to have withheld from them knowledge of the mortgage covering the whole of Block 2, Home District, Upper Canada, which was the legal name of the territory. On discovery of the mortgage the settlers were in great distress. However, a mission to Pennsylvania, supported no doubt by the fact of the good quality of the lands in question, resulted successfully in the formation of a Company with sufficient capital to purchase and discharge the mortgage on 60,000 acres, comprising not far from the whole of the present Waterloo Township, of the 94,012 acres of Block 2. The deed conveying this tract, thereafter known as the German Company Tract, and still so referred to in land transfers in the Township, to Daniel Erb and Jacob Erb as trustees, is dated June 29th, 1805.

The first four-horse team driven from Pennsylvania to the Grand River settlement came in 1800, the first year of the colony. The driver was George Clemens who later attained to wealth and importance in the community. The regulation settler's waggon, known as the Conestogo waggon, had a long high box, with graceful longitudinal sweep somewhat on the lines of a ship, with a canvas cover on wooden ribs or hoops, and the ends closed in by gathering cords, the prairie schooner type familiar in pictures. This was the means of transportation for the bulk of Waterloo County settlers from Pennsylvania. One of these waggons driven by Abraham Weber, from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, to the site of the later village of Berlin, now the flourishing city of Kitchener, where the driver located in 1807, is in the Waterloo Historical Society's museum.

A grist mill was built in 1807, by John Erb in what became the village, now town, of Preston, of which he was the founder. Eby gives a circumstantial account of a small earlier mill, built for one John Miller, at the site of Galt. But as to this the evidence is conflicting. Abram Erb, brother of John Erb, built the grist mill in Waterloo in 1816. Both of these mills, improved, enlarged and rebuilt from time to time, have practically been in continuous operation from the beginning, and are to-day among the largest flour mills of the county.

Benjamin Eby visited the Grand River settlement in 1806, and the following year came to stay. His lands comprised a large part of the village of Berlin, so named about 1829 as nearly as has been ascertained. Eby was made Mennonite preacher in 1809, and Bishop in 1812. For about forty years he appears to have been the principal man of affairs, both spiritual and temporal, in Waterloo township. He was the founder of Berlin, where he encouraged manufacturers and mechanics to make their homes and begin their industries. The first furniture factory in the village, begun by Jacob Hoffman about 1828, was directly due to his support, as were other industries. The first church in the county was built by Bishop Eby on his own land in 1813. This is the old Mennonite church, now in its third building, at the east end of King Street, Kitchener. It is characteristic of the historical modesty of the Mennonites that this first church of Waterloo County exhibits no other date on its name tablet than that of the construction of the present building, 1902. Bishop Eby also started the first school in the village, in connection with the church. A spelling book compiled by him and printed by his son, Henry Eby, is extant.

The first school in the county was started near the present village of Blair as early as 1802, and had a Rittenhaus, a name noted in the educational history of Pennsylvania, for teacher.

An interesting historical fact in connection with Bishop Eby is that his great-great-grandson, in line of descent of oldest sons in each generation, Ralph Alexander Eby, was the first Waterloo County man to be killed in action in the Great War. He enlisted from Swift Current, Saskatchewan, and was killed at Neuve Chapelle, March 20th, 1915. Enlistments from Waterloo County in the Great War were 3,706. Of these 486 were killed or died of wounds or disease; 112 received military decorations.

Up to about 1820 settlement was almost entirely by Mennonites from Pennsylvania. About this time European Germans and others began to come. One of the first of these was Frederick Gaukel, the first hotel-keeper in Berlin. He built what was then considered a large hotel in 1835, on the site, continuously occupied as a hotel since that time, of the present Walper House, Kitchener. Gaukel donated the land for the Court House, when Berlin was made the County Town in 1852.

In the thirties of the last century, the village of Preston was a thriving business centre. Active there, were Jacob Hespeler, a native of Wurtemburg, Jacob Beck from the Grand Duchy of Baden, Otto Klotz from Kiel on the Baltic, who was noteworthy in the educational and general intellectual progress of his village and county, and others. Hespeler later removed to New Hope which was renamed after him in 1857 in recognition of his public service in the large industries he started there. Beck founded the village of Baden, in Wilmot Township, where he developed a considerable water-power and various industries, notably a foundry and machine shop, which had a wide range of business.

