Barclay.

short time. He died at Croydon in Surrey in June Barclay. 1552. He is generally allowed to have improved the English language, and to have been one of the politest writers of his time. He compofed feveral original works; but was chiefly remarkable for his tranflations from the Latin, Italian, French, and German languages. His verfion from Salluft of the war of Jugurtha is accurate, and not without elegance. His lives of feveral faints, in heroic verfe, are ftill unpublished. His Stultifera navis, or The ship of fools, is the moft fingular of his performances. It was printed by Richard Pynfon at London 1509 in folio; and contains a variety of wooden plates, which are worthy the infpection of the curious.

Barcelonet Michael, into which all the great streets run. The ta port is wide, fpacious, deep, and fafe; defended on the one fide by a great mole, and on the other sheltered from the weft wind by two mountains that advance into the fea, and form a kind of promontory: the mole is 750 paces long, with a quay, at the end of which is a light-house and a small fort. One of the mountains, called Mount Joy, is very high, and rifes in the middle of the plain near the city: it is covered with gardens, vineyards, groves of trees, and has a ftrong fort for the defence of the city: this mountain, being a rock, yields an inexhaustible quarry of fine hard free ftone. Barcelona is a place of great trade, on account of the conveniency of its harbour; and it has a manufacture of knives greatly efteemed in Spain, as alfo of blankets. Here are alfo feveral glafs-houfes. The inhabitants are diligent, and equally fit for labour and trade; they are also very civil to ftrangers. The women are well shaped, and as handsome as any in Spain; they are brisk and lively in their converfation, and more free and unreftrained in their behaviour than in other parts of Spain. E. Long. 2. 5. N. Lat. 41. 26.

BARCELONETTA, a town of France in the government of Dauphiny, and capital of the valley of its own name. It belonged to the Duke of Savoy, and was ceded to France by the treaty of Utrecht in 1712. E. Long. 6. 40. N. Lat. 44. 26.

BARCELOR, a town of Afia, in the Eaft Indies, on the coaft of Malabar. It is a Dutch factory, where they carry on a confiderable trade in pepper. E. Long. 74. 15. N. Lat. 13. 45.

BARCELOS, a town of Portugal, with the title of a duchy. It is feated on the river Cavado, over which there is a handfome bridge. W. Long. 7. o. N. Lat. 41. 20.

BARCINO (anc. geog.), a town of the Terraconenfis in Spain, and capital of the Laletani. Now BARCELONA. See that article.

BARCLAY (Alexander), a learned monk in the reign of Henry VIII. Where he was born, though of no great importance, was nevertheless a matter of virulent contention among his former biographers. Bale, who was his cotemporary, is of opinion he was born in Somersetshire, There is indeed a village of his name, and a numerous family, in that county. Pits thinks he was born in Devonshire. Mackenzie is pofitive he was a Scotchman; but without proof, unless we admit as fuch his name Alexander. He was, however, educated in Oriel college Oxford. After leaving the univerfity he went abroad, and continued fome time in France, Italy, and Germany, where he acquired a competent knowledge of the languages of those countries, as appears from several translations of books, which he afterwards published. On his return to England, he was made chaplain to his patron the bishop of Tyne, who likewife appointed him a prieft of St Mary, at the college of Ottery in Devonshire, founded by Grandifon bishop of Exeter. After the death of his patron, he became a Benedictine monk of Ely. On the diffolution of that monaftery, he firft obtained the vicarage of St Matthew at Wokey in Somersetfhire; and, in 1549, being then doctor of divinity, was prefented to the vicarage of Much Badew in Ef fex. In 1552 he was appointed rector of Allhallows, Lombard-ftreet, which he lived to enjoy but a very VOL. III. Part I.

