7. China.-Though ever jealous of foreigners, and indisposed to change, the progress of events is bringing the Chinese into nearer connection with the rest of the world. When these hundreds of millions come to understand the advantage and importance of commerce, we expect an extension of the trade of the world in an inconceivable degree. Already have Great Britain and the United States exacted from her more liberal treaties of intercourse, which on a former occasion we published. Should an overland communication be ever established from the United States to China, a thing not unlikely, the trade of that vast empire necessarily falls into our hands, and what it will be may be judged from the fact, that as early as 1830, with Britain alone, it amounted to $41,856,253. Our trade with China began in 1784; two years after, a sloop arrived there from Boston, of 80 tons burthen, and with 7 men; five years after, we had more vessels at Canton than any other nation, except Britain. Imports, tea, silks, nankeens, chinaware, &c. Exports, furs, ginseng, cotton goods, cotton, specie, &c. 9. Netherlands and its Dependencies.-The Netherlands or Low Countries, now known by the name of Austrian, French, and Dutch Flanders, and the Seven United Provinces forming the Republic of Holland, were anciently known by the name of Lower Germany, or Belgium. They were reduced to a deplorable condition after the fall of the Western Empire, by the ravages of the barbarians. In 1830 the revolution in Belgium separated the kingdom of Netherlands into two. That of the Netherlands was reduced to the original Seven United Provinces, with a part of Luxemburg and Limburg added. One of the most prominent sources of the A great part of our trade with China is wealth of Holland is the persevering industry carried on from foreign ports on American in the pursuit of gain continued by each inaccount. In 1800 we furnished the Chinese dividual during life, and transmitted by each with furs, obtained from North-west America, and scal-skins from the Poles. The imports of tea for the year ending July 1845 and 1846, were: to his successor; and the most extraordinary frugality in the manner of living, joined to the universally governing maxim among the Dutch, that it is a disgrace not to live upon much less than one's income.* In 1805-7, the exports of the United States to Holland averaged over $15,000,000; but from 1821 to 1833, the average was not above $3,000,000, and the average of imports $1,000,000; the former principally of cotton, rice, and tobacco, of American produce; the latter, woolen, linen, spirits, manufactured iron, steel, lead, &c. With the Dutch West Indies our commerce was greater previous to 1800 than since. We enjoyed at that period, to a large extent, the carriage of her East India produce. AMERICAN TRADE WITH NETHERLANDS AND DE- Exports 8. Italy and the Italian States.-Their population is estimated at about 21,000,000. The following departments are included under one general head: Lombardo-Venitian Kingdom, including the governments of Trieste, Sardinia, Tuscany, Parma, Lucca, Modena, Papal states, kingdom of Naples. The government, the disunion of the country, the religion, the people themselves, the climate, the soil, the non-division of property in some states, its subdivision in other states, are, one or the other, it is said, ascribed as the causes which have effected all that of good or of evil is presented to us in the existing aspect of Italy, and of the condition of the Italian people. 1822. Imports $2,708.162 1823 Exports 1839. $2,871,239 1810 .4,546,085. 1841 .3,288,741. 1842 .4,270,770. 1843. 2,370,884. .3,453,385 1844. 1845. .3,610,602. Imports $3,473,220 2,326,896 2,440,437 .2,214,520 815,541 ..1,136,386 .1,897,623 growth of any considerable trade. The imports into the republic in 1841 were $12,300.000 of which the United States supplied but 800,000. The exports were about $20,300,000, of which $18,500.000 was in specie. The chief ports are Vera Cruz, Tampico, and Matamoras. To the northern provinces of 10. The Zollverein.