. To make sure that the wishes of the committee were carried out in this matter, the duties of the linesman were enlarged and he was made practically an assistant to the umpire and given absolute power to deal with certain classes of fouls. The American game thus has for its conduct three officials, the referee whose duties are principally related to the progress of the ball, the umpire who has charge as it were of the conduct of the players, the linesman who acts as a second umpire, at the same time assisting the referee in the matter of measureWALTER CAMP,

ments.

Yale University.

Foote, fut, Andrew Hull, American naval officer: b. New Haven, Conn., 12 Sept. 1806; d. 26 June 1863. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1822, and in 1849-52 he was engaged in the suppression of the slave trade on the coast of Africa. In command of the China station in 1856, when the Chinese and English were at war, he exerted himself to protect American property, and was fired upon by the Celestials. His demand for an apology was refused and he stormed and captured four Chinese forts. In 1861 he commanded the expedition against Forts Henry and Donelson on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, and directed the attack on Island Number 10. In 1862 he was promoted rear-admiral. He wrote Africa and the American Flag (1854). Consult Hoppin, 'Life of Rear Admiral Andrew Hull (1874).

Foote, Arthur, American composer: b. Salem, Mass., 5 March 1853. He was graduated at Harvard 1874, became a teacher of the piano and organist of the First Church in Boston, and has devoted much time to composition, in which field he has been very successful, having published a cantata 'Hiawatha,'

a trio in C major for piano, violin, and 'cello; suites for the orchestra; an overture, 'In the Mountains'; songs, and pianoforte pieces.

Foote, Henry Stuart, American statesman: b. Fauquier County, Va., 20 Sept. 1800; d. Nashville, Tenn., 20 May 1880. He was admitted to the bar in 1822; removed to Mississippi in 1826 and entered politics. In 1847 he was elected to the United States Senate, and in 1852 was elected governor of the State. He vention held at Knoxville, Tenn., in 1859, but was a strong opponent of secession at the conwhen secession was an assured fact, he accepted an election to the Confederate Congress, where he was active in his opposition to most of President Davis' measures.

Foote, Lucius Harwood, American diplomatist: b. Winfield, N. Y., 10 April 1826. He was educated at Knox College and at the Western Reserve University; went to California in 1853; and was admitted to the bar in 1856. He became adjutant-general of California in 1861, and was consul to Valparaiso, Chile, 187881. Appointed minister to Korea in 1882, he distinguished himself in the protection of Japanese and other foreigners in the nationalist revolt in Seoul in 1883, and received the thanks of the emperor of Japan, the Chinese government, and the emperor of Korea for his services. He resigned in 1884 and returned to California, where in 1890 he was made treasurer of the San Francisco Academy of Sciences.

Foote, Mary (HALLOCK), American novelist: b. Milton, N. Y., 19 Nov. 1847. In 1876 she was married to Arthur D. Foote, a mining engineer. She has published: The Led Horse Claim (1883); John Bodewin's Testimony) (1886); The Last Assembly Ball' (1889); În Exile and Other Stories (1894); The Chosen Valley; Coeur d'Alène (1894); The Cup of Trembling and Other Stories (1895); The Little Fig Tree Stories' (1900); The Prodigal' (1900); etc.

Foote, Samuel, English actor and playwright: b. Truro, England, 27 Jan. 1720; d. Dover, England, 21 Oct. 1777. From Oxford he turned his attention to the stage; tried tragic parts and failed; then began to give entertainments of a sort now familiar but then new, impersonating real and imaginary people and acting little farces by himself. He wrote many farces, the most notable being: The Minor) (1760), a skit at the Methodists; The Liar'; The Mayor of Garratt. His repartees are famous, and have been collected into a volume.

Foote, Samuel Augustus, American statesman: b. Cheshire, Conn., 8 Nov. 1780; d. there 15 Sept. 1846. He was graduated at Yale College in 1797; served in the legislature for many years; was member of Congress in 1819-21 and 1823-5; served one term in the United States Senate, was governor of Connecticut, and one of the presidential electors on the Clay and Frelinghuysen ticket in 1844. It was he who in 1829 introduced the bill "on the public lands" that occasioned the famous debate between Hayne and Webster.

Footmen, a collector's name for the small gray and yellowish moths of the family Lithosiida, which have simple antennæ, rather narrow fore wings, beneath which the broad hind wings are folded when at rest.

Foraging Ants, the large, powerful ants of the tropical American genus Eciton, which from time to time march in hosts across the country, with the precision of an army under the control of officers. These marching columns are composed almost wholly of workers, apparently directed by a larger, lighter-colored kind; and they search every inch of ground, rubbish-heap or thicket, searching for what they can eat and driving every living thing out of their way in terror. Several species exist, differing in various respects. One, for example, devotes its forays entirely to finding and robbing the homes of a smaller and very different ant (Hypoclinea), whose larvæ and pupæ it carries off, but lets the adults go free. Ordinarily no insect that can be caught is spared. These ants have no settled abode, but make nests in hollow stumps, or underground, and change them each season or oftener. Their colonies exhibit a high degree of organization, and contain five separate castes, instead of the three of ordinary ants. See ANTS, and the works referred to thereunder; and especially Belt, Naturalist in Nicaragua' (1888).