BARCLAY (William), a learned civilian, was born in Aberdeenshire in the year 1541. He spent the early part of his life, and much of his fortune, at the court of Mary Queen of Scots, from whose favour he had reafon to expect preferment. In 1573 he went over to France, and at Bourges commenced ftudent of civil law under the famous Cujacius. He continued fome years in that feminary, where he took a doctor's degree; and was foon after appointed profeffor of civil law in the university of Pont-à-Mouffon, then first founded by the Duke of Lorraine. That prince afterwards made him counsellor of ftate and master of requefts. Barclay, in the year 1581, married Ann de Mallaville, a French lady, by whom he had a fon, who became a celebrated author, and of whom the reader will find an account in the next article. This youth the Jefuits would gladly have received into their fociety. His father refufed his confent, and for that reafon these disciples of Jefus foon contrived to ruin him with the duke his patron. Barclay now embarked for Britain, where King James I. offered him confiderable preferment, provided he would become a member of the church of England: but, not choofing to comply, he returned to France in 1604; and, foon after his arrival, was appointed profeffor of civil law in the univerfity of Angers, where he died the year following, and was buried in the Franciscan church. He was esteemed a learned civilian; and wrote elaborately in defence of the divine right of kings, in anfwer to Buchanan and others. The titles of his works are, 1. De regno et regali poteftate, &c. 2. Commentarius in tit. pandectarum de rebus creditis, et de jure. jurando. 3. De poteftate papæ, &c. 4. Præmetia in vitam Agricola.

BARCLAY (John), fon of the former, was, as we have above mentioned, so great a favourite of the Jefuits, that they used all their efforts to engage him in their fociety. His father would not confent, and carried his fon with him into England, who was already an author, for he had published A commentary upon the Thebais of Statius, and a Latin poem on the coronation of King James, and the first part of Euphormio, 1603. He returned to France with his father; and after his father's death went to Paris, and foon after came back to London: he was there in 1606. He published The Hiftory of the Gun-powder Plot, a pamphlet of fix leaves, printed at Amsterdam. He published at London in 1610 An Apology for the Euphormio, and his father's treatife De poteftate pape. And at Paris, 1612, he published a book intitled Pietas, in anfwer to Cardinal Bellarmin, who had written against William Bar

B

clay'

Barclay, clay's book concerning the power of the Pope. Two Barcohebas. years after he published Icon Animorum. He was invited to Rome by Pope Paul V. and received a great deal of civility from Cardinal Bellarmin, though he had written against him. He died at Rome in 1621, while his Argenis was printing at Paris. This celebrated work has fince gone through a great number of editions, and has been tranflated into moft languages. M. de Peirefe, who had the care of the first edition, eaufed the effigies of the author to be placed before the book; and the following diftich, written by Grotius, was put under it :

Gente Caledonius, Gallus natalibus, hic eft,

Romam Romano qui docet ore loqui. BARCLAY (Robert), one of the moft eminent among the Quakers, the fon of Colonel David Barclay, defcended of the ancient family of Barclays, was born at Edinburgh in 1648. He was educated under an uncle at Paris, where the Papifts ufed all their efforts to draw him over to their religion. He joined the Quakers in 1669, and diftinguifhed himfelf by his zeal and abili ties in defence of their doctrines. In 1676 he publifhed in Latin at Amfterdam his Apology for the Quakers; which is the most celebrated of his works, and efteemed the ftandard of the doctrine of the Quakers. The Thefes Theologica, which were the foundation of this work, and addreffed to the clergy of what fort foever, were published before the writing of the Apology, and printed in Latin, French, High-Dutch, LowDutch, and English. The dedication of his Apology to King Charles II. is very remarkable for the uncommon franknefs and fimplicity with which it is written. Amongst many other extraordinary paffages, we meet with the following: "There is no king in the world who can fo experimentally teftify of God's providence and goodness; neither is there any who rules fo many free people, fo many true Christians; which thing renders thy government more honourable, thyself more confiderable, than the acceffion of many nations filled with flavish and fuperftitious fouls. Thou haft tafted of profperity and adverfity; thou knoweft what it is to be banished thy native country, to be over-ruled as well as to rule and fit upon the throne; and being oppreffed, thou haft reafon to know how hateful the oppreffor is both to God and man: if, after all those warnings and advertisements, thou doft not turn unto the Lord with all thy heart, but forget him who remembered thee in thy diftrefs, and give up thyfelf to follow luft and vanity, furely great will be thy condemnation."- He travelled with the famous Mr William Penn through the greateft part of England, Holland, and Germany, and was every where received with the highest respect; for though both his conversation and behaviour were fuitable to his principles, yet there was fuch livelinefs and fpirit in his discourse, and fuch ferenity and cheerfulness in his deportment, as rendered him extremely agreeable to all forts of people. When he returned to his native country he spent the remainder of his life in a quiet and retired manner. He died at his own houfe at Ury on the 3d of October 1690, in the 42d year of his age.

