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fiscate, consistory, consummate, contrary, contrite, contem plate, corollary, courier, decorous, deprecatory, decre tal, derivative, desultory, des uetude, diabetes, diach'ylon, diæresis, dimissory, disputable, indisputable, dynasty, dysentery, egotism, elegiac, enervate, equable, epicure"an, erratum, evanescent, extirpate, fabric, fanatic, farina, finance, funereal, fusil, glacier (glas), gondola, gua'vo (gwa), hegira (ge), hereditary, heterogeneous, horizon, hy'meneal, imbecile (seel), impious, indecorous, impreca tory, indisputable, indis soluble, inimical, inter calar, interference, interstice, intricate, in valid. (leed, 8.), invalid (adj.), irremediable, Lascar, laboratory, lam entable, legu men, machinist (chi – shee), Mahomet, martinet, medicament, medicinal, mesentery, metonymy, miscellany, mischievous, mountainous, national (nash), nomenclature, o asis, ob durate, omega, orchestra, omnipotent, omnipresence, opponent, or ison, pasha (shaw), panacea, panegyric, panegyri ze, paro quet, per emptory, phrenetic, phrenitis, plethora, plethoric, prolix, quanda ry, ratan, receptacle, recitative", (teev), receptory, recon dite, repertory, refragable, revenue, saliva, satiety, sequester, sequestrate, sonorous, stalactite, stalagmite, subaltern, subjected successor, synecdoche, theatre, troubadour, uten sil, vertigo (tee).

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TRANSPOSITION OF ACCENT.

109. When words that have a partial sameness of formation occur antithetically in a sentence, the accent is removed from its customary seat, and placed on that syllable in which the words differ, as in the sentence, "Their thoughts accusing or else excusing one another." A similar change takes place in such words as the following, when in opposition (the second being always more heavily accented than the first):

EXERCISES.

Giving-forgiving; plausibility-probability; confuserefuse done undone; justice-injustice; mortal-immortal; simulation-dissimulation; visible-invisible; increase -decrease; proportion-disproportion; religion-irreligion; untaught-ill-taught.

FALSE ACCENTS IN POETRY.

110. Poetry very frequently allows a transposition of accent: the change is generally made from the first to the second syllable, and is then considered aliowable; but no change is permitted from the second to the first.

The metrical accent should never supersede the ordinary accent which custom assigns to the word in prose, as in the following lines:

"False eloquence like the prismatic glass,
Its gaudy colours spreads on every place."

"My soul ascends above the sky,
And triumphs i'n her liberty."

"Who now triumphs, and i'n the excess of joy."
"Beyond all pa'st example and future."

PRONUNCIATION.

112. Pronunciation is the correct appropriation of the particular sounds, articulations, and accents, which polite usage and analogy have assigned to words.

The exercises under the various Vowels and Articulations contain many words liable to be mispronounced; but, in a department so extensive, it is impossible to give any general summary. The mode of utterance so varies in particular localities and in different ranks, that custom or fashion can be rarely depended on. The study of the subject under a competent instructor, aided by reference to the standard orthoepical dictionaries of the language and the practice of the best speakers, can alone supply the deficiency.

REPETITION OF SOUNDS AND JUNCTION OF WORDS.

113. Sounds and articulations of a similar formation should not be allowed to coalesce. Distinctness requires that each sound shall be completed before another is begun; and, at the same time, that the end of the one and the commencement of the other shall be made so quickly, that, while their separation is distinctly effected, continuity may not be broken by any pause. How is a pause to be avoided? Simply by a very slight downward action of the lower jaw, which, separating the parts that produced the articulation, will leave them at perfect liberty for the utterance of the same or a similar sound.

a nice drop.

suit

a never,

Wild delight-call lustily-and drink cream-this summer -his shout-begin nobly-less zeal-weep bitterly-speedy yachts-mercy's sake-The Ethiopian changing his (skin) and the leopard his (spots)-zealous citizens searching. All night it hung (an ice drop) there. The torments of (an ever) meddling memory. I intend to (shoot) myself soon. The Jews) fall every night. Whose (beard) descending. Sad (angler. Sad (a) His (crime) moved me. He will (pray (prate) to anybody. He could (Day) nobody. Look on this (Spot) The dispute was about a (del) Art thou afeard to be the same in thine own thy known) act and valour?

pain

'spot.

RHETORICAL PUNCTUATION-ORATORICAL WORDS.

114. Punctuation is the art of dividing a written composition into sentences or parts of sentences, by points or stops, for the purpose of marking, to the eye, the different pauses which sense and grammatical construction require RHETORICAL PUNCTUATION subdivides for the judgment and for the ear; considering pauses only as adjuncts to distinct and expressive delivery, and as means by which an auditor may understand without confusion and without fatigue.

115. This system lays down a series of rules which do not affect the duration of pauses, but which point out those places in a composition where audibility and intelligence require them. The duration of pauses cannot be fixed by any rule; because the style of an author, his subject, and the particular expression which it requires; as well as the purport of the speaker, his acquired habits of utterance, the varying shades of passion or of emotion that he would portray-all materially contribute to vary the frequency and time of rhetorical punctuation.

