it was thicker and warmer for men's wear, and outer garments for women. After the cloth was prepared, the mothers had to be the dressmakers and the tailors. Stockings and socks had to be knit for the family; the father would tan his own leather and in the evening or stormy days would make the shoes for the family. Then with all the home cares, there was much social life, "the latch string was always out," everybody was welcome in the homes.

In the pioneer days it was impossible to get medical attention, doctors were from twenty-five to fifty miles distant from most districts, but these busy housekeepers did not forget their duty to those about them. It can truthfully be said of the pioneer woman:

She layeth her hand to the spindle and her hands hold the distaff.
She stretcheth out her hands to the poor, yea

She reacheth out her hands to the needy."

These women responded to every call and in early days it was often a perilous journey. Now in North Norwich, Mrs. Adam Stover was the only physician until 1831, when Dr. Cooke settled on Quaker Street. She was a capable and skilful nurse, having received special training before they moved into Norwich in 1811. She was in great demand, going early and late, travelling on horseback over rough roads, through storms, braving danger, for at night the forest was infested with wolves. Mrs. Stover found in her first visits to the sick and those to whom she ministered that they were frequently without clothing and comforts, so she always kept a satchel ready, filled with clothing for sickness, also for the little one, if one was to be ushered into the world. Many a young mother had no opportunity of getting cloth for little garments, there being no store nearer than fifty-five miles. So in every county we find these records of noble deeds in sickness by its womanhood. In our own limited experience we could add scores of names of women who lived for " Others," and to help the suffering ones.

"The sweetest lives are those to duty wed,

When deeds both great and small

Are close knit strands of an unbroken thread
Where love ennobles all

The world may sound no trumpet, ring no bell,
The Books of Life' the shining records tell."

Many mothers educated their children at home, schools were often a long distance, and sometimes the teachers were not very efficient, usually some one in the section and when circumstances did not require the children to be taught entirely in the home, the strong personality of the mother, her noble ambitions, her strict adherence to the principles of honour and justice, her persistent efforts for the uplift of her family and the community in which she lived were a noble heritage for her children, and in the majority of the citizens of Canada to-day, who are descendants of our pioneer families, we find them men and women who live to make the world better; they are loyal to God and country, and those principles of Righteousness and Freedom that uplift a nation.

About twenty-five years ago I was intimately associated with a mother who educated her family at home until they were ready for college. When I knew her she had two or three maids to assist in her elegant home. In conversation with her on educational problems I inquired how she had

managed to educate her family at home. She said when her two eldest boys were small she lived on a farm, made butter and raised poultry and eggs for the market, usually had two men to board, her husband, and four children, and no maid, could get help for washing and cleaning. "The school was some distance, and not a desirable association for my family. I had a good English education, with some knowledge of Latin and French. I felt that my boys had been given me to train and mould into good men, and as they evinced a desire and a capability for becoming educated men, I had a small table in the kitchen and while I was attending to domestic duties I taught them. They were among the first pupils in Ontario County to write on the Entrance Examination and after another year at home, we sent them to Cobourg University, then to Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore. Both became very successful barristers, and the eldest one represented the U. S. Government in every court in Europe on some phase of Political Economy." He was in London, England, when the late Edward VII. was Prince of Wales, and was at a banquet at which the Prince presided, and her son gave his address in pure French. His picture and that of our own De L. F. Barker of Johns Hopkins were illustrated in the Globe as the two eminent Canadians. The younger son and daughter received the same education at home; the son is one of the prominent judges in a large Canadian city, the daughter died just after her graduation. This is only the brief record of one of the hundreds of mothers in our Canada, who helped to make its greatness by donating such a noble citizenship.

All over our province we find records of grand and noble deeds accomplished by our pioneer women. I shall just give a brief reference to one of these splendid women, Dr. Emily H. Stowe, who was born in the wooded country of South Norwich in 1831 and who accomplished great things for the womanhood of our country.

