ing, it may not be uninteresting to state the ANTIENT LANGUAGES. Written translations from Euripides [from Hippolytus, from 286 to 311-from Cyclops, 262 to 276] from Herodotus Lib. 2. Chap. 695 Questions, orally answered. Junior Greek Class. with sculpture, painting and philosophical speculations? 12-The situation of Athena? describe the Parthenon, Theseium, Piræus, Long walls? 13th-The situation of the Phoenician towns; their trade and voyages: the antient books in which the information is found? Junior Class. 1-The extant Roman historians to the time of Trajanus? 2-The signification of Italia' in the early ages of the republic? 3-The meaning of possessio, the Agrarian laws; what authors to be studied for the proper Written translations from Euripides [Hippolytus 1187 to 1211-Alcestes 442 to 461]-5 Ques-understanding of them? tions with oral answers. Senior Latin Class. Written translations of letter, Cato to Cicero, Lib. 15. 5-Tacitus Ann. 4. 62-Questions with oral answers. 5-The antient political divisions of the Peloponnesus? origin of the modern name? area? chief rivers? and physical circumstances of the country? 4-Jus Latinum, jus italicum, colonia, municipium, Patricius, Plebeius, Libertus and Libertinus: describe accurately the whole signification of each word ? 5-Describe a Roman Provincial or territorial government-sources of revenue in the time of the Republic? 6-The general physical character of Greece north of the Isthmus? area of all Greece? position of Thermopyla, Delphi, Theba in Baotia, Aulis, Marathon? 7-Greeks lived and wrote in the south of France and Italy, in Sicily, North Africa, on the Black Sea, in Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and on the banks of the Euphrates-explain fully the causes of these historical facts? 8-Corinthus was a rich city even in the time of Homer, and also at later periods-how is this explained? 9 The situation of Carthago? nature and composition of her armies? her foreign posses[To be Continued.] sions? NOTICE TO CORRESPONDENTS. &c. The Editors will thank their contributors not to allow their communications to exceed six printed pages, unless the subject admits of di vision. * Advertisements, when of a purely literary character, will be inserted on the last page of the Journal. 6-Describe the situation and give the antient Q, P, B, XY, YY, WY and ZY. names of Patras, Navarino, Napoli di Romania. 7-How did the antient Egyptians regulate their civil year? on how many Julian years would an Egyptian festival of a given day occupy successively every day of the Julian year? 8-How might Livius have obtained his real It is the intention of the Editors to offer, occa. or supposed knowledge of early Roman history?sionally, as a premium, a copy of the 'Museum' 9-The Greek colonies of Italy and Sicily; six pages, written by a Student of the Univerfor one year, for the best essay, not exceeding who preceded the Greeks in the occupation ofsity, on subjects to be specified. Sicily, who succeeded them? Is Etna mentioned as a volcano by the old Greek writers? 10-To what may we attribute the success of 'Annibal in his earlier Italiann campaigs? What author should be studied for the purpose of correcting Livius? 11-How did the Romans become acquainted Authors and Publishers, desirous of having works noticed in the Museum, must transmit them free of expence, to the Editors at the University. PUBLISHED BY F. CARR. University Press. JAMES ALEXANDER, Printer. HARVARD COLLES 1929 P405. VIRGINIA LITERARY MUSEUM AND JOURNAL OF BELLES LETTRES, ARTS, &c. Published every Wednesday.-Terms, five dollars per annum, to be paid in advance. "POSCENTES VARIO MULTUM DIVERSA PALATO"-Hor. Lib. ii. Ep. 2. No. 2.-VOL. 1. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA. JUNE 24, 1829. THE POLICY OF ENCOURAGING | and in some instances, liberal prices, for MANUFACTURES. their produce; and the subject of manufactures has lost much of the interest it We must now place the Manufacturer by the side of the lately excited among us. In the joys of Agriculturist.-JEFFERSON. Let not the reader suppose that we mean to discuss the merits of the Tariff. The time may come when we, too, may have something to say on that vexed question; and when the passions which now mingle in the discussion having subsided, we shall endeavour to shew how far we think that both parties have pushed their arguments too far, and how far we coincide with either. At present we shall confine ourselves to the inquiry whether it is at once practicable and wise to promote manufactures in Virginia. The mind of the writer of the following remarks has undergone a change within a year or two, as to the capacity of this State for manufacturing establishments. In considering the general stagnation of trade, the depression of prices which our staple commodities had experienced for some years, and the consequent distress felt by the great body of the community, he thought he perceived a remedy for our loss of foreign markets, and the redundancy of our agricultural products in the diversion of a part of our capital and industry into the new channel of manufactures. Nor was he singular in that change of opinion, as was proved by the