-The German States Santa Fé our trade was in rapid progress, and cemented a close union with each other, 22d the amount of merchandize sent them in 1843, March, 1833, in the celebrated convention, about half a million dollars. But this is a called the Zollverein or Customs Union, con- mere item, compared with the immense sisting of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Wurtem- amounts which that country requires. Should berg, Baden, and other States of the Ger- the present war result in a permanent acmanic Confederation, except Austria, Han-quisition of territory beyond the Nueces, and over, Oldenberg, Mecklenburg, Holstein, a liberal treaty of reciprocity between the and the Hanse Towns. By this Union is two governments, it is almost impossible to prevented all the inconvenience of Custom-conceive the extension which will be given house barriers, and the expense of a mul- to our trade in that quarter. The divisions titude of revenue officers. The population of the Republic are Yucatan, Tobasco, Chiof the Union in 1837 was 26,042,333; since apa, Oaxaca, Vera Cruz, Puebla, Tlascala, augmented by the accession of Brunswick, Mexico, Queretaro, Guanaxuato, Michoacan, Schaumburg, and Luxemburg. There is a Colima, Jalisco or Xalisco, Zacatecas. San perfect free trade between the states and Luis Potosi, Durango, New Leon, Tamaulitheir respective commodities exchanged pas, Cohahuila, Chihuahua, New Mexico or without duties. This, with the opportunities Santa Fe, Occidente. of interchanging ideas, and receiving intelligence, it is said, constitute the greatest material, moral and civilized blessings, ever enjoyed by the German people. The manufacturing industry of this confederation bids fair to be very great, and a large demand for our cottons may be expected. The treaty attempted to be negotiated with these states, a few years ago, will be remembered. Our direct trade with them is yet small; the whole amount of imports from Prussia in 1845, was $31,082, and exports to her $567, 121. 11. The Hanse Towns.-Every one is familiar with the antiquity and celebrity of this league, which has from seventy cities diminished to three-Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubec. We export to Bremen in greater quantities than to the others; principally of tobacco, which is distributed thence throughout Germany, Prussia, Austria, and even Italy and Russia. Hamburg is the greatest entrepot for the nations of Europe. The manufacturers of Germany are brought there by the canals, the Eloe and the Weser. Its East India trade is large. In 1797, '98, '99, our trade with Hamburg ranged from 15 to 23 millions a year. AMERICAN TRADE WITH HANSE TOWNS. 1826. 1829 AMERICAN TRADE WITH MEXICO. Exports $6,281,050. .4,837,458. 6,178,218. 1830. 1831. 1832 1833. .3,467,541. 1834. m Imports $3,916,198 .4,173,257. .5,231,867 1828 2,886,484. .4,814,258 2,331,151 5,026,761 5,235,241 .5,166,745 4,293,954 5,452,818 8,066,068 9,490,446 1836. 1837. 1838 1839. .6,041,635. 5,615,819 .5,654,002 .3,500,709 3,127,153 1835. 1845. 9,029,221. 1,794,833. .1,152,331.. .2,782,406 .2,387,002 .1,702,936 the exports. Russia and Sweden exhibit the same results, the former falling off in exports from us, and the latter in imports to us. The imports from China range from two to five times the value of exports. Italy takes from us but half the amount we import from her. The exports to Netherlands and Hanse Towns, always exceed the imports thence, sometimes twofold. The imports from Mexico and exports to her, have greatly declined, South America and Hayti exceed the exthe former always greatest. The imports from Ports; in the former case by one-half. These tables will furnish abundant food to the reader for reflection. Our space will not allow a full analysis of them at present. It is The Austrian Lloyd's List, in an article sufficient to observe generally, that they ex-founded upon official documents, sums up the hibit a steady progressive trade with Britain foreign commerce of Europe. We have and France, in which the exports to the for- taken 10,000, as a unit, and the proportionate mer are always greatest, and the imports parts of which will represent the commerce from the latter. For Portugal and Spain we of each State. discover the imports to be in general double It will thus appear that the trade of England is about twice as great nearly as that of all the rest of Europe together. The whole European mercantile marine, without including the coasting trade, comprehends 260,000 vessels, measuring in all 33,493,000 tons. The total amount of merchandize carried in them, $2,387,153,000. The following tables, founded upon the reports of the Treasury Department and other authentic data, have been prepared with great pains and labor. They will exhibit in one view the entire commerce of our country, from the Revolution until the present day. Previous to 1790, it should be remark * We should have been pleased to have introduced, upon our commercial treaties with foreign powers, some observations, but the present article is already too extended. Indeed we have not been able to obtain the work of Mr. Smith, thus alluded to in McGregor's Legislation, &c. "In compliance with a resolution of Congress, passed 3d March, 1831, a digest of the existing commercial regulations of foreign countries with which the United States have intercourse, was ordered to be published. The execution of the arduous work was entrusted to a very competent publicist, Mr. John Spear Smith, and the first volume published in 1833, and the whole, as far as information could then be collected, in four volumes, in 1836.” Years. Mess'tts. New-York. Pennsylvania. Maryland. Virginia. S. Carolina. Georgia, Alabama. Louisiana. 