BATAVORUM Oppidum (anc. geog.), a town in the island of the Batavi, mentioned by Tacitus, without any particular name; which has given rise to several furmifes about it, fome fuppofing it to be Nimeguen, but Cluverius, Batavadurum or Batemburg, both with out the island; which fituation renders both these places inadmiffible, fince Tacitus places this nameless town within the island.

BATCHELOR. See BACHELOR.

BATE (George), an eminent phyfician, born at Maid's Morton, near Buckingham, in the year 1608. In 1629 he obtained a licence, and for fome years practifed in and about Oxford: his practice was chiefly amongst the puritans, who at that time confidered him as one of their party. In 1637, he took his degree of doctor in phyfic, and became very eminent in his profeffion, fo that when king Charles kept his court at Oxford, he was his principal phyfician. When the king's affairs declined, Dr Bate removed to London, where he accommodated himself so well to the times, that he became physician to the Charter-houfe, fellow of the college of phyficians, and afterwards principal phyfician to Oliver Cromwell. Upon the reftoration, he got into favour with the royal party, was made principal phyfician to the king, and fellow of the Royal Society; and this, we are told, was owing to a report raised on purpose by his friends, according to Mr Wood, that he gave the protector a dose which haftened his death. Dr Bate wrote in Latin an account of the late commotions in England, and fome other pieces. He died at his houfe in Hatton-garden, and was buried at Kingston upon Thames in Surry.-There was another George Bate, who wrote a work intitled, "The Lives, Actions, and Execution, of the prime Actors and principal Contrivers of that horrid Murther of our late pious and facred king Charles I."

BATENITES, a fect of apoftates from Mahometanifin difperfed through the Eaft, who profeffed the fame abominable practices with the Ifmaelians and Karmatians. The word properly fignifies efoteric, or people of inward or hidden light.

BATES (William), D. D. an eminent prefbyterian divine, born in November 1625. He was admitted in Emanuel college, Cambridge, and from thence removed to King's college in 1644. He was one of the commiffioners, at the conference in the Savoy, for review ing the public liturgy, and was concerned in drawing up the exceptions against the common Prayer: how ever, foon after the restoration, he was appointed chaplain to king Charles II. and became minister of St Dunstan's in the west, but was deprived of that benifice for nonconformity. Dr Bates bore a good and amiable character; and was honoured with the friendship of the lord keeper Bridgman, the lord chancellor Finch, the earl of Nottingham, and archbishop Tillotson. He was offered, at the reftoration, the deanery of Litchfield; which he refused. He published Select Lives of illuftrious and pious perfons, in Latin; and fince his death all his works, except his Select Lives, have beeen printed in one volume in folio. He died in July 14. 1699, in the 74th year of his age.

BATH, a city of Somerfetfhire in England, feated

in W. Long. 2. 30. N. Lat. 51. 27. All the different names that this city has borne in different ages and languages have beeen taken from its medicinal waters, as the udara digua, or "hot waters," of Ptolemy; the Aqua Solis, or "waters of the fun," of Antoninus; the Caer Baden, and Caer Ennant, i. c. "the city of baths," and "the city of ointment," of the Britons; and the Ackmanchefter, i. e. "the city of valetudinarians," of the Saxons. The baths confift of the King's bath, the Queen's-bath, the Cross-bath, the Hot-bath, the Leper's bath, and the duke of Kingston's-bath. This place was of old a refort only for cripples and difeafed perfons; but now it is more frequented by the found for pleasure than by the fick for health. The waters are very pleafant to the tafte; and impregnated with a vitriolic principle, yielding, upon evaporation, a little neutral falt, and a calcarious earth and iron. They are very efficacious in ftrengthening the bowels and ftomach, bracing the relaxed fibres, and invigorating the circulation. In bilious complaints they are counted fpecific; and prove ferviceable in moft nervous, paralytic, rheumatic, and gouty, complaints. At the King's bath is a handfome pump-room, where the gentlemen and ladies go in a morning to drink the waters; and there is a band of mufic that plays all the time. In the Crofs-bath is a monument of marble, representing the descent of the Holy Ghost attended by angels, erected by the earl of Melfort (who was fecretary of ftate for Scotland) when king James II. met his queen here. The King's-bath is a large bafon of 65 feet 10 inches by 40 feet 10 inches, containing 346 tuns 2 hogheads and 36 gallons of water when filled to its ufual height. In the middle is a wooden building with niches and feats for the accommodation of the bathers. There are alfo iron rings all round for them to hold by; and guides, both male and female, to attend them in the bath. The perfon intending to bathe puts on, at his own lodgings, a bathing dress of brown canvas hired for the purpofe; and is carried in a close chair, of a particular make, to one of the flips which open into the bath. There he defcends by fteps into the water, where he is attended by a guide. Having ftaid his ftated time in the bath, he afcends again intothe flip, where he puts off his bathing-drefs, and being wrapt up in blankets, is carried home to bed, where. he lies for fome time to encourage perfpiration. The King's-bath is overlooked by the company in the pump-. room; and adjoining to it are places furnished with. pumps to pour the hot ftreams on any particular part of the body. The Queen's-bath communicates with the King's, from which it is filled; therefore the water of it is not fo hot, being at a greater distance from the fource. As the heat is here more moderate, the bathers defcend firft into the Queen's-bath, and advance gradually to the centre of the other. In the year 1755, the abbey-house, or priory, belonging to the duke of Kingston, was taken down, in order to erect a more commodious pile of building; and in digging for the foundation, the workmen difcovered, about twenty feet below the furface of the earth, the remains of Roman baths and fudatories conftructed upon an elegant plan, with floors fufpended on pillars, and furrounded with tubulated bricks, for the conveyance of heat and vapour. These were supplied by a spring of hot water, of the fame properties and temperature with thofe of