116. The following musical pauses may be introduced as guides to the student during his initiatory exercises :

The Semibreve, or longest pause, marked thus:

The Minim, or long pause,

The Crotchet, or middle pause,

The Quaver, or shortest pause,

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A semibreve pause is in time equal to two minims, four crotchets, or eight quavers. A minim pause is in time equal to half a semibreve, or to two crotchets, or four quavers. A crotchet pause is in time equal to the fourth of a semibreve, to the half of a minim, or to two quavers. quaver pause is in time equal to the eighth of a semibreve, the fourth of a minim, or the half of a crotchet.+

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117. The shortest pause () is necessarily introduced at the end of every oratorical word; the middle pause (~) at the end of any distinct part of a proposition; the long pause() at the termination of a proposition; and the longest pause() at the termination of an important division of a discourse. The rhetorical sense, not the grammatical expression, determines the relative situation and length of each pause.

RULES FOR RHETORICAL PAUSES.

118. Pause and replenish the lungs with breath—

After the nominative, when it is new or when it consists of several words. or of one important word. A pause after a pronoun in the nominative case is only admissible when it is emphatic.

Before and after all parenthetic, explanatory, and intermediate clauses.

The necessity of sensible punctuation may be illustrated by the following lines:I saw a peacock with a fiery tail

I saw a blazing star that dropp'd down hail
I saw a cloud begirt with ivy round
I saw a sturdy oak creep on the ground

I saw a daisy swallow up a whale

I saw the brackish sea brimful of ale

I saw a phial-glass sixteen yards deep
I saw a well full of men's tears to weep
I saw men's eyes all on a flame of fire
I saw a house high as the moon or higher
I saw the radiant sun at deep midnight
I saw the man who saw this dreadful sight.

✦ In verse or in rhythmical prose all pauses are as significant as sound in forming harmony. (See Time of Poetry.)

After words in apposition or in opposition.
Before relative pronouns.

Between the several members of a series.

Before all conjunctions; and after all conjunctions which introduce important words, clauses, or sentences.

Between all nouns and pronouns that are nominatives to a verb, or that are governed by a verb; between all adjectives (except the last) which qualify a noun; and all adverbs (except the last) which qualify either verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.

Before the infinitive mood, when not immediately preceded by a modifying word.

Wherever an ellipsis takes place.

Between the object and the modifying word in their inverted order.
Generally before and after emphatic words.

EXAMPLES OF RHETORICAL PAUSES.

119. SHORT PAUSE, QUAVER REST,

The laurels of the warrior are dyed in blood.
Anxiety is the poison of human life.

And Nathan said unto David Thou art the man.
Well honour is the subject of my story.

Riches pleasure and health are evils to those who know not how to use them.

Let but one brave

great active disinterested man¬ arise and he will be received followed and venerated. A people once enslaved may groan ages in bondage. Add to your faith virtue and to virtue knowledge and to knowledge temperance and to temperance patience.

My heart

120. MIDDLE PAUSE, CROTCHET REST,

This pause is chiefly employed

To divide the principal parts of a sentence:

was wounded with the arrow of affliction

and my eyes became dim with sorrow.

Man that is born of a woman hath but a short time to live and is full of misery.

Before and after all parenthetic clauses:

Beauty like a flower

Genius

soon fades away.

the pride of man as man is of the creation has

been possessed but by few.

In connecting sentences closely allied in sense:

Logicians may reason about abstractions but the

great mass of mankind

They must have images.

cannot feel an interest in them

In his own view Napoleon stood apart from other men He was not to be measured by the standard of humanity He was not to be subjected to laws or obligations which all others were expected to obey Nature and the human will were to bend to his power.

121. LONG PAUSE, MINIM REST,

This pause is used at the close of every proposition that conveys complete

sense.

122. LONGEST PAUSE, SEMIBREVE REST,

This pause should be employed at the close of every division of a discourse; before a new train of ideas, or a course of argument; at a return from a digression, or from excited declamation to calm statement and logical discussion.

123. Perhaps the readiest mode of acquiring a correct idea of rhetorical punctuation is, to consider every cluster of words so connected as to admit of no separation, and containing a distinct primary or modifying idea, only as one Oratorical Word. These Oratorical Words must be separated from each other by pauses of greater or less duration.

124. The following may serve as a specimen: analogous groupings may be formed on every page:—

Reason guides-a-man to-an-entire-conviction of-the-historical-proofs of-the-Christian-religion; after-which it-delivers and-abandons-him to-another-light which though-not-contrary-to-it is-entirely-different and-infinitely-superior.

EMPHATICAL PAUSE.

125. A sudden pause, introduced where the grammatical sense does not require it, is frequently a very effective mode of giving expression to emotion:

Oh, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth,
That I am meek and gentle, with these butchers!

If thou dost slander her, and torture me,
Never pray more!

ACCENTUATION OF ORATORICAL WORDS.

126. As an oratorical word may consist of a far greater number of syllables than a grammatical word, it becomes necessary to introduce new degrees of stress, that the relative value of the various groups may be effectively presented to the ear and to the mind. The principal part of the oratorical word must be distinguished in the same manner as the accented syllable of the grammatical word, but with greater organic force.

127. Stress, applied to the accent of grammatical words, is called Syllabic; applied to oratorical words, being determined by meaning, it may be called Sentential.

128. The sentential accent of oratorical words always coincides (unless in certain cases of emphasis) with the syllabic accent, but it is uttered with

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