BARCOCHEBAS, or rather BARCOCHAB, a Jewish impoftor, whose real name was Akiba; but he took that of Barcochab, which fignifies the Son of a

Star; in allufion to the prophecy of Balaam, "There fhall a ftar arife out of Jacob." He proclaimed himself the Meffiah; and talking of nothing but wars, victories, and triumphs, made his countrymen rife against the Romans, by which means he was the author of innumerable diforders: he ravaged many places, took a great number of fortreffes, and maffacred an infinite multitude of people, particularly the Chriftians. The emperor fent troops to Rufus, governor of Judea, to fupprefs the fedition. Rufus, in obedience, exercised a thousand cruelties, but could not finish his attempt. The emperor was therefore obliged to fend Julius Severus, the greatest general of that time; who attained his end without a direct battle: he full on them feparately; cut off their provifions; and at laft the whole conteft was reduced to the fiege of Bitter, in the 18th year of Hadrian. The impoftor perished there. This war colt the Romans a great deal of blood.

BARD, a word denoting one who was a poet by his genius and profeffion; and "who fung of the battles of heroes, or the heaving breafts of love." Offian's Poems, I. 37.

Bard.

fect. ik

The curiofity of man is great with refpect to the tranfactions of his own fpecies; and when fuch tranfactions are defcribed in verfe, accompanied with mufic, the performance is enchanting. An ear, a voice, fkill Kaims's in inftrumental mufic, and, above all, a poetical genius, Skateber, are requifite to excel in that complicated art. As fuch Sk. V. talents are rare, the few that poffeffed them were highly esteemed; and hence the profeffion of a bard, which, befide natural talents, required more culture and exercise than any other known art. Bards were capital perfons at every feftival and at every folemnity. Their fongs, which, by recording the atchievements of kings and heroes, animated every hearer, must have been the entertainment of every warlike nation. We have Hefiod's authority, that in his time bards were as common as potters or joiners, and as liable to envy. Demodocus is mentioned by Homer as a celebrated bard; and Phemius, another bard, is introduced by him deprecating the wrath of Ulyffes in the following words:

"O King! to mercy be thy foul inclin'd,
"And fpare the poet's ever-gentle kind:
"A deed like this thy future fame would wrong,
"For dear to gods and men is facred fong.

Self-taught I fing; by heav'n, and heav'n alone, "The genuine feeds of poefy are fown; "And (what the gods beftow) the lofty lay, "To gods alone, and godlike worth, we pay.. "Save then the poet, and thyfelf reward; ""Tis thine to merit, mine is to record."

ODYSSEY, viii. Cicero reports, that at Roman feftivals, anciently, the virtues and exploits of their great men were fung. The fame cuftom prevailed in Peru and Mexico, as we learn from Garcilaffo and other authors. We have for our authority Father Gobien, that even the inhabitants of the Marian islands have bards, who are greatly admi red, because in their fongs are celebrated the feats of their ancestors.

But in no part of the world did the profeffion of bard appear with fuch luftre as in Gaul, in Britain, and in Ireland. Wherever the Celta or Gauls are mentioned

Bard

Bardefanils. Vol. II. P. 112, 113.

ral ftrain, and by many particular paffages, of the poems of Offian. "Beneath his own tree, at intervals, each bard fat down with his harp. They raised the fong, and touched the string, each to the chief he loved ‡.”

