he was told that Bewick's pictures were engraved on boxwood. He immediately procured some pieces of that wood from a rulemaker's shop, invented proper tools, experimented, and to his great joy he found the material much more agreeable to work upon and more easily managed than type metal. Two of these wood blocks are still in existence. In the first year of his practice of medicine Dr. Anderson drew and engraved on wood in an admirable manner, even when compared with the art at the present day, a full-length human skeleton, from Albinus's Anatomy, which he enlarged to the length of three feet. This, it is believed, is the largest fine and carefully elaborated engraving on wood ever attempted, and has never been excelled in accuracy of drawing and characteristic execution. When Dr. Anderson was at the age of twenty-three his family all died of the yellow fever. He was attacked while in attendance upon the physician with whom he had studied, and who had been prostrated by it. Both recovered, and Anderson made a voyage to the West Indies to visit a paternal uncle, Alexander Anderson, who was the King's botanist at St. Vincent. On his return he resolved to abandon the practice of the medical profession and devote himself to engraving, for which he had conceived an irrepressible passion. At that time John Roberts, an eccentric Scotchman and friend of Anderson's deceased father, who painted miniatures, etched and engraved on copper, was a clever musician and mathematician, and a competent draughtsman, became his instructor. Anderson preferred wood engraving, but the demand for it being small he practiced on copper, and under Roberts's instruction gained great proficiency. His skill was well attested by the frontispiece to Robertson's History of Charles the Fifth, and a portrait of Francis the First. These he engraved in the year 1800 for an edition published in New York by Hopkins. But Roberts's habits were so irregular that Anderson did not remain with him long, and finally his master's intemperance compelled him to give up the advantages which he might have derived from that artist's practical suggestions. Anderson established himself as an engraver soon after leaving Roberts, and up to the year 1820 he used both wood and metal, as occasion required. He illustrated the earliest editions of Webster's Spelling Book, which for many years has been a

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leading elementary book in the schools of the United States. In 1857 a new and more fully illustrated edition of that work was published, the engravings executed by Anderson from drawings by Morgan, who was about eight years his junior. During his long and busy life, Dr. Anderson engraved many thousands of subjects. His last engraving on copper was made about the year 1812 to illustrate a quarto Bible. The subject was the "Last Supper," from an English design. From that time he engraved on wood exclusively, and found continual employment until called upon to lay aside every implement of labor forever. the Spring of 1859 he removed from where he had lived for over thirty years, going to Jersey City, where he dwelt with a married daughter. He was then eighty-five years of age. At that time he issued a new business card, drawn and engraved by himself, with the appropriate motto-Flexus non fractus-" Bent, not broken." He died on the 17th of January, 1870, the birthday of Franklin, whom he might have seen. Their two lives extended over one hundred and sixty-four years, Dr. Anderson's age at the time of his death being ninety-five. He was extremely regular in his habits, and would not sit up after ten o'clock at night, he used to declare, "to see an angel." His reminiscences of the past were extremely vivid. He was acquainted with most of the literary and professional men of the early part of this century, and had been intimate with Irving from a boy. From him Irving learned to play the flageolet. In person he was a little below the medium height, rather thick set, and presented a countenance always beaming with benevolent and kindly feeling.

ANDROS SIR EDMUND, Governor of New York, was born in London, December 6th, 1637. His family was one of consideration upon the island of Guernsey, his father being at the time of the son's birth master of ceremonies at the Court of King Charles the First. He was brought up in the royal palace, and after the downfall of the monarchy, his family having gone into exile, he began the profession of arms in Holland, under the Prince of Nassau. Upon the restoration of Charles the Second, in 1660, the inhabitants of Guernsey thought it right to petition for pardon for having submitted to Cromwell. This was granted them, but it was recited that Edmund Andros and his father and