newspapers, those faithful mirrors of public sentiment, in which have appeared from time to time several sensible essays inviting attention to the subject. Within the last twelvemonth, however, a favorable change has taken place, in the prices both of wheat and tobacco: our planters and farmers have received saving, returning health we have forgotten both the disease and the Doctors. But is the present change for the better permanent: and may not the malady, suspended for a time, return with aggravated force? The price of tobacco, always fluctuating according to the quantity made, is higher at present for the short crop made the preceding year; and the price of wheat we know to have been raised by the failure of the last harvest in Europe. When these accidental circumstances shall no longer exist, we must expect that the superabundant supply of our staple products will again cause them to be of dull sale at low prices; that the profits of slaves and the value of land will fall in proportion; and that our citizens, not availing themselves of the materials of wealth they so amply possess, will be again made to feel, perhaps with renovated severity, the sore evils of poverty and debt. Now then is the time to prepare for the too probable change in our affairs, and to ask ourselves if the evils are irremediable. There are indeed persons who amuse the public with assigning very different causes for the distresses of the country from those here suggested: some attributing them to the Tariff; others to the multiplication of Banks, and others again to the loss of the English West India trade. But as the prices of all our domestic products depend upon those of wheat, tobacco and cotton, which again depend upon the prices these commodities bear in other countries, it is not seen that the causes which have been thus assigned can have much more agency in producing our pecuniary difficulties than the last year's comet; and the credulity which now assents to the one, would, two centuries ago, have readily admitted the other. It does seem to me, I repeat, that a remedy for the mischief may be found in a transfer of a part of our productive industry from agriculture to manufactures; which new distribution of labour, by lessening the superabundance of the raw products that we must find a market for abroad, will raise their prices, and by lessening our dependance on foreign countries for articles of consumption, will make us better able to pay for such as we may continue to purchase. But before we further consider the benefits of this new direction of our industry, let us examine the objections which have been urged to the establishmeut of manufactures in Virginia. They may be reduced tof our, 1st. the high price of labour, and the high rate of interest among us. 2d. The disadvantages of slave labour. 3. The objections of a moral and political character. 4. Those arising from the principles of free trade. Of which the two first deny the practicability of the proposed remedy, and the two last, its policy, though it were practicable. First. The high rates of wages and of interest in this country. | chinery, and the advantages of a greater subdivision of employments. Two countries therefore thus differently circumstanced, or two portions of the same country, may exchange raw products for manufactures, and both be gainers by the exchange. But it must not be forgotten that the degree of profit attending such a commerce, and the extent to which it may be carried on with any profit at all, depend not only upon the different degrees of advancement of each nation in numbers and capital, but also on their distance from each otheron the value compared with the bulk of each particular article of traffic-and on the exemption of the trade from burthens and restrictions; modifications of any of which may be sufficient to counterbalance the advantages arising from greater cheapness of labour or capital, and may have the same effect on this interchange of commodities, as a rise in the price of labour in one country, or a fall of it in the other. The same extent of transportation which would add not more than ten per cent to the price of tobacco, might enhance that of flour twenty per cent, of Indian corn, fifty or sixty, and that of hay, more than a hundred per cent. So it may cost no more to convey a given value, in silks or muslins a thousand miles, than the same value in blankets or sail-cloth, fifty. It is equally clear that whatever may be the inducements to two countries to trade, they may be counteracted by the duties and other restrictions imposed on the commerce by their respective governments. This objection is founded on the connexion which is known to exist between the value of labour and the progress of society. It is readily conceded that as population advances, raw produce rises and labour falls, by which is meant that the Notwithstanding our distance from Eusame portion of labour will exchange for a rope, such is the difference in the natural less and less portion of raw produce. prices of labour and raw produce in the Thus labour bears a lower price in Eng- two countries, that we have carried on a land than in the United States, a yet