the

to the civil flate of England fix lord chancellors, five lord treasurers, one lord privy feal, one lord prefident of Wales, and principal fecretary of ftate. The diocefe contains the whole county of Somerfet, except a few churches in the city of Bristol; the number of parishes amounting to 388, and the churches and chapels to 503. Of the parishes 160 are impropriate. It is valued in the king's books at L. 535:1:3, and computed to be worth anuually L. 2200. The clergy's tenth is L. 353:18: o. To the cathedral belong a bishop, a dean, three archdeacons, a chancellor, a treafurer, a fub-dean, fifty-nine prebendaries, four prieftvicars, eight lay vicars, an organift, fix chorifters, and

other officers.

Knights of the BATH, a military order in England, concerning the origin of which antiquaries differ in their accounts. The moft probable deduction feems to be the following.

The knighthood of the Bath is fuppofed to have been practifed by the ancient Franks, the inhabitants of Lower Germany, with whom it is highly probable the Saxons, who invaded England, had the fame common defcent, and, with other cuftoms, upon their fet tling here, introduced the fame method of knighthood. Thefe ancient Franks, when they conferred knight hood, obferved, amongst other folemn rites, bathing before they performed their vigils; which cultom continues to be practifed in England: they were from thence denominated Knights of the Bath.

In the reign of Henry IV. there was a degree of knighthood fpecified under the exprefs appellation of the Bath. That king, on the day of his coronation in the tower of London, conferred the fame upon 46 efquires, who had watched all the night before, and had bathed themselves. From that time it was cuftomary with our kings to confer this dignity preceding their coronations, the coronations of their queens, the birth and marriage of the royal iffue, and their firft advancement to honours, upon their defigned expeditions against their foreign enemies, upon inftallations of knights of the garter, and when fome grand anniverfary feftivals were celebrated. The laft knights of the Bath fo made were at the coronation of King Charles II. in 1661; after which the order was neglected until the year 1725, when George I. was pleafed to revive it, and to order a book of ftatutes for the government of the order. By this the number of knights is fixed to 38, viz. the Sovereign, and 37 knights-companions.

The apparel of a knight of the Bath is a red furcoat, lined and edged with white, girded about with a white girdle, without any ornament thereon; the mantle is of the fame colour and lining, made fast a bout the neck with a lace of white filk, having a pair of white gloves tied therein, with taffels of filk and gold at the end; which mantles are adorned upon the left shoulders with the enfign of the order, being three imperial crowns or, furrounded with the ancient motto of this knighthood, Tria junéta in uno, wrought upon a circle gules, with a glory or rays iffuing from the centre, and under it the lace of white filk heretofore worn by the knights of the Bath. They have red breeches and ftockings, and have white hats, with a plume of white feathers thereon. The king allowed the chapel of King Henry VII. to be the chapel of

the order, and ordered that each knight's banner, with plates of his arms and ftyles, fhould be placed over their feveral ftalls, in like manner as the knights of the Garter in St George Chapel in the caftle of Windfor; and he allowed them fupporters to their arms. His Royal Highness Prince William, fecond fon to the Prince of Wales, on this occafion, was made the first knight-companion, and his Grace the Duke of Montagu grand mafter of the order, the dean of Westminfter (for the time being) dean of the order; the other officers of which are, Bath king of arms, a genealogift, regifter and fecretary, gentleman ufher, and meffenger.

