med, and who were in perfect health; and two instances of the fact itself he was an eye-witness to.' (p. 246-247. vol. ii.)

The most common surgical operation among them is what they call taffa, which is topical blood-letting, and is performed by making, with a shell, incisions in the skin to the extent of about half an inch in various parts of the body, particularly in the lumbar region and extremities, for the relief of pains, lassitude, &c.; also for inflamed tumours they never fail to promote a flow of blood from the part; by the same means they open abscesses, and press out the purulent matter: in cases of hard indolent tumours, they either apply ignited tapa, or hot bread fruit repeatedly, so as to blister the part and ultimately to produce a purulent surface. Ill-conditioned ulcers, particularly in those persons whose constitution disposes to such things, are scarified by shells; those that seem disposed to heal are allowed to take their course without any application.

In cases of sprains, the affected part is rubbed with a mixture of oil and water, the friction being always continued in one direction, that is to say, from the smaller towards the larger branches of the vessels. Friction, with the dry hand, is also often used in similar and other cases, for the purpose of relieving pain.' (p. 261, vol. ii.)

As we approach the close of the work we have some general observations on the arts and manufactures of these islands; such as canoe building, inlaying with ivory, net making, carving clubs, and culinary preparations; but we do not observe in this part of the work any thing of sufficient novelty and interest to justify additional extracts, and especially as the ingenuity of the people in regard to several of these particulars, is described with the assistance of plates, and with much minuteness of detail by Cook and other navigators.

We must likewise limit ourselves with regard to a part of the work which we have before described as of great value and importance; we mean the grammar and vocabulary of the Tonga language; which is a permanent acquisition that will be had recourse to by every person who visits Tonga and the neighbouring islands. To Cook's voyages is also added a very brief vocabulary, which was collected during a residence of only two or three months in these situations, and although so much talent was applied in the few particulars of which it consists, yet in point of accuracy it can admit of no competition with that before us, which was the result of four year's residence with this remote people.

There are, however, some omissions by Mr. Mariner which we cannot easily account for, and some variations which it may be as difficult to explain. Bread fruit Maiee, Shaddock Moree, Elbow Etoee, although in Cook's vocabulary, are here excluded. Necklace, in Cook, is attahoa; in Mariner, cahooa or calcala. A mat to wear in the former is egreeai, in the latter gnafi-gnafi. To sneeze, in the first, is efangos, in the other mafatooa. A rat is epallo in Cook, and gooma in Mariner. We might mention fifty other examples, where there is not the smallest similarity in the two versions.

We cannot avoid repeating our complaint of the deficiency of this work with regard to all geographical illustrations, of which most writers possessing Mr. Mariner's qualifications are usually abundant, even to unnecessary prolixity of detail; and the omission is the more to be regretted, because no map or chart is afforded to the work, so that the reader must be in the greatest imaginable perplexity, unless he be provided with the charts of Cook's voyages, with those of the ship Duff, or others of the like description. We confess that we should have been satisfied with a delineation in the simplest form, but without some such aid the localities are wholly unintelligible.

The latitude of Port Refuge, in Vavaoo, is stated with sufficient accuracy, being only 14 minutes more south than that assigned to it in the voyage of Captain James Wilson. Tasman, who appeared in the neighbourhood as early as Jan. 1642-3, lays down an island about south latitude 19, which is within 10 minutes of that ascribed to Port Refuge, and which is probably Vavaoo, now supposed to be a new discovery. Cook states that it never was visited by any European. That navigator was certainly deceived by the natives of the Friendly Islands, from some interested motives with regard to Vavaoo, and subsequently, when its dimensions and importance became known to him, he had no convenient opportunity to explore it. Vavaoo, although not comprehended in his map eo nomine, yet is among the sixty-one islands named in his catalogue of this cluster, and it is distinguished by italics, as being classed with the largest. He ranks it with Hamoa and Fidgee (Fiji,) the last of these belonging to a distinct government, and a separate Archipelago.