Dr. Emily H. Stowe was the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Solomon Jennings, her mother was the granddaughter of Peter Lossing, the North Norwich pioneer. She was one of the leaders of Canadian women, who believe it is their duty to do their part, in every sphere of public and private life, where they may promote the welfare and advancement of humanity. She began her public life as a teacher, at the age of fifteen and continued to advance in her profession, until she became the first female High School or Grammar School teacher in the Dominion. She married, was the mother of three children, was an excellent wife and mother, a model housekeeper, so her intellectual qualifications and aspirations did not unfit her for domestic life.

After she had been married a few years her attention was directed to the fact that women were needed in the medical profession. She decided to enter into it, but like all pioneers on any path of human progress, she encountered unreasoning prejudice, great obstacles and had to face strong opposition from those even from whom you would have expected approval, and also found much social and professional antagonism.

As there were no opportunities for women to obtain a medical education in Canada, this courageous woman attended the New York Medical College for Women, and graduated from that institution in 1868, and commenced to practice in the city of Toronto, and thus became the first woman to enter the medical profession in the Dominion. The subsequent struggle for a right

to practice in Toronto left no trace of bitterness or animosity. Women who now choose the medical profession in Canada, and find every facility provided for the various courses of study, can never know how deeply they are indebted to this great pioneer, who opened the path now so easy to follow.

Dr. Emily H. Stowe was a wise and untiring worker in the long struggle for the admission of women into the University of Toronto. The manmonopolized world in the early part of the 19th century did not believe in the higher education of woman. There was a strong opposition against girls entering the high schools. In 1826, the town of Hatfield, Mass., discussed the question of taxing it to provide a high school for girls or of enlarging the one they had for that purpose. One indignant citizen exclaimed "School she's!" Never!" The extension of the Franchise to women and the Married Woman's Property Act were among the results of her persistent efforts.

Dr. Emily H. Stowe possessed intellectual courage, clear convictions, steady unswerving purpose, a composed philosophical mind, and these were the qualities that won success in the long struggle against the opposition to girls having the right to receive the higher education.

V.

THE SIX NATIONS INDIANS.

BY MISS AUGUSTA I. G. GILKISON.

You cannot forget that this continent of America and Canada first belonged to the Indians. How they came into this land, where they came from, has not been found out. A remark made by a chief in the early days was: The Great Spirit gave this big Island to the Red Man, and the land across the big waters he gave the White Man, but the white man was not content with what he got, but must come over the big waters and take ours from us."

When the first white men sailed up that beautiful river, (now the St. Lawrence) they saw nothing but brown and red men, wearing deer skins, and feathers on their heads. You can imagine how astonished the Indians were, to see a large ship with sails, and white men. Fortunately for the white men, they happened to be a peaceable tribe. They received Cartier with astonishment and hospitality. Most noted of the Indians were Brant, Tecumseh, Pontiac, Splitlog and Red Jacket. Indian chiefs and warriors were in all the battles in Canada from 1620 to 1814. These battles were at Quebec, Prescott,. Chrysler's Farm, Toronto, Hamilton, Niagara frontier, Detroit and Amherstburg.

The centre of all the ties which bind Canada together can be found about the grey old rock of Quebec, so full of historic memories of Cartier, Champlain, Levis, Montcalm, Wolfe, and others. It was to this spot that Cartier came, followed by Champlain, the soldier, the sailor and the statesman. It was from Quebec that Christianity was first given to Canada. Jacques Cartier sailed up this beautiful river in 1534, with his three ships and 162 picked men, passing the river Saguenay, landed at Stad-a-co-na, now Quebec: meeting the well known chief Donn-a-co-na, he sailed on and next stopped at Hochelaga (now Montreal) and was well received by throngs of Indians.