North Dumfries Township was next taken up after Waterloo. On restoration of peace and normal conditions after the war of 1812, there was a renewed tide of prosperity and immigration in Upper Canada. The Honourable William Dickson of Niagara, whose attention had first been directed to the Grand River colony by the fact that he acted as the legal adviser of the Pennsylvanians in their purchase of lands, and who had no doubt watched their progress with interest, decided to invest in Grand River lands himself. In 1816 he purchased from the Hon. Thomas Clarke of Stamford, Lincoln County, who then held the title, Block 1, Home District, already referred to, 92,160 acres. the greater part of the township of North Dumfries in Waterloo County and South Dumfries in the County of Brant for the sum of roundly £24,000, this including a mortgage of £8,841 which had remained against the property from the Stedman purchase. Mr. Dickson at once engaged as his agent, to reside on and administer the lands, a young Pennsylvania German, Absolom Shade, then living in Buffalo, whom Dickson had known as a carpenter contractor. Together they set out to explore the lands, and to locate a town site, as they did at a well adapted place on the Grand River, which in due time became the village of Galt, so named in 1827, for John Galt, the author, then commissioner for the Canada Company in Guelph, a friend of Mr. Dickson. Settlers were attracted, largely from Scotland, and were given liberal terms of purchase and payment, the price of land being generally about four dollars an acre. Galt soon became a prosperous trading and manufacturing centre, was incorporated as a village in 1850 and as a town in 1857. It was for many years the principal place of business not only in the county, but for a section of country extending as far as Goderich. In 1846, and before, it had lines of daily stages to Hamilton and Guelph and tri-weekly to Goderich.

The township of Woolwich was also taken up largely by Pennsylvania Germans, later comers, and some of the younger generation from Waterloo. In Wilmot Township many settlers were directly from Germany, among them a body of Amish, an early offshoot of the Mennonites, for whom their leader, Jacob Nachtsinger, had obtained a grant from the British Government. Around Haysville in Wilmot there was a considerable colony of settlers from England, and some from Ireland. The Canada Company had a tract comprising four concessions in the southern part of Wilmot. Wellesley Township was in greater part settled by Scotchmen and partly by German Catholics who predominate around St. Agatha in Wilmot, where they have a fine church, orphanage, etc., and extend to Bamberg and St. Clements vicinity in Wellesley. Another large settlement of original German Catholics is around New Germany in Waterloo Township.

The first newspaper of the county was the Canada Museum und Allgemeine Zeitung, printed mostly in German and partly in English, of which the first issue is dated August 27th, 1835. It continued for only five years, when its editor and proprietor, Henry William Peterson, was appointed registrar of the new county of Wellington, and moved from Berlin, the domicile of the Museum, to Guelph. The Museum was followed by the Deutsche Canadier, published by Henry Eby, a son of Bishop Eby, and Christian Enslin as editor. Henry Eby was also a book publisher, bringing out Mennonite devotional books and others. In Galt the Dumfries Courier first appeared in 1844, and was published for three years. Next came the Galt Reporter, whose editor Peter Jaffray, had been active on the Courier. The Dumfries Reformer began publication in 1850.

The building of railways to and through Waterloo County marked the transition to more recent conditions and progress. At the beginning of Canadian railroading the Grand Trunk Railway Company, with its main line from Montreal to Toronto, its seaport connection to Portland, Maine, and its extension westward to Sarnia, was by far the largest and most important company. Next in importance was the Great Western Railway Company with main line from Niagara to Detroit. Both of these companies built to Waterloo County at the beginning of their operation. A branch of the Great Western Railway from Harrisburg on the main line to Galt was opened for regular traffic on the 21st of August, 1854. The Hamilton to Toronto branch was not opened until December, 1855. An extension to Guelph through Preston and Hespeler was built as a separate enterprise, 1855 to 1857. It was leased to the Great Western Railway and eventually forfeited by reason of deficits in operation which grew into a mortgage which was foreclosed. There was also an extension to Berlin from Preston, built in 1856-1857, as part of the Galt-Guelph Railway. The Preston-Berlin branch had a short career. It was opened for traffic, November 2nd, 1857, and ran for three months only when its bridge across the Grand River, above Blair, was wrecked by high water. The bridge was not rebuilt, and the Preston end never again used. The main line of the Grand Trunk Railway, built through Waterloo County as the Toronto-Sarnia extension, in 1853 to 1856, traversing the townships of Waterloo and Wilmot, with principal stations Berlin and New Hamburg, was opened through to Stratford on Nov. 17th, 1856. And thus Waterloo County began its more rapid development, particularly in manufactures, which has kept pace with the most progressive sections of the Dominion of Canada.

X.

WILLIAMSTOWN, AN HISTORIC VILLAGE.

BY MISS JANET CARNOCHAN.