lower profitable trade with the maratime nations in Ireland than in England, and a lower of that continent, by selling them tobacco, still in India or China. The profits of flour, and of late years, cotton, and receivcapital or the national interest of money, ing from them, especially Great Britain, though governed by different laws, in like the products of their looms, their potteries, manner decreases with the progress of furnaces and workshops. The distance, wealth, and is therefore lower in Philadel- however, in increasing the expense of transphia than in Kentucky, and lower in Lon-portation, has always made it advantageous don than Philadelphia. These circumstances of cheaper labour and a lower rate of interest evidently give the nation possessing them great advantages in manufactures: Nor are they all. Their denser numbers and more abundant capital are also likely to be accompanied by greater skill, more various and improved ma to us to supply ourselves with many articles of manufacture, such as hats, shoes, coarse clothing, household furniture, and every species of farming utensils. But this trade, once so beneficial to both countries, has long ceased to yield its former profits, and it remains to be seen how the change has affected the price of labour in this country. We will notice our chief articles of export in succession. been, and to produce the same depression of price that has taken place in our other staples. First. Its culture has been substituted in some parts of the country for that of wheat and tobacco, when the latter had ceased to be profitable. This change has taken place to a great extent in the southern and eastern parts of Virginia, as well as in North Carolina and Tennessee. Probably more than fifty thousand bales in a year now find their first market in Richmond and Petersburg, where, until lately, there was not a single bale. Secondly. Its culture has also increased in other countries, as in Brazil and Egypt. Thirdly. But Our breadstuffs, of which we have a great, and increasing surplus, have sometimes been profitable articles of export, and sometimes not. In most parts of Euгоре, the prices of wheat, except in times of scarcity, are not such as to defray the cost of transportation. To England, however, owing to the higher prices of its raw produce (the effect of its great wealth and dense population) the export was commonly profitable under the disadvantage of a heavy duty. But after the peace of 1815, the land owners of that country, who have great influence in its councils, have procu-principally, by reason of the great emigrared the exclusion of foreign grain from their ports, for the sake of raising the price of corn at home. Thus deprived of what was formerly the most extensive market for one of our chief articles of export, and finding no new vents, except, to a small extent, in Spanish America, its price has fallen in proportion, and with it has declined the value of the land and labour in the large district in which wheat is cultivated. This policy of Great Britain, in relation to grain, has indeed been lately modified so as to substitute a heavy duty for a prohibition; but the duty being so regulated as to increase, as the market price of corn diminishes, it will, in ordinary years, be sufficient to put a stop to the trade, and of course produce the effect of a prohibition. Although the importation of tobacco has been forbidden altogether, by no European nation, it is every where subjected to heavy duties and other restrictions, by which its consumption is greatly diminished. Thus Great Britain imposes a duty on it of about sixty six cents a pound, the effect of which is to lessen the consumption, probably, one half and France limits the quantity that may be imported to a much smaller proportion of what her people would purchase and pay a heavy duty for, if the present restriction were removed. tions which have taken place from other parts of the Union to the cotton-growing states of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. In consequence of this increased cultivation of cotton in the United States, the quantity which, from 1802 to 1806, averaged one hundred and fourteen thousand bales a year, from 1823 to 1827, averaged four hundred and thirty seven thousand bales; having thus almost quadrupled in twentyfive years. The excess would probably have been much greater if the quantity consumed in the United States and exported to France and other countries had not increased, in the same period, in a much greater proportion. By the united operation of these untoward circumstances the cultivation of cotton has, for several years past been not more profitable than that of wheat and tobacco: nor indeed could it ever be long otherwise, seeing the facility with which our citizens migrate to new climates and pass from one employment to another, provided only it be agricultural. The causes that have been here assigned, for the low prices which our staple products have recently borne, originating principally in the mistaken policy of foreign nations, some persons may indulge the hope that they will be temporary, that they will either yield to negotiation, or to sounder views of