He afterwards entered on a commentary upon the whole bible, but proceeded no further than the fifty-eighth chapter of Ifaiah: however, the defign, being valuable, was carried on, and compleated by other hands. Mr. Pool published several excellent treatifes, as The nullity of the Romish faith, &c. for which he was threatened to be affaffinated;* his name being in Dr. Oates's lift; he therefore retired to Holland, but died (as it is thought) by poifon at Amfterdam, in the month of October, 1679, atat. fifty-fix.

Dr. Thomas Goodwin, born at Rolifby in Norfolk, and educated in Catherine-hall, Cambridge. He was a great admirer of Dr. Preston, and afterwards himself a famous preacher in Cambridge. In 1634, he left the university, being diffatisfied with the terms of conformity. In 1639, he went into Holland, and became paftor of an independent congregation at Arnheim. He returned to London about the beginning of the long parliament, and was one of the dif fenting brethren in the affembly of divines. After the king's death, he was made prefident of Magdalen college, and one of the tryers of minifters. He was in high efteem with Oliver Cromwell, and attended him on his death-bed. In the

common

was his cuftom to rife at three or four o'clock, and take a raw egg about eight or nine, and another about twelve; then to continue his ftudies till the afternoon was far advanced. He spent the evening at fome friend's house, particularly alderman Asburst's, and would be exceedingly but innocently merry; when it was nearly time to go home, he would give the converfation a serious turn, faying, "Let us now call for a reckoning." His "Annotations" were completed by other hands; the 59th and 60th chapters of Isaiah by Mr. Jackson of Moulfey. Dr. Collinges wrote the notes on the remainder of that prophet, on Jeremiah, Lamentations, the four Evangelifts, the Epiftles to the Corinthians and Galatians, to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, and on the book of Revelations. The Annotations on Ezekiel and the minor prophets were drawn up by Mr. Hurft, and on Daniel, by Mr. Wm. Cooper. Mr. Vinke commented on the Ads, Mr. Mayo on the Romans. The notes on the Ephefians, and the epiftles of James, Peter and Jude, were compofed by Mr. Viel; on Philippians and Coloffians, by Mr. Thomas Adams; on the Theffalonians by Mr. Barker; on the Hebrews by Mr. Obad. Hughes. Mr. Howe undertook the three Epiftles of John. Calamy and Palmer, ut fupra. Granger's Hiftory, vol. îii. p. 311, and Birch's Life of Tillotson, p. 36. ED.

* Calamy, vol. ii. p. 14. Palmer's Noncon. Mem. vol. i. p. 133. + On which occafion he was overheard by Dr. Tillatfon to express himfelf, boldly and enthufiaftically confident of the Protector's recovery; and

when

common register of the univerfity he is faid to be, in fcriptis theologicis quam plurimis orbi notus, i. e. well known to the world by many theological writings. After the Restoration he refigned his presidentship, and retired to London, where he continued the exercife of his miniftry till his death, which happened Feb. 23, 1679-80, in the eightieth year of his age. He was a good fcholar, an eminent divine and textuary. His works are fince printed in five folios.t

The last parliament being diffolved abruptly, a new one was convened for Oct. 17, 1680, in which the elections went pretty much as in the laft, the cry of the people being, No popery, no penfioners, no arbitrary government. But the king prorogued them from time to time for above a twelvemonth, without permitting them to finish any bufinefs. His majesty falling fick in the fummer, the duke of York returned immediately to court without the king's leave, which alarmed the people, and made them eager for the fitting of the parliament to regulate the fucceffion. This gave rife to fundry petitions, figned by a great number of hands both in city

and

when he found himself mistaken, to exclaim, in a fubfequent addrefs to God, "Thou haft deceived us, and we were deceived." He was a man much addicted to retirement and deep contemplation, which difpofe the mind to enthusiastical confidence. He and Dr. Owen are called by Wood, "the two Atlaffes and Patriarchs of Independency." In the fire of London he lost half of his library, to the value of 500l. but he was thankful that the lofs fell on the books of human learning only, thofe on divinity being preferved. He is fuppofed to be the independent minister and head of a college defcribed by the Spectator," No. 494. Birch's Life of Tillotfon, p. 16. Grey, vol. i. p. 185. Granger, vol. iii. p. 303. ED.

66

+ Calamy's Account, vol. ii. p. 61. Palmer's Non. Mem. vol. i. p. 183.

‡ If we may credit Sir John Rerefby, who fays he had the whole story from Feversham, to whofe intervention the revocation of the duke was principally owing; the king's illness was pretended, and the duke was fent for with his privity, though not above four perfons knew any thing of the matter. The duke of Monmouth, who thought he had the king to himself, knew nothing of it, till his highness actually arrived at Windfor: "So close " and reserved," fays Sir John, could the king be, when he conceived it "to be neceffary." Memoirs, p. 97, 8. ED.