The Hapai Islands are also noticed by Tasman. The principal of them he called Rotterdam, the native appellation being Annamooka, and they extend, according to Cook, south west by south, and north east by north about nineteen miles. Lefooga is the most fertile of these, and it is consequently the most populous. The inhabitants of the whole of the Tonga Islands have been computed at 200,000, distributed over 150 of these minute prominences in the mighty Pacific. The way in which the distances between these points of land were ascertained by Cook, was from the time which the natives represented as necessary to complete their voyages. They sail, he says, in their canoes about eight miles an hour; the sun is their guide by day, and the stars by night. When by the atmospheric vapours the heavenly bodies are obscured, attention is paid to the direction from whence the winds and waves strike upon the vessel. In the computation of distance the night is not included, and a day's sail is somewhat within a hundred miles. Mr. Mariner has given an amusing account of the use he made of a pocket compass on one occasion, and of the difficulty with which he acquired the dominion of the vessel, from the incredulity of his companions. By their compliance alone he and they were preserved from that destruction to

which many of the islanders must be annually consigned, on account of their ignorance of such an inestimable discovery.

The botanical omissions in these volumes are of the less consequence, because the Tonga Islands produce the same plants as Otaheite; and although, according to Forester, some others not indigenous in the latter, flourish in the former, yet the inquiry with regard to them seems to be rather curious to the naturalist than useful to the public.

There is one part of the history which we read with much uneasiness. Cook says of these places, at the time of his visits, 'No one wants the common necessaries of life. Joy and content'ment are painted on every face, and an easy freedom prevails in 'all ranks of people;' and that worthy navigator, when he quitted the situation, after a stay of between two and three months, consoled himself with the thought, that he had improved the condition of this remote quarter. Very different was the state of things when Mr. Mariner, after the lapse of about thirty years, arrived: there was neither peace at home nor abroad; the island which was the seat of government had been divided into petty states, that were constantly at war with each other; and ten or twelve years of hostility with the neighbouring islands, were terminated only by the fatigue and anxiety the elder Finow had endured from incessant action. It is true that his successor, from his pacific character and enlightened judgment, presents a more tranquil prospect, and we shall be happy to learn from succeeding adventurers that the condition of repose is regained, which was the theme of eulogy and admiration with Captain Cook, and which acquired for these stations the pleasing appellation of the Friendly Islands. ART. IV.-The Emigrant's Guide; or, a Picture of America, exhibiting a View of the United States, divested of Democratic Colouring, taken from the Original, now in the Possession of James Madison, and his Twenty-One Governments. Sketch of the British Provinces delineating their native Beauties, and superior Attractions. By an Old Scene-Painter. 8vo. London. 1816.

B

Also a

Y late advises, it appears, that no less than 2000 Dutch Quakers are on the point of embarking for the single State of Pennsylvania; and that more than 300 of the number are already on their way to Philadelphia. A redundant population, and the mighty changes that have lately taken place in the attitude of the different powers in Europe, have produced a spirit of emigration to these shores unexampled in our former history. The tendency of the species to increase beyond the means of subsistence, in old countries, is conclusively established by the speculations of Malthus and others, and is now in course of proof, by the unerring test of experience. The old world is discharging the superflux of human kind into the new. The unsettled regions of the west-the shores of the Pacific-the boundless tracts of South

America attract the emigrating spirit of adventure, and are sufficiently extensive to absorb the surplus population of Europe for

centuries to come.