The invention of writing made a confiderable change in the bard-profeffion. It is now an agreed point, that no poetry is fit to be accompanied with mufic, but what is fimple: a complicated thought or defcription requires the utmost attention, and leaves none for the mufic; or, if it divide the attention, it makes but a faint impreffion §. The fimple operas of Quinault bear away the palm from every thing of the kind compofed by Boileau or Racine. But when a language, in its progrefs to maturity, is enriched with variety of phrafes fit to exprefs the moft elevated thoughts, men of genius afpired to the higher ftrains of poetry, leaving mufic and fong to the bards: which diftinguished the profeffion of a poet from that of a bard. Ho mer, in a lax fenfe, may be termed a bard; for in that character he strolled from fealt to feast. But he was not a bard in the original fenfe : he, indeed, recited his poems to crowded audiences; but his poems are too complex for music, and he probably did not fing them, nor accompany them with the lyre. The Trovadores of Provence were bards in the original sense, and made a capital figure in the days of ignorance, when few could read, and fewer write. In later times, the fongs of the bards were taken down in writing, which gave every one accefs to them. without a bard; and the profeffion funk by degrees into oblivion. Among the Highlanders of Scotland, reading and writing in their own tongue is not common even at prefent; and that circumftance fupported long the bardprofeffion among them, after being forgot among the neighbouring nations.

BARDANA, or BURDOCK. See ARCTIUM. BARDARIOT, in antiquity, were a kind of ancient guard atttending the Greek emperors, armed with rods, wherewith they kept off the people from crowding too near the prince when on horfeback. Their captain, or commander, was denominated primivergius. The word was probably formed from the barda, or houfings on their horfes.

BARDAS, the brother of the empress Theodora, and uncle of the famous Photius, is faid to have had no other good quality befides that of loving the fciences and polite literature, which he established in the Eaftern empire; for he was treacherous, cruel, and ambitious. In the year 856, he affaffinated Theoctiftes, general of the Emperor Michael's forces, and obtained his poft. At length he caufed the difgrace of the Empress Theodora; and St Ignatius, patriarch of Conftantinople, reproaching him for his vices, he had him depofed in 858, in order to make room for Photius. Bardas was affaffinated by Bafilius the Macedonian, in 866.

BARDED, in heraldry, is used in speaking of a horse that is caparisoned. He bears fable, a cavalier d'or, the horse barded, argent.

BARDESANISTS, a fect of ancient heretics, thus denominated from their leader Bardefanes, a Syrian of Edeffa in Mefopotamia. Bardefanes, born in the middle of the fecond century, became eminent, after his converfion to Chriftianity, for his zeal against

heretics; against whom, we are informed by St Je- Bardewick rome and Eufebius, he wrote a multitude of books: yet Bargain. had he the misfortune to fall, himself, into the errors of Valentinus, to which he added fome others of his own. He taught, that the actions of men depend altogether on fate, and that God himself is fubject to neceflity. His followers went further, and denied the refurrection of the body, and the incarnation and death of our Saviour; holding that these were only apparent or phantaítical.

BARDEWICK, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony and duchy of Lunenburg; formerly a very large place; but being ruined in 1189, by the Duke of Saxony, has never yet recovered itfelf. It is feated on the river Ilmenau, in E. Long. 10. 6. N. Lat. 53. 40.

BARDT, a ftrong and rich town of Germany, in the duchy of Pomerania, with a castle and spacious harbour. It is fubject to the Swedes; and is fituated near the Baltic Sea, in E. Long. 13. 20. N. Lat. 54 23.

BARE, in a general fenfe, fignifies not covered. Hence we fay bare-headed, bare-footed, &c.

The Roman women, in times of public diftrefs and mourning, went bare headed, with their hair loose.— Among both Greeks, Romans, and Barbarians, we find a feaft called Nudipedalia.-The Abyffinians never enter their churches, nor the palaces of kings and great men, but bare-footed.

BARK-Foot Carmelites and Auguftines, are religious of the order of St Carmel and St Auftin, who live under a ftrict observance, and go without shoes, like the capuchins. There are alfo barefoot fathers of mercy. Formerly there were barefoot dominicans, and even barefoot nuns of the order of St Auguftin.

BAREITH, a town of Germany in Franconia, in the margravate of Culembach, with a famous college belonging to the margrave of Brandenburg Bareith E. Long. 11. 50. N. Lat. 50. 0.

BARENT (Diteric), an excellent painter, was born at Amfterdam, and was the fon of a very induftrious painter. He ftudied in Italy, and became the favourite difciple of Titian, with whom he lived a long time; but at length returned to Amfterdam, where he performed many extraordinary pieces. He died in 1582, aged 48.