Foraker, Joseph Benson, American politician: b. near Rainsboro, Highland County, Ohio, 5 July 1846. He enlisted in the 89th Ohio infantry in 1862, participated in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Kenesaw Mountain, and Lookout Mountain and in Sherman's "march to the sea," served on the staff of Gen. Slocum, and was mustered out in 1865 with the rank of first lieutenant and brevet captain. Subsequent to the War he studied for two years at the Ohio Wesleyan University, in 1869 was graduated from Cornell University, and in the same year was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati and there began the practice of law. In 1879 he was elected judge of the superior court of Cincinnati, from which post he resigned in 1882. He was Republican candidate for the governorship of Ohio in 1883, but was defeated by Hoadly, Democrat; was elected in 1885 and re-elected in 1887; and was again defeated in 1889, this time by Campbell. In 1896 he was elected United States senator to succeed Calvin S. Brice, and in 1902 re-elected. He was chairman of the Ohio Republican State conventions of 1886, 1890, 1896, and 1900; a delegate-at-large from Ohio to the national Republican conventions of 1884, 1888, 1892, 1896, and 1900, being chairman of the Ohio delegation in 1884 and 1888; and presented to the conventions of 1896 and 1900 the name of William McKinley for nomination to the Presidency. He attained the largest law practice in southern Ohio, and became well known in that State as a corporation attorney and a vigorous orator on political questions. His election to the Senate at once made him the Republican leader of Ohio. In the Senate he took a prominent part in the discussions connected with the Spanish-American war, of which he was a conspicuous advocate. His name has been mentioned for the Presidential nomination.

Foraminif'era, an order of animals in the phylum Protozoa and the class Rhizopoda. The body is contained within a calcareous test or shell, which is many chambered. It may be cylindrical or spiral, or it may tend to the pyramidal form. The outer surface presents a punctate or dotted appearance, produced by the presence of very numerous small apertures,

or "foramina." The chambers in some are perfectly distinct from others, though so aggregated as to form a compound shell; in others they are connected with a funnel-like tube. The texture of the shell in one group is porcelain-like, in another glassy. The inside of the shell has an extensile and contractile sarcode (protoplasm) of a reddish or yellow color, which streams through the openings and thinly covers the outside. Foraminifers are always of small size, and often microscopic. With the exception of Gromia and one or two related genera which occur both in fresh and salt water, they are exclusively marine and many dwell only in the abysses. Sometimes their shells constitute seasand. In the Atlantic, at a depth of 3,000 fathoms, there is an ooze composed almost entirely of Globigerinæ, which belong to this order. See GLOBOGERINA.

The exceedingly antique Eozoon (q.v.) of the Laurentian rocks, if organic, as is generally believed, was apparently a foraminifer. Forms more unequivocal, some of them very like recent species, occur in the Silurian, the Carboniferous, and other strata. They are found through all the Secondary Period, chalk (q.v.) being almost entirely composed of their cases. They increase in number and importance in the Tertiary. The flat, coin-shaped nummulites of the Middle Eocene form the principal bulk of great series of limestone rocks that furnish excellent building-stone. The type of the order has remained wonderfully constant from the earliest times till now.

Foran, Joseph Kearney, Canadian author: b. Aylmer, P. Q., 1857. Among his poems the best known are a Lament for Longfellow' and 'Indian Translations.' He is the author of two novels, Tom Ellis, a Story of the Northwest Rebellion,' and 'Simon, the Abenakis.' The Spirit of the Age (1894); Poems and Canadian Lyrics' (1895).

Forbes, fôrbz, Archibald, English journalist and war correspondent: b. Morayshire 1838; d. London 30 March 1900. From 1859 till 1864 he served in the Royal Dragoons, but, abandoning the army for journalism, joined the staff of the Daily News, as war correspondent. In this capacity he accompanied the German army through the war of 1870-1, and a little later, in Paris, was present at the downfall of the Commune. He was in India during the 1874 famine, and shortly afterward the Carlist and other troubles kept him for a time in Spain. He accompanied the Prince of Wales on his Indian tour in 1875-6, and on returning described as an eye-witness the Servian war of 1876. In the following year he was with the Russians in their campaign against the Turks, being present at the battle of Plevna, and in 1878 he went to Cyprus. He was under fire during the Afghanistan campaign of 1878-9, next visited Mandalay, and then went to Zululand. He afterward devoted himself mainly to lecturing at home and in America and Australia. His chief publications are: My Experiences in the Franco-German War' (1872); (Glimpses through the Cannon Smoke' (1880); 'Chinese Gordon (1884); Souvenirs of Some Continents' (1885); William I. of Germany) (1888); Barracks, Bivouacs, and Battles' (1891); 'Havelock (1891); Afghan Wars (1892) 'Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde' (1895); 'Camps,