BATH, Balneum, a convenient receptacle of water for perfons to wash or plunge in, either for health or pleasure.-Baths are diftinguished into hot and cold; and thefe again are either natural or artificial. The natural hot baths are formed of the water of hot springs, of which there are many in different parts of the world; efpecially in those countries where there are or have evidently been volcanoes. The artificial hot baths confist either of water or of fome other fluid made hot by art. The cold bath confifts of water, either fresh or falt, in its natural degree of heat; or it may be made colder by art, as by a mixture of nitre, fal-ammoniac, &c. The chief hot baths in our country are those of Bath and Bristol, in Somersetshire; and thofe others of Buxton and Matlock, in Derbyshire; which latter, however, are rather warm or tepid than hot. The use of these baths is found beneficial in difcafes of the head, as palfies, &c. in cuticular difeafes, as leprofies, &c. obftructions and conftipations of the bowels, the scurvy and ftone, and in most diseases of women and children. The baths have performed many cures, and are commonly used as a last remedy in obftinate chronic diseases; where they fucceed well, if they agree with the conftitution of the patient: but whether they will agree or not, cannot be known without trial.

As to the origin of those hot waters, of which the natural hot baths are formed, we are very much in the dark. All that can be affirmed with certainty is, that where there are volcanoes, there also there are hot springs in great abundance; but how the heat of the volcano fhould be conftantly communicated to the waters of a fpring for many ages, during a great part of which the volcano itfelf has lain in a dormant ftate, seems almoft beyond the reach of inveftigation. Another thing that creates a great difficulty is, that the fire of a volcano muft certainly lie very deep in the earth, and moft probably fhifts from place to place; but the waters of a fpring muft always iffue from a place fituated lower than the origin of the fpring itself. Besides, though we should fuppofe the water to come from the top of a volcano itself, and confequently boiling hot, it could not be fuppofed to percolate far through cold earth, without lofing all the heat it acquired from the volcano. From fome obfervations, however, it certainly does appear, that there are fome spots on the earth which have a power of producing heat within themselves, independent of any thing foreign; and that water is fo far from being able to destroy this power, that it seems rather to promote and continue it. We know that water hath this effect upon a mixture of iron filings and fulphur; but whatever quantities of fimilar fub3

ftances

ftances we may fuppofe to be contained in the earth, we muft alfo fuppofe to be destroyed by one great conflagration foon after they have begun to act upon each other, so that by their means no lafting heat in waters could be produced. Dr Stukely indeed would folve this, and several other phenomena, by making the fire and smoke of volcanoes the effects of electricity but here fufficient proof is wanting; for electricity, even in its most powerful state, is not very apt to fet bodies on fire. The thought, however, deferves attention; for if electricity is capable of setting a volcano on fire, it is undoubtedly capable of producing folfaterras where it meets with proper materials, and from them fprings of any degree of heat.

The cold bath is found one of the most univerfal and innocent remedies yet difcovered, though still its ufe is not to be adopted without precautions.

BATHS in vapour, the fume or fteam of fome decoction is received upon the body to promote a perfpiration. These are alfo by fome called Balnea La

conica.

Vapour baths are, when the patient is not plunged into what is prepared for the bath, but only receives its fteam upon those parts of his body which require it as in fome diftempers of the fundament and womb, where the patient fits and receives the fumes of fome proper fomentation, &c. To thefe may be added the bagnio; where people are made to fweat by the heat of a room, and pouring on of hot water; after which they generally go into a hot bath or bagnio.