political economy. But besides The article of cotton has indeed been that such expectations are unwarranted free from all restraint and discouragement by all past experience, there is a cooperatwhatever in Europe, in consequence of its ing cause which must not be overlooked, furnishing, beyond any other commodity, and which is equally beyond the reach of the materials of profitable employment to foreign and domestic policy: I mean the the manufacturing class; but other circum-greater rate at which our raw products instances have concurred to increase the crease beyond the European demand, arisquantity brought into market still fastering from our more rapid increase of numthan the demand, increasing as that also has 'bers. Whilst our population doubles in less in real life were collected and made known, they would be found to exceed in improbability, in bizarre extravagance, and terror, all the bedevilments of a German romance maker. Where, among the fictitious horrors which are poured monthly from the press, can we find a situation of than twenty-five years, that of western Europe scarcely doubles in a century; and supposing the production and consumption of each nation to be in proportion to its numbers, the supply of our products is always increasing faster than the foreign demand for them. Our growing demand for their manufactures would also tend to in-pain and excitement exceeding the real crease still faster than the supply, if it were not for the improvements which machinery has hitherto been continually receiving. Whenever this progressive amelioration ceases, or much abates, we shall, as long as we remain an agricultural people, be constrained to enter the market, both as buyers and sellers, under still increasing disadvantages. Our capacities for production are, augmented, by the mere increase of population, supposing no aids to be de-scalding. rived from improvements in husbandry, or new facilities of transportation, is about thirty three per cent in ten years. With those aids it is, perhaps, fifty per cent. This very active, and general cause of an augmented supply, concurring with the restrictive policy of foreign nations in lessening the demand, has occasioned a redundancy in all our agricultural products, and, consequently a general depression of prices, by which the profits of labour with us are approximated to those of a far denser population. Thus common labourers who formerly hired for eighty or ninety dollars a year, would not command the last year more than from thirty to forty dollars. When it is considered that the wages of labour, even where it is lowest, constitutes so large a part of the value of manufactured commodities, (from twenty-five to forty per cent and even more,) it is evident that where we could not manufacture to advantage before, we may manufacture with a profit now, if we had the requisite skill and capital. In the next number we shall continue the subject, and compare the prices of labour and the profits of capital in Virginia and in those countries from which she is now principally supplied with manufac tures. K. THE MAN WHO WAS BOILED. Man's nature cannot carry the affliction, or the fear. It has been often remarked that if the extraordinary occurrences which happen agony, mental and bodily, that I endured not ten days since, in one of the most populous parts of America, and under the peaceable administration of John Quincy Adams?—To be boiled alive! Great Heaven!-Simmered into a palpitating soup!The dreadful conviction dawning slowly upon my mind, and the horrible pain increasing by minute atoms of agony!-Ye powers of terror! the very recollection is I am glad, Messrs. Editors, that your Museum makes its appearance from a learned University, the grave production of erudite and thinking men: it is a guarantee against deceptions-an assurance that the truth will be told as rigidly in the history of individuals as in that of States and Empires. You could not receive a tale that bore the marks of deception,-it would be derogatory to your grave and responsible character. This I feel as a great advantage. An obscure individual like myself, in telling such a tale as I have to relate requires it. The public, when they see my story in your paper, will know that it is "a case of real distress;" and were there any chance of its being thought otherwise, I would never tell it at all: for I am far from being pleased, with that modern trick, which even the great Irving has condescended to adopt, and which abounds so much in our modern periodicals, of playing with the reader's feelings in mere sport, and finishing by assuring him that it was a joke! For my own part I read on the same principle that I eat and drink, and would no more think of deceiving the feelings and expectations of those who honor me with their attention, than I would of exciting the appetites of my guests by savoury smelling dishes, with a practical joke of bare bones beneath the covers. But apropos of eating, I have to tell you how soup is sometimes made, "and then to dinner with what appetite you may." About half past five last Wednesday evening I took my place in the stage, (as the matter cannot be immediately brought |