uncle stood in no need of a pardon, having all been faithful. To reward his loyalty he was made Gentleman in Ordinary to Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, the King's aunt. He subsequently distinguished himself in the war waged by Charles the Second against the Dutch, which ended in 1667. In 1671 he married Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas Craven, of Yorkshire. In 1672 Major Andros was promoted to a regiment armed with the bayonet, which was the first introduction of that arm in the British service, and the four Barbadoes companies under his command were advanced to be troops of horse in it. In the same year the Palatine and proprietors of the province of Carolina, making allusion to his service and merits, conferred on him and his heirs the title of Landgrave, with four baronies containing forty-eight thousand acres of land. The distinction bestowed by the proprietors, honorable as it was to him, does not appear to have been otherwise beneficial; neither he nor his heirs, it is believed, at any time derived advantage from the land attached to the dignity. In 1674, on the death of his father, he became seigneur of the fiefs, and succeeded to the office of the bailiff of Guernsey, the reversion to which had been granted to him in his father's lifetime, and in the same year he was commissioned to receive the surrender of the province of New York, in accordance with the terms of the treaty between England and Holland, made on the cessation of the war between the two nations. This treaty provided that all captured places should be restored, and among these New York, which had been taken by the Dutch under Colve, was included. Governor Andros, accompanied by his wife, arrived in the City of New York in October, 1674, and entered at once upon the government. He found the inhabitants disposed to acquiesce in the measures of his government under the same system that had been allowed under the previous administration of the English, but he imposed more stringent conditions upon them, and subjected them, among other things, to the laws of impressment, from which they had formerly been exempted. Heavy rates were at the same time imposed, on the sole authority of the Duke of York. No representative assembly existed. Their religious freedom was also somewhat curtailed, so that many of the leading citizens were disposed to

give up their residence here and return to Holland. At an early period of his administration Andros exhibited his intention of furthering the cause of the Church of England. Considerable uneasiness existed in regard to the Indians, and it was believed in New England that recent difficulties there had been fomented by persons in New York. He tendered arms and ammunition to them, which were refused, proceeded through Long Island and disarmed the Indians there, and made new treaties with the New Jersey Indians. From this city he went up to Esopus and Albany, calling together the chiefs and brightening anew the chain of friendship. In 1677 Andros requested permission to visit England on private matters, which was granted. This was his representation, but it is believed his object really was to obtain further instructions from the Duke, so that new measures might be concerted for increasing the revenue. On this visit he was knighted. He returned in May, 1678, accompanied by his chaplain, the Rev. Charles Wolley, and by several gentlemen who afterwards became prominent in New York, including William Pinhorne, afterwards Mayor; James Graham, afterwards Attorney-General; John West, afterwards City Clerk, and others, who gave an English tone to the society of New York it had not previously possessed. The ship arrived in New York after a passage of nine weeks, and Governor, Andros again assumed control. It was found, after his return, that the Duke had determined to enforce the obnoxious rates for three years longer, which occasioned much discontent. The next year an edict announced an increase of the tax on the importation of liquors. Disapproval of this was so marked and so many letters of complaint were sent to England that the Duke, in much surprise, recalled his Governor to give an account of an administration that plainly appeared to be universally odious. It was stated that this was that he might "also have the satisfaction to obviate such matters as, if unanswered, might leave some blemish" on him, how little soever deserved. "The Duke was determined that his subjects should be enslaved, and at the same time was very desirous they should be happy; and seeing no incompatibility between these circumstances he supposed the more readily that Andros might have committed some enormities unconnected

with his official functions, and called him home to ascertain if he had really so discredited legitimate tyranny." The examination by the Duke showed that he had only done what was required of him, and he was honorably acquitted. He was not sent back, however, but was succeeded by Colonel Dongan, afterwards Earl of Limerick. On the return of Governor Andros to England he was sworn Gentleman of the King's Privy Chamber, and thus again brought into close connection with the royal household. In 1684 the island of Alderney was granted to him and Lady Andros for ninety-nine years at a nominal rent, and in 1685 he was made Colonel in her Royal Highness Princess Anne's Regiment of Horse. In 1686 James the Second appointed him Governor of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, New Plymouth, and afterwards of Rhode Island and Connecticut, to which, in 1688, New York and New Jersey were added, so that the extent of authority bestowed upon him comprehended a vast increase of dignity, and the Governor entered upon the functions of his vice-regal office with a paraphernalia of ceremonies and state which were conformable to the importance of his condition, but not very palatable to the people under his jurisdiction. He was received, however, in Boston with great acclamations, and entered upon his government of the New England colonies in 1686. In 1689 he had the misfortune to lose his wife, who died at Boston. The corpse was carried by torchlight from the Governor's residence to the South Church in a hearse drawn by six horses. The administration of Governor Andros was highly unpopular. While his instructions contained nothing injurious to the liberties of Englishmen, excepting the clause forbidding the existence of a printing press, he began to exercise his adminpowers to the utmost. Quo warranto writs were issued against the patents of the colonies; the local governments were dissolved; the marriage laws were altered, and the celebration of the rites was confined to clergymen of the Church of England, there being at that time but one in Massachusetts; and the fasts and thanksgivings of the churches were arbitrarily suppressed. Two of the best known citizens of New England were sent over to petition the King against these changes, but their efforts amounted to nothing. Some of the colonies saved their charters

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