A peculiar fort of vapour bath was much used by the ancient Mexicans, and is ftill in ufe among the prefent Indians their defcendants. According to the Abbe Clavigero, these baths are built of raw bricks, and their form is fimilar to that of ovens for baking bread but with this difference, that the pavement of the bath is a little convex, and lower than the furface of the earth; whereas that of moft ovens is plain, and a little elevated for the accommodation of the baker. The greateft diameter of a bath is about eight feet, and its greatest height fix. The entrance, like the mouth of an oven, is wide enough to allow a man to creep easily in. In the place oppofite to the entrance there is a furnace of ftone or raw bricks, with its mouth outwards to receive the fire, and a hole above it to carry off the smoke. The part which unites the furnace to the bath, and which is about two feet and a half square, is fhut with a certain dry ftone of a porous texture. In the upper part of the vault there is an airhole, like that to the furnace. This is the ufual ftructure of the temazcalli ; but there are others that are without vault or furnace, mere little square chambers, yet well covered and defended from the air.-When any perfon goes to bathe, he first lays a mat within the temazcalli, a pitcher of water, and a bunch of herbs or leaves of maize. He then caufes a fire to be made in the furnace, which is kept burning until the stones which join the bath and furnace are quite hot. The perfon who is to use the bath enters commonly naked, and generally accompanied for the fake of convenience, or on account of infirmity, by one of his domeftics. As foon as he enters, he fhuts the entrance close, but leaves the air-hole at top for a little time open, to let out any smoke which may have been introduced thro' the chinks of the ftone; when it is all out he likewife

ftops up the air-hole. He then throws water upon the hot ftones, from which immediately arises a thick fteam to the top of the temazcalli. While the fick perfon lies upon the mat, the domeftic drives the vapour downwards, and gently beats the fick perfon, particularly on the ailing part, with the bunch of herbs, which are dipped for a little while in the water of the pitcher, which has then become a little warm. The fick perfon falls immediately into a foft and copious fweat, which is increased or diminished at pleasure, according as the cafe requires. When the evacuation defired is obtained, the vapour is let off, the entrance is cleared, and the fick perfon clothes himself, or is transported on the mat to his chamber; as the entrance to the bath is ufually within fome chamber of his habitation.-This fort of bath, called temazcalli by the natives, has been regularly used in feveral diforders, particularly in fevers occafioned by coftiveness. The Indian women ufe it commonly after childbirth, and alfo thofe perfons who have been ftung or wounded by any poisonous animal. It is undoubtedly a powerful remedy for all those who have occafion to carry off grofs humours; and certainly it would be moft ufeful in Italy, where the rheumatifm is fo frequent and afflicting. When a very copious fweat is defired, the fick perfon is raised up and held in the vapour; as he fweats the more the nearer he is to it. The temazcalli is fo common, that in every place inhabited by the Indians there are many of them.

BATHS (Dry), are thofe made of afhes, falt, fand, fhreds of leather, and the like.-The ancients had divers ways of fweating by a dry heat; as by the means of a hot fand, ftove-rooms, or artificial bagnios, and certain natural hot fteams of the earth, received under a proper arch, or hot-house, as we learn from Celfus. They alfo had another kind of bath by infolation, where the body was exposed to the fun for fome time, in order to draw forth the fuperfluous moisture from the inward parts; and to this day it is a practice in fome nations to cover the body over with horse-dung, especially in chronical diseases, to digeft and breathe out the humour that causes the distemper. In New England they make a kind of stoves of turf, wherein the fick are shut up to bathe or sweat.

The fame name is fometimes alfo given to another kind of bath, made of kindled coals, or burning fpirit of wine; the patient being placed in a convenient clofe chair for the reception of the fume, which rifes and provokes fweat in a plentiful manner: care is here taken to keep the head out, and to fecure respiration. This bath has been found very effectual in removing old obftinate pains in the limbs, and venereal complaints; and will often complete a cure left unperformed by falivation.

Some authors fpeak of bloody baths, balnea fanguinolenta, prepared efpecially of the blood of infants, anciently supposed to be a kind of specific for the leprofy.

BATHS (Metalline), those made of water impregnated with the fcoria of metals. The moft common and useful of this kind are thofe prepared with the fcoria of iron, which abound with the earthy, faline, and fulphureous fubftance of the metal; and these are of excellent. fervice for ftrengthening and bracing up the part to which they are applied, and recovering weak and de

cayed

Bath. cayed limbs; stopping various kinds of bleeding; and reftoring the menftrual and hemorrhoidal flux where obftructed; infomuch, that they may well be fubftituted for the natural iron baths.

Adjacent to the smelting huts where metals are run from their ore, are to be found large quantities of the flag of copper, antimony, and cobalt, which abounding with fulphur, vitriolic falt, and an earthy principle, make serviceable baths for ftrengthening the loft tone of the fibres, and relaxing them when they are too ftiff. These baths have likewise a deterfive and cleanfing virtue; fo that with prudence, and due regard to circumstances, they may be used on many occafions. The way of making these artificial baths is, either to take the flags as they come hot from the furnace, or elfe to heat them afresh, and throw them into hot water; which is afterwards to be used either in the way of bath, or fomentation, occafionally. There are other artificial baths, prepared of alum and quicklime, by boiling them together in fine rain-water. Such baths are highly ferviceable in paralytic diforders and weaknefs of the limbs.