BARFLEUR, a town of France, in Normandy, on the continent. It was ruined, and had its harbour filled up by the English in 1346. The Cape of that name is 12 miles east of Cherburg, and near it part of the French fleet was defroyed in 1692. W. Long. 1. 6. N. Lat. 49. 40.

BARGAIN AND SALE, a fpecies of conveyance in the English law. It is a kind of a real contract, whereby the bargainer for fome pecuniary consideration bargains and fells, that is, contracts to convey, the land of the bargainee; and becomes by fuch bargain a trustee for, or feized to the use of, the bargainee; and then the ftatute of ufes completes the purchase: or, as it hath been well expreffed, the bargain first vests the ufe, and then the ftatute vests the poffeffion. But as it was forefeen that conveyances, thus made, would want all those benefits of notoriety which the old common-law affurances were calculated to give; to prevent therefore clandeftine conveyances of freeholds, it

was

BAR

[ was enacted in the fame feffion of parliament by ftatute 27 Hen. VIII. c. 16. that fuch bargains and fales fhould not enure to pafs a freehold, unless the fame be made by indenture, and enrolled within fix months in one of the courts of Westminster-hall, or with the cuftos Clandeftine bargains and rotulorum of the county. fales of chattel interefts, or leafes for years, were thought not worth regarding, as fuch interefts were very precarious till about fix years before; which alfo occafioned them to be overlooked in framing the ftatute of ufes and therefore fuch bargains and fales are But how impoffible is it not directed to be enrolled. to forefee, and provide againft, all the confequences of innovations! This omiffion has given rife to the fpecies of conveyance by LEASE and RELEASE,

BARGE (bargie, Dutch), a veffel or boat of ftate, furnished with elegant apartments, canopies, and cufhions; equipped with a band of rowers, and decorated with flags and ftreamers: they are generally used for proceffions on the water, by noblemen, officers of ftate, or magiftrates of great cities. Of this fort, too, we may naturally fuppofe the famous barge or galley of Cleopatra, which, according to Shakespear,

Like a burnish'd throne

Burnt on the water: the poop was beaten gold:
Purple her fails; and fo perfumed, that
The winds were love-sick with them: the oars were filver,
Which to the tune of flutes kept time, and made
The water which they beat to follow fafter,
As amorous of their ftrokes-

At the helm

13

]

BAR

vers.

There are four plants, which, in the early part of their growth, bear fo ftrong a resemblance to each other as would deceive any but the farmers and nice obferThefe four are, barilla, gazul (or, as fome call it, algazul), foza, and falicornia or falicor. They are all burnt to afhes; but applied to different uses, as being poffeffed of different qualities. Some of the roguith farmers mix more or lefs of the three laft with the first; and it requires a complete knowledge of the colour, tafte, and fmell of the afhes to be able to detect their knavery.

Its greatest Barilla is fown afresh every year. height above ground is four inches: each root pushes out a vast number of little ftalks, which again are subdivided into fmaller fprigs refembling famphire; and all together form a large fpreading tufted bufh. The colour is bright green; as the plant advances towards maturity, this colour vanishes away till it comes at last to be a dull green tinged with brown.

Gazul bears the greateft affinity to barilla, both in quality and appearance: the principal difference confifts in its growing on a ftill drier falter earth, confequently it is impregnated with a stronger falt. It does not rife above two inches out of the ground, fpreading out into little tufts. Its fprigs are much flatter and more pulpy than those of barilla, and are ftill more like famphire. It is fown but once in three, four, or five years, according to the nature of the foil.

Soza, when of the fame fize, has the fame appearance as gazul; but in time grows much larger, as its natural foil is a ftrong falt marfh, where it is to be found in large tufts of sprigs, treble the fize of barilla, and of a bright green colour, which it retains to the laft.

Salicor has a talk of a deep green colour inclining to red, which lait becomes by degrees the colour of the whole plant. From the beginning it grows upright, and much refembles a buth of young rofemary. Its natural foil is on the declivities of hills near the falt marfhes, or on the edges of the small drains or channels cut by the hufbandmen for the purpose of watering the fields: before it has acquired its full growth, it is In those very like the barilla of thofe feafons in which the years ground has been dunged before sowing.

Bari, Barilla.