Although I had spent some weeks in this little village many years ago, I had no idea till lately that it was such a wonderful village, with such a remarkable history, with no larger a population than two hundred, a little river running through the midst, the people of different races,-Scottish and French speaking different languages,-English, Gaelic, French; of two different religions, Presbyterian and Roman Catholic; with traces of Sir John Johnson, of his father Sir William Johnson, of Lord Selkirk, of Sir Alexander Mackenzie, of David Thompson, of Simon Fraser, these great geographers and explorers, of Bishop Macdonell, of Bishop Bethune and his venerable father, Rev. John Bethune, of U. E. Loyalists, of Hudson Bay factors, of the Northwest Company, of soldiers who had fought in the Revolutionary war and in distant countries, a village with an endowed church, an endowed High School, a church built in 1812, the manse in 1823, the first manse built about 1787, or shortly after 1787, when Rev. John Bethune came. A centenary of the settlement of the County of Glengarry was held in 1884, when many interesting reminiscences were printed in the Montreal Witness, and many relics of the early days were shewn. A centenary of the building of the present church was held in 1912, and my friends, who know that I always uphold the name of Niagara, wondered much to hear me say that the centenary celebration held in Williamstown was far ahead of either St. Mark's or St. Andrew's in Niagara in 1892 and 1894 respectively. And it is true, for the celebration lasted a week instead of three days, and besides being the centenary of the church was also that of the U. E. Loyalists. Many distinguished sons of Williamstown came from distant homes to speak; many valuable gifts were donated to the church by loving and loyal members.

And first, of how Williamstown received the name. When the United Empire Loyalists, or those who remained loyal to the king and British Institutions, left their possessions and came to what was then a wilderness, the British government, to partly compensate them for their losses, gave them grants of land. Sir John Johnson, who was the largest land owner in the American colonies, fled to save his life, with some faithful followers, through frightful dangers. He was given large grants of land, and perhaps the selection of the site was from its position on the River Raisin, being suitable for mills from the water power, and the place was at first called Milltown. The inhabitants wished to call it Johnstown from Sir John Johnson, but he declined the honour, and wished it called Williamstown from his father, Sir William Johnson. The Manor House, still standing, was the property of Sir John Johnson; the centre part was built in his time, but additions were made later. He parted with his Williamstown property in 1821.

So much for the name, but whence came those early settlers, and how and why? I have always found the story of those who came out with Bishop Macdonell very confusing, as sometimes they are spoken of as soldiers from Scotland, again as a regiment from Ireland, and again as those ejected from lands in Scotland. Another statement is that they were U. E. Loyalists; another as Hudson Bay Factors, or from the North West Company. And remarkable to say, these statements are true of the different settlers coming at different times from different places. The best explanation was given by Bishop Macdonell himself, that wonderful man with the ability of a business man, the tact and skill of a diplomat, the piety of a soldier of the cross, in an address at a farewell dinner given to him at Kingston in 1838, where he told of his efforts for those of his own faith. But the people of Glengarry were not all Catholics from Scotland. It is rather difficult to sort out all the different groups which came. The Protestant Highlanders who came to South Carolina in 1772 form the first emigration from Scotland, and when trouble arose a ship load left for Prince Edward Island, but afterward came to Nova Scotia, and in 1774, on the breaking out of hostilities, formed the 84th Regiment, of which Rev. Jno. Bethune became the Chaplain, and many received grants of land in Glengarry. This formed one group.

The 2nd of Highlanders, chiefly Macdonells, at the invitation of Sir William Johnson, came to the Mohawk Valley in 1773. When war broke out, Sir John Johnson with friends and neighbours, fled to Montreal through dangers dire, in 1776. He raised a battalion at his old home in Tryon County, among his followers, and called it the King's Royal Regiment of New York, and they and their families came to Canada in 1783.

3rd. The first emigrants who came direct from Scotland came in 1786 under Alexander Macdonald, 520 in number. 4th. In 1792, Macdonell of Greenfield came from Scotland with followers. 5th. In 1803 the last large emigration came through Bishop Macdonell, the discharged soldiers of the First Glengarry Fencibles under Macdonell of Glengarry, and these had been under the charge of Alexander Macdonell, afterwards Bishop Macdonell.

To explain why so many left Scotland is a sad story. From 1782 to 1790, tenants were turned out to make room for large sheep farms, and when these tried to emigrate, all sorts of restrictions were used to prevent them, even ships of war guarded the harbours to board emigrant vessels and press into the Naval Service every able-bodied man. In spite of this, many came with their families. In 1784, land surveyors arrived, lots were drawn, and the name Glengarry given to the county from Glengarry in Scotland.

From

The material for this paper I have gained from many sources. the pamphlet giving an account of the Centenary Celebration of St. Andrew's Church, Williamstown, I have learned much; from "A Retrospect of the first Catholic Diocese of Upper Canada" much has been gleaned; in a paper read by Mrs. Foran before the Women's Canadian Historical Society of Ottawa, (Transactions of that Society, Vol. VII, 1917), "My native County-Glencarry," many interesting facts were found. In an old copy of the Montreal Witness, headed "Lochiel," the celebration in 1884 of the settlement of Glengarry, most interesting accounts were given of the early settlers, pictures of relics exhibited, anecdotes grave and gay, and names of clans represented. In all these articles the two most outstanding persons are Rev. John Bethune and the Rev. Alexander Macdonell, both staunch Scots, with all the best qualities common to the race, as the military phrase we have so often heard