The pepper bath, or peffer waffer, on the Alps, is one of the most celebrated in Europe, and has been the fubject of treatifes exprefs, befides what has been faid of it occafionally by Scheuchzer and others. It was firft difcovered in the year 1240, and is of the periodical kind. The water breaks forth in a dreadful place, fcarce acceffible to the fun-beams, or indeed to men, unless of the greateft boldness, and fuch as are not in the leaft fubject to dizziness. These baths have this fingularity above all others, that they commonly break forth in May, and that with a fort of impetuofity, bringing with them beech-leaves, crabs, or other woodfruit; and that their courfe defifts in September or October. Scheuchzer profeffes himself of opinion, that these waters are not impregnated with any minerals, or if they do contain any, that their virtues in curing distempers and preferving health do not proceed from them. They are exceeding clear, deftitute of colour, tafte, or fmell.

BATHS, (Balnea), in architecture, denote large pompous buildings among the ancients, erected for the fake of bathing. Baths made a part of the ancient gymnafia, though they were frequented more for the fake of pleasure than health.

The moft magnificent baths were those of Titus, Paulus Æmilius, and Dioclefian, of which there are fome ruins ftill remaining. It is faid that at Rome there were 856 public baths. Fabricius adds, that the exceffive luxury of the Romans appeared in nothing more vifible than in their baths. Seneca complains, that the baths of plebeians were filled from filver pumps; and that the freedmen trod on gems. Macrobius tells us of one Sergius Oratus, a voluptuary, who had pendant baths hanging in the air.

According to Dion, Mecenas was the first who made a bath at Rome: yet there are inftances of public baths prior to this; but they were of cold water, small, and poorly decorated. Agrippa, in his ædilate, built 160 places for bathing, where the citizens might be accommodated, either with hot or cold, gratis. Af ter this example, Nero, Vefpafian, Titus, Domitian, Severus, Gordian, Aurelian, Maximian, Dioclefian, and most of the emperors who fludied to gain the af

N° 42.

2

The Greek baths were ufually annexed to palestra or gymnafta, of which they were confidered as a part. Thefe baths confifted of feven different apartments, usually separated from each other, and intermixed with other buildings belonging to the other forts of exercifes. These were, firft, the cold bath, frigida lavatio ; 2dly, The claothefium, or room where they were anointed with oil; 3dly, The frigidarium, or cooling room; 4thly, The propnigeum, or entrance of the hypocauftum, · or ftove; 5thly, The vaulted room for fweating in, or vapour-bath, called concamerata fudatio, or tepidarium; 6thly, The laconicum, or dry ftove; 7thly, The hot bath, called callida lavatio.

As for the baths feparate from the palestra, they appear to have been usually double, one for men, the other for women; but so near, that the fame furnace heated both. The middle part was poffeffed by a large bafon that received water by feveral pipes, and was furrounded by a balustrade, behind which there was an area for the reception of those who waited to use the bath. They were vaulted over, and only received light from the top.

In the Roman baths, the first part that appeared was a large bafon, called xoxuμnga in Greek, and natatio or pifcina in Latin. In the middle was the bypocauftum, which had a row of four apartments on each fide, called balnearia: these were the ftove, the bath, cold bath, and tepidarium. The two ftoves, called laconicum and tepidarium, were circular and joined together. Their floor was hollow and fufpended, in order to receive the heat of a large furnace, which was communicated to the ftoves through the vacuities of their floor. This furnace alfo heated another room called vafarium, in which were three large brazen veffels called milliarla, refpectively containing hot, warm, and cold water; which were fo difpofed, that the water might be made to pafs by fyphons and pipes out of one or other of them into the bath, in order to adjust its temperature. The defcription is given by Vitruvius. At three in the afternoon, which is what Pliny calls hora octava et nona, the Romans all repaired to the baths, either the public or the private ones: this was called the bath hour, hora balnei, which in winter was at nine, in fuminer at eight. The public baths were all opened by the found of a bell, and always at the fame hour. Those who came too late, ftood a chance for bathing in cold water.

They began with hot water; after which, as the pores were now opened, and might give room for too plentiful a perfpiration, they thought it neceffary for their health to close them again, either with the cold bath, or at leaft with a sprinkling of cold water. During the bath, the body was fcraped with a kind of knives, or small strigils, fuch as are still found in the

cabinets