The last letter addressed by Champlain to Cardinal Richelieu set forth the importance of subduing the hostile tribes of the Five Nations and bringing them into sympathy and friendship with the French. Conflicts occurred between the English and French, until the British won, with the death of Wolfe, Montcalm and others. In June 1760 Sir Wm. Johnson brought to General Amherst one thousand of the Six Nation Indians, (by this time including the Tuscaroras admitted in 1714.) This was the largest number of Indians ever seen in arms at one time in the cause of Britain. At the close. of the war in 1783, the Six Nations almost to a man, under Brant's leadership, left their beautiful valley on the Mohawk River and retired to Canada. What Brant was to the British in the revolutionary war, Tecumseh was in the war of 1812, and the memory and the services of those two great Indian warriors would, with other motives wanting, of themselves constitute a reason why the Indians of British America should be treated with justice, consider

ation and respect. Tecumseh turned to his braves and pointing to Sir Isaac Brock said "This is a man." Sir Isaac Brock took off his red sash, put it on Tecumseh, and the chief received it with much pleasure.

In 1783 the Six Nations (U.E.L.) headed by Brant, took up the lands in the neighborhood of Brantford, presented to them by the British Government, six miles on each side of the Ouse or Grand River from above Elora to Port Maitland on Lake Erie. Captain Brant, who was in England in 1784, brought out a bell, which was the first bell that rang for church service in Upper Canada. He brought out also the royal coat of arms of King George the Third. This coat-of-arms is a very rare one. The Lord's Prayer, the Ten Commandments and the Creed in the Mohawk language he also brought out. Brant built the church in 1784, which started the Mohawk village.

In February, 1793, Lieut.-Governor Simcoe and suite were the guests of Chief Brant at the Mohawk village, coming from Niagara and Fort George. On their arrival the Indians hoisted their flags and trophies of war and fired a cannon. They then gave the Governor an Indian name, Dey-on-quh-o-kawen, meaning "One whose door is always open." Chief Brant and his warriors accompanied Governor Simcoe to the Delaware Reserve, below London, Ont., on his way to Detroit, which then belonged to the British.

The Six Nations are now nearly all Christians, and have splendid schools, many churches on the reserve, and at village called Oshweken, about ten miles from Brantford, Ont., a brick council house, the corner stone of which was laid by the superintendent, Colonel Jasper T. Gilkison, in October, 1863, whose Indian name was "Shaonwenyaw-anck," meaning "One Who Governs." (Mohawk). Miss Gilkison (his daughter) was adopted October, 1913, and given the name "Go-ih-Wih-Sacs, meaning "One Who Makes a Research," (Cayuga, Wolf Clan.)

This village of Oshweken has exhibition grounds, post office, high school, two churches, frame houses nicely furnished and a hotel. The Indians are musical and sing very softly and sweetly. The first clergymen were Rev. Mr. Luggar. Rev. Mr. Nelles and Rev. Mr. Elliott, who ministered to them fifty years. The Indian reserve has had many distinguished visitors: The Duke of Connaught, Lord and Lady Dufferin, Lords Lisgar, Aberdeen and others. Beautiful addresses were sent to Queen Victoria, King Edward and King George V. He is the head warrior chief of the Six Nations, with the name On-Onti-yah, meaning Pleasant Mountain. Prince Arthur (now the Duke of Connaught) was made chief in 1869, at the Mohawk church and Indian Institute, and given the name Ka-rah-kon-tye, meaning The Sun Flying, of the Mohawk tribe, Wolf clan. He was only twenty years old. I myself witnessed the ceremony.

Brant was tall, with fine oval face, not dark, and was very highly respected by all the high officials of that day. The Duke of Northumberland, Earl of Warwick, Marquis of Hastings and others of the nobility were friends of Brant. He was also a captain in the British army.

Over three hundred of the Six Nations have gone to the front in the present Great War, and the first that paid the supreme sacrifice was Lieutenant Cameron Brant, a descendant. The monument which is erected to chief Brant is the finest on this continent; the casts of the faces were taken from living men on the reserve-a Mohawk, Cayuga, Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida and Tuscarora.