The recent changes in the political state of Great Britain-her transition from extended warfare to profound peace,-by which, it is calculated, one third at least of her population is thrown wholly out of employ, and the rest more or less seriously affected-has had the effect of introducing amongst us an impoverished class of persons, many of them well skilled in the useful arts, but destitute of pecuniary resources-unused to our country; unacquainted with friends; but desirous of employment; which they cannot obtain. There are, moreover, amongst them, many who, instead of complying with the wishes of their government, that they should resort to Canada, prefer our institutions and our laws. The intense severity of a Canadian winter is ill adapted to the feeble frame; and necessity of health, no less than a desire of comforts, drive some to the milder atmosphere experienced in the south and in the west beyond the Alleghany mountains. But, a deficiency of means, that bar to human advancement,-a want of friends to counsel, and associates to encourage, in the important undertaking of a western settlement-preclude many from availing themselves of its advantages. The English and the Swiss, ignorantly bigotted in favour of their natala sola, usually continue at home, in the delusive hope of better times, enduring every hardship and oppression, until absolute want, dearth of employment, and consequent danger of starvation, compel them to seek an asylum in foreign lands. The great majority of that class of emigrants, accordingly, become reduced, before their departure, to a sum barely adequate to defray their steerage passage, and probably a month's board in America. The uninformed individual considers, that, in this time, something at least may present itself for his acceptance, until better can be procured; not adverting to the immense competition for employment, arising from the unprecedented influx of labour not only from his own nation,-but from every state in Europe.

Now, we cannot but recommend, that some information, on these points, be collected and circulated, in order that emigrants may not be deceived in their expectations; and be enabled, in good time, to regulate their plans accordingly. On their arrival here, where are the selected friends to counsel them? the companies to associate them in their ranks? the advisers, employers, patrons? the instructors to communicate information, such as can be relied upon for its authenticity? the patriots to lend assistance? On these points, the unfortunate emigrant is frequently as destitute, as he is of the means to command employment. He learns, indeed, the prodigious advantages of the western country resounded in every company, where he can gain admittance; but how is he to attain any share of them? How can he move to the scene of action? and, when there, what is he to do?-Here he is com

pletely at a loss without any one to direct him. Some interested individuals, indeed, have offered land on their own terms, and invited the settlement of emigrants, on a credit apparently favourable, in the view of the uninstructed; who have been used to the high rents of lordly proprietors in Europe.

But, we will at once dismiss such palliatives as these, by asking, if it be worth while to take an under lease from men who have previously purchased lands? how much more so must it be to purchase, at prime cost, on the original terms of Congress, and at their extended credits? A case has come to our knowledge, where Congress have granted, to a company of respectable gentlemen, between 3 and 400,000 acres of the finest land, situated on the river Tombigbee, above fort St. Stephens-on a credit of fourteen years; when it is to be paid for at the rate of only four dollars per acre. The situation is favourable for raising grain of all kinds,-cotton, tobacco, sugar, the vine and the olive; the two latter of which are the professed objects of the French gentlemen associated with the expedition, and are to be cultivated by practical labourers, from the vineyards of France and Italy. The first division, consisting of about twenty-five gentlemen, sailed from Philadelphia the beginning of May, for Mobile, in the schooner Commodore Macdonough; and we shall await with some impatience an account of their proceedings, which we may occasionally introduce to the notice of our readers. A glance at the map must satisfy any one, that, in the latitude and longitude of Mobile, perpetual spring and summer must reign. The river Tombigbee* lies rather to the northward and westward of New Orleans; and, if the accounts of it we have heard be correct, it must, as we judge from its position, be particularly propitious to delicate constitutions, and those accustomed to mild climates.

In New York alone, there are at this moment nearly two thousand British emigrants, whom neglect on our part has driven to the necessity of soliciting the commiseration and assistance of their own government. The applications were made to the British Consul, and by him forwarded to the ministry at home; the result of which has been published in the following advertisement:

Notice to British subjects.

His Britannic Majesty's Consulate, New York, 28th February, 1817. Having laid before my government the distressed state of the numerous emigrants who arrived at this port during the last year and made application at this office for aid to return to Great Britain and Ireland, or to his majesty's colonies in Upper Canada, and having promised to give public notice to them of the result, I hereby inform such British subjects as can produce satisfatory evidence of good conduct and industrious habits, that I am authorized to place all such in a

* We are happy to learn, as a striking proof of the enterprise and spirit of the times, that a steam boat has been constructed to run from Mobile and navigate the Tombigbee.