aw (as in law)>awr; law saw>lawr sawr.

This error is commonly known as the sliding r; it occurs also at the end of some words ending in a, such as idea.

ē (as in eve) >ì (as in ship); sheep, deep>ship, đặp. ē (as in eve) >й (as in hut); rēclaim, response>răclaim, răsponse.

ě (as in bet)>i (as in bit); endure, gět>indure, git. ě (as in bet)>ŭ (as in hut); běrry, fragměnt>bŭrry, fragmunt.

ī (as in ride)>ĭ (as in bit); writhe, grimy>writhe, grimy.

ì (as in bit)>ē (as in eve); ship, dip>sheep, deep. i (as in bit)>ě (as in bet); since, rinse, sit>sence, rense, sět.

i (as in bit) >i (as in bite); fragile, genuine>fragile, genuine.

ō (as in dome)>aw (as in law); nō, dōn't, ōpen>naw, dawn't, awpen.

ō (as in dome) >ŏ (as in not); extōl, bōlt, parōle> extŏl, bolt, parŏle.

ŏ (as in not)>aw (as in law); sorrow, fŏreign> sawrow, fawreign.

ōō (as in boot)>oo (as in took); mood, brood, food> mood, brood, food.

oo (as in took)>ōō (as in boot); cook, stood, hood> cook, stood, hood.

ou, ow (as in out, now)>aou, aow; cow, house>caow, haouse.

.ow (as in fellow)>er (as in tiller); fellow, pillow> feller, piller.

oi (as in boil)>approximately er (as in verse); voice,

foil>verse, ferl, the r sound being only vaguely

suggested. Those who manifest this fault usually give the oi value to ir, ur, ear, er in certain words; for example, first, furl, verse, early>foist, foil, voice, oily.

u (as in use)>oo (as in food); tube, duke, resume> toob, dook, resoom. At the end of certain words, such as opera, extra, the neutral vowel sound, represented by a, but most nearly approaching u in pronunciation, becomes (y); opera, extra> opery, extry.

VOWEL EXERCISES

Note 1. Use diaphragmatic breathing in these as in all speaking exercises. Also economize breath; observe how you can expend your entire supply on one or two "breathy" sounds, or make it produce fifteen to twenty clear, resonant ones.

Note 2.

Strive to make every sound with perfect dis

tinctness.

I. For developing a strong, open throat.

a. Repeat very slowly the series ah-oh-aw-oo ten or a dozen times, with a moderate tone, keeping as nearly as possible for all four sounds the same open, relaxed throat position which is naturally assumed for the ah sound.

b. Repeat the same series energetically and rapidly about ten or a dozen times.

II. For acquiring an open, unconstricted throat in the production of the "close" vowels. The prefixing of the w sound tends to cultivate the habit of an open attack. Try to keep the throat throughout the series in approximately the same position which it assumes for the wah at the beginning.

a. Repeat the series wah-we-wi-wā slowly ten or a

dozen times, avoiding all forcing of the breath for the sake of mere loudness.

b. Repeat the same series rapidly about ten times. III. For acquiring flexibility in shifting position for various vowel sounds.

a. Repeat with perfect distinctness the series ā-ē-i-ō-ū ten or a dozen times; likewise ǎ-ě-ì-ŏ-ŭ with gradually increasing rapidity.

b. Repeat the series ā-ă, ē-ě, i-i, ō-ŏ, ū-ŭ about ten times.

c. Repeat the series σo aw-i-e-ah, oh-ā-ŭ-ě-ă half a dozen times each.

IV. For acquiring clear distinction of vowel sounds in combination with consonants formed in the front, middle, and back of the mouth respectively.

a. Repeat each series half a dozen times, with slightly increasing rapidity:

bay-be-buy-beau-beauty; pat-pet-pill-pop-pud

dle; take-team-time-toe-tube;

sat-set-sit-sob

lake-leak-light

load-lucid; cake-keen-kite-cold-cute; gas-get

give-got-gun.

b. Repeat the foregoing exercise, using a whisper instead of the normal voice. The whisper is especially valuable for developing distinct utterances. Since it is likely to tire the throat at first, do not repeat the exercise more than once or twice.

SELECTIONS FOR PRACTICAL APPLICATION
TO ARMS!

Awake, ye sons of Spain! awake! advance!
Lo, Chivalry, your ancient goddess, cries;

But wields not, as of old, her thirsty lance,
Nor shakes her crimson plumage in the skies:
Now on the smoke of blazing bolts she flies,
And speaks in thunder through yon engine's roar!
In every peal she calls, " Awake! arise!"

Say, is her voice more feeble than of yore,

When her war-song was heard on Andalusia's shore?

Hark! heard you not those hoofs of dreadful note?
Sounds not the clang of conflict on the heath?
Saw ye not whom the reeking sabre smote;
Nor saved your brethren ere they sank beneath
Tyrants and Tyrants' slaves? the fires of death,
The bale-fires flash on high; from rock to rock
Each volley tells that thousands cease to breathe;
Death rides upon the sulphury Siroc,

Red battle stamps his foot, and Nations feel the shock. (BYRON: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage)

LILIAN

Airy, fairy Lilian,

Flitting, fairy Lilian,

When I ask her if she love me,

Claps her tiny hands above me,

Laughing all she can;

She'll not tell me if she love me,
Cruel little Lilian.

When my passion seeks
Pleasance in love-sighs,

She, looking thro' and thro' me
Thoroughly to undo me,

Smiling, never speaks:

So innocent-arch, so cunning-simple,
From beneath her gathered wimple

Glancing with black-beaded eyes,
Till the lightning laughters dimple
The baby-roses in her cheeks;
Then away she flies.

Prythee weep, May Lilian!
Gaiety without eclipse

Wearieth me, May Lilian;
Thro' my very heart it thrilleth
When from crimson-threaded lips
Silver-treble laughter trilleth;
Prythee weep, May Lilian!

Praying all I can,

If prayers will not hush thee,

Airy Lilian,

Like a rose-leaf I will crush thee,

Fairy Lilian.

(TENNYSON: Lilian)

TOUCHSTONE ANALYZES A QUARREL

(Touchstone): I did dislike the cut of a certain courtier's beard: he sent me word, if I said his beard was not cut well, he was in the mind it was: this is the Retort Courteous. If I sent him word again "it was not well cut," he would send me word, he cut it to please himself: this is called the Quip Modest. If again "it was not well cut," he disabled my judgment: this is called the Reply Churlish. If again "it was not well cut," he would answer, I spake not true: this is called the Reproof Valiant. If again " it was not well cut," he