3. CLASSIFICATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF MATERIAL. In Part II the general scheme of classification is the same as that in Part I. But, in the nature of the material presented and its arrangement under the various categories, Part II - especially Section I - differs widely from Part I. In the texts prior to the Quijote the prepositional complementary clause occurs rather infrequently, the language usually employing some other construction in its stead. Of these variant constructions, by far the most frequent are the direct complementary and the prepositional supplementary clauses, representative examples of which will be cited under each category in which they occur 1. But in view of the relative infrequency of prepositional complementary clauses, all examples of this construction found in the texts utilized in Part I will be cited in full 2. In each category the examples of each construction will be arranged in chronological order. Furthermore, the material in each category will be grouped according as it is drawn from Old Spanish texts, from those of the fifteenth, or from those of the sixteenth century, whenever it shows features that are peculiarly characteristic of any one of these three sub-periods. In Section I prepositional complementary como clauses are, for reasons that will be stated later, separated in treatment from prepositional complementary clauses introduced by other subordinating conjunctions 3. In Section II, since the usage in the Quijote more closely resembles that in modern Spanish, only a few examples for each category will be cited, in addition to those cases which 1 Cf. pp. 112, 118. The other variant constructions, which are either rare in occurrence or restricted in use,will not be treated in the main body of Section I. For discussion and examples, cf. under «Preliminary Remarks », pp. 119-122. 2 This also applies to the prepositional complementary lo que, aquello que, etc. clauses discussed on p. 109. 3 Cf. p. 122. present points of special interest. Complete page references to all other examples will, however, be given. In both Sections I and II there will be added a chapter on supplementary clauses introduced by prepositions that in modern Spanish are confined to complementary clauses. 4. RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF THE PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENTARY CLAUSE. The statistical table given below is intended to show the comparative frequency of the prepositional complementary clause in Galdós, the Quijote, and the texts of the earlier period. The texts are arranged in chronological order. The basis of comparison is the number of examples per one hundred duodecimo pages 1. Examples of de como clauses are not included in the figures given below, except for Galdós and the Quijote 2. The de lo que, a esto que, etc. construction and the Old Spanish en que which has the value of simple que are also excluded from consideration, as are likewise all examples cited from texts not specifically chosen for study in the present work 3. This table shows plainly that prepositional complementary clauses are not found in any appreciable quantity until we reach the texts of the sixteenth century. Text No.of Examples No.of 12mo.pages Ratio per 100 12mo.pp. Cid. Fn. Gz. Apol. Eng. 'The average page in La corte de Carlos IV (285 words) has been selected as the standard in computing the number of duodecimo pages in the other texts. For edition, cf. p. 261. * Cf. pp. 11, 122, 184. 3 Cf. pp. 109, 112, 168. (a). The large number of examples in the Crónica General in contrast to those in the Siete Partidas is due chiefly to the occurrence in the former text of de que with the indicative after expressions of emotion. This construction is almost wholly confined to the Crónica general 1. (b). The relatively high percentage of examples in José, Gral. Est. and Gatos is due to the short length of these texts in comparison with Cav. Cif., Luc., etc. (c). The small number of examples in the Lazarillo as compared with those in the Diálogo de la lengua, the Menosprecio de corte, and the Epistolario espiritual is due to the difference in the subject matter and style of the first mentioned work. The Lazarillo is a narrative, written in simple, straightforward style, with a comparatively small number of involved sentences. 1 Cf. p. 156. The Diálogo de la lengua is the work of a conscious stylist, the expository nature of whose theme leads him to the frequent use of governing elements that take prepositional complements of Group II, consistir en que being especially frequent 1. The Menosprecio de corte is the product of a master of le grand style, and the didactic character of the book, coupled with its involved sentences and rhetorical style, is responsible for the frequent use of verbs such as conjurar and estar (= « consistir ») which regularly take the prepositional complementary clause. The Epistolario espiritual, being a collection of private sermons, is written in an exhortatory style especially productive of a que clauses after verbs such as animar, esforzarse 2. (d) In spite of the extensive use in the Quijote of the simple que clause after governing elements of Group I, the number of examples of the prepositional complementary clause per one hundred duodecimo pages approximates that in Galdós. There are two chief contributing factors to this situation. The first and foremost is the large number of a que clauses after verbs of Group II such as forzar, obligar, persuadir, etc. which in Galdós are normally followed by a with the infinitive 3. The second is Cervantes' fondness for using expressions such as la diferencia, el daño, etc. followed by an está en que clause. It is interesting to note that the above types of a que and en que clauses, which are relatively much more frequent in Cervantes than in Galdós, are the very types most frequently found in the texts of the sixteenth century. 1 Cf. p. 150. 2 Cf. p. 147. 3 Cf. pp. 84, 222-225. SECTION 1 PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENTARY CLAUSES AND RELATED CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE PERIOD PRIOR TO CERVANTES CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 1. THE TWO TYPES OF PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENTARY CLAUSES. As has been stated, the prepositional complementary clause occurs, on the whole, rather infrequently in the texts prior to the Quijote 1. In addition to the construction in the form in which we have it in modern Spanish (i.e., de que, a que, en que, etc. clauses) occasional examples are likewise found, chiefly in the Old Spanish texts, of another type of prepositional complementary clause, one that is unknown to the modern Spanish. In this construction a demonstrative pronoun intervenes between the preposition and the que clause, thus giving us clauses of the type de lo que, a esto que, etc 2. Cf. the following examples : 1 Cf. p. 105. 2 This construction is not altogether parallel to the modern French de ce que, a ce que, etc., because in Old Spanish (as in Old French) the anticipatory pronoun possesses, to varying extent, its original demonstrative force. This is especially true of the examples with esto, which are the most numerous and most persistent in point of time. Strictly speaking, these clauses are in apposition to the demonstrative, although they do not have the full appositional force (particularly those with lo and aquello) of the separated forms de esto... que, etc. (cf. O. Fr. de ço que) or of the modern Spanish de esto: de que (de esto tengo miedo, de que, etc.). ... |