Eachard, p. 982, 987

Dr. Grey, by a quotation from Hornby's "Caveat against the Whigs," brings a charge against thefe petitions, that the fignatures were obtained by bribes and impofitions. Such practices, if truly stated in this inftance, have

not

and country, which the king received with the utmost difpleasure, telling the petitioners, that he was fole Judge of what was fit to be done: you would not take it well (fays he) if I should meddle with with your affairs, and I defire you will not meddle with mine. After this the king iffued out his proclamation, declaring them to be illegal, and forbidding his fubjects to promote any fubfcriptions, or to join in any petitions of this kind, upon peril of the utmost rigour of the law. Warrants were iffued against several of the petitioners, and indictments preferred against others. But at the next feffions of the common-council of London, Jan. 21, the court agreed that no fuch petition should be presented from them; and the king returned them thanks for it.* Upon which addreffes were procured from divers parts of the nation, expreffing their deteftation and abhorrence of the feditious practice of the late PETITIONERS, and referring the fitting of the parliament absolutely to the king's fovereign pleasure, from whence they obtained the name of ABHORRERS. In these addreffes, they offer their lives and fortunes for the prefervation of his majesty's perfon and government, and for the fucceffion of the duke of York. They renounce the right of the fubjects petitioning, or intermeddling in affairs of state, and lay their liberties at the feet of the prerogative, promifing to stand by it, and to be obedient without referve to his majesty's commands; which addreffes were printed in the Gazettes, and difperfed over the kingdom. These proceedings threw the people into a ferment; feveral of the privycouncil deserted their stations, and defired to be excused their attendance at council; fome in the admiralty refigned, and because they might not petition, an ASSOCIATION was formed by fundry perfons, and copied after the example of that in queen Elizabeth's time, for the defence of his majesty's perfon, and the fecurity of the proteftant religion, and to revenge his majesty's death upon the papifts, if he fhould come to any violent death. A model of which was faidto be found among the

not been confined to that occasion, or those times; but it is not easy to conceive, that a man of integrity, in any party, can have recourfe to them. The propofal of adopting them ought to be rejected with contempt and indignation.

ED.

VOL. IV.

Burnet, vol. ii. p. 276.

PP

carl

carl of Shaftesbury's papers. This was refented very highly at court, as done without the royal authority, and produced the next year another fet of ranting addreffes from all parts of the kingdom, in which their lives and fortunes were given up to the king, and the affociation branded with the names of damnable, curfed, execrable, traiterous, feditious, and a bond of rebellion, which they deteft and abhor from their very fouls; in most of which the non-conformists are marked as enemies of the king and his government, and their conventicles as the encouragement and life of the affociations. They promise to stand by the duke's fucceffion, and to choose fuch members for the next parliament as fhall do the king's bufinefs according to his mind. But notwithstanding the utmoft efforts of the court, the near approach of a popish fucceffor awakened men's fears, and kept them upon their guard.

The PETITIONERS for the fitting of the parliament, and their adverfaries, the ABHORRERS of fuch petitions, gave rife to the two grand parties which have fince divided the nation, under the diftinguishing names of WHIG and TORY.

The WHIGS or LOW CHURCHMEN were the more zcalous proteftants, declared enemies of popery, and willing to remove to a farther diftance from their fuperftitions; they were firm to the conftitution and liberties of their country; and for an union, or at least a toleration, of diffenting proteftants. The clergy of this perfuafion were generally men of larger principles, and therefore were distinguished by the name of Latitudinarian Divines; their laity were remarkable for their zeal in promoting the bill of exclufion, as the only expedient to fecure the proteftant establishment in this kingdom. They were for confining the royal prerogative within the limits of the law, for which reason their adverfaries charged them with republican principles, and gave them the reproachful name of wHIGS or four milk, a name first given to the moft rigid Scots covenanters.

The TORIES OF HIGH CHURCHMEN flood on the fide of the prerogative, and were for advancing the king above law; they went into all the arbitrary court meafures, and adopted into our religion, (fays Dr. Welwood*) a Mahometan

Memoirs, p. 125,

principle,

1

principle, under the names of paffive obedience and nonrefiftance, which fince the times of that impoftor, who first broached it, has been the means to enflave a great part of the world. Thefe gentlemen leaned more to a coalition with the papifts, than with the prefbyterians.* They cried up the name and authority of the church, and were for forcing the diffenters to conformity, by all kinds of coercive methods: but with all their zeal, they were many of them perfons of lax and diffolute morals, and would risk the whole proteftant religion rather than go into any measures of exclufion, or limitation of a popifh fucceffor. Most of the clergy (fays a member of parliament) are infected with the Laudean principles of raising money without parliament; one or two bishops give measures to the reft, and they to their clergy, fo that all derive their politicks from one or two, and are under the influence of an over-awing power. No men did more to enflave the nation, and introduce po pery into the establishment than they: their adversaries therefore gave them the name of TORIES, a title first given to Irish robbers, who lived upon plunder, and were prepared for any daring or villainous enterprize.

The non-conformists fell in unanimoufly with the whigs or low churchmen, in all points relating to liberty and the civil conftitution, as they must always do if they are confiftent with themselves; but these with their allies were not a fufficient balance for the tories, the road to preferment lying through the territories of power; but they were kept in heart with fome fecret hopes, that by a steady adherence to the conftitution they should one time or other obtain a legal toleration. But the fuperior influence of the tories above the whigs, was the occafion of the severities which befel the non-conformifts in the latter part of this reign.

When the parliament met Oct. 21, 1680, the commons were very warm in maintaining the proteftant religion and the privileges of parliament. They afferted the rights of the people to petition for the fitting of parliaments, and voted the ABHORRERS betrayers of the liberties of the nation. Among other grievances they complained, that the edge of * Burnet, Collect. Debates, p. 163.

↑ Rapin, vol. ii. p. 714. Eachard, p. 995.

PP2

the