1791... $2519651... $3505465.. $3436093.. $2239691.. $3130865.. $2693268... $491250.. 1792... 2888104... 1793... 3755347 1794... 5292441.. 1795... 7117907. 1796... 9949345. 2535790....3820662. 2623808. 2932370. .6958836. .3665056. 5442183.. .6643092.. .5686191. 10304581. 11518260. .12208027...17513866.. .13308064...11446291. 14870556....19851136...17438193...12767530....5665574...14304045... 1755939. 3552825. 2428250 .459106. 3191867 .520955. .5811380 3490041 5998492. 695986. .950158.. .644307. 961848. 1396759. .4430689...10662510. 2174268. .7914225. 3978363...10639365. .1854951. 1797... 7502047. .9151939. .5790001...17451616. .12581562....9049241....6627326. 2077572. .2394846.. .2036195....1066703. 2894125. 3247341. 1810... 13013048....17242330...10993398. .6489018. 4822611. ...5290614.. 2238686.. 1811... 11235465 .12266215....9560117 .6833987 4822307 .4861279. ..2568866. 1812... 6583338. 8961922. .5973750. 5885979. ..3011112 1813.. 1807923 .8184494. 3577117 3787865.. .1819722. .2968484. 1094596. 1814... 1133799 209670. 248434. .17581. 737899 2183121. 1815... 5280083. .10675373. .4593919. 5036601 .6676976....6675129.. .4172319.. 1816... 10136439....19690031 .7196246. 7338767. .8212860...10849409.... 7511929.. 1817... 11927997....18707433....8735592. .8933930....5621422...10372763....8790714.. 1818... 11998156....17872261....8759402. ..7570734....7016246...11440962...11132096.. $96857..12924309 ..5102610 5602948 .9024812 Years. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS-continued. Exports. Mass't's. New-York. Pennsylvania. Maryland. Virginia. S. Carolina. Georgia, Alabama. Louisiana. 1819.. $11399913.. $13587378.. $6293788.. $5926216.. $4392391. $8250790.. $6310434.. $50906 $9768753 1820... 11008922. 13163244....5743549....6609364. .4557957. 8882940.. .6594623.. 96636. 7596157 1821... 12484691 .13162917....7391767....3850394 1822... 12598525.... 1823... 13683239. .19038990....9617192.. .5030228 22897134....9364893.. 4863233 .3079209.. 3217389.. 7200511....6014310...108960...7272172 .7260320.. .5484870...209748...7978645 .4006788....6898814. ..4293666. .200387. 7779072 1824... 10434328. 1825... 11432987 1826... 10098862. 1827.. 10424383 1830.. 1831. 7733763. .25535144. 1832. 11993768. ..26000945 1833... 9683122. 25395117 .4467587....8434325. 4168245. .5483098...11207778. 35259261...11269981. 4501304. .21947791....8331722. 4010748. 23834137 .7575833. 4516406. 1828... 9025785.. .22777649....6051480.. .4334422. 1829.. 8251937 .20119011. 4089935.. .4804465. 7213194 19697983. .4291793.. 3791482. 4791644. 7627031. 5513713 .4308647 ..4150475. ..6575201. 3516066. .4499918. .4510650.. .7752731. 4078951. 4062467 1834... 1014820. 25512014. 3989746. 1835... 10043790.. 30345264. .3739275.. 1836... 10384346. 28920438 3971555. 1837... 9728190....27338419....3841599. 1838... 9104862. 23008471....3477151. 1839.. 9276085 33268099 .5255415 1840... 10186261 1841 .. 11487343. ..33139833....5152501 1842... 9807116.. 27576778. 1843... 4431681 ..13443234. .34264080....6820145. 1844... 9096286. .32861540. 1845... 10351030....36175298. 3925234....6064063...11338016.. .4756561.. .5187196...10385426. 3750386.. 7525723. .8803839.9688244 31502248 .5970443.10338159.33151167 .6862956 12854690. 34236936 .3696513.10981271.34387483 .4300257..9965675. 28404149 ..4522401..1115460..26653927 3535256....5133169....2942279.. 7433282.. .4283805.9907654.3049×347 3574363....5221977. ....2104581....8890648....4557435.10538228. 27157495 553639.. 1213725. .55918449...10451250. .5437057. 690391. .1517705. .73188594...10479268. .4647483.... 837325. .1787267. .88191305...12389937 .5647153. 691255. .1891805. 1836... 25681462...118253416...15068233. 7131867 .1106814. 2801361.. 1837... 19975667....79301722...11680111 .7857033. 813823. 2510860. 1838... 13300925....68453206....9360371. .5701869.... 577142....2318791... 1839... 19385223.. .99882438...15050715... 6995285.. 913462. 3086077.... 1840... 16513858. .60440750....8469882....4910746.. 545085....2058870.. 1841... 20318003....75713426...10346698.... .6101313.. 377237. .1557431. 1844... 20296087....65079510.. 7385758. .4417078. 316705. .1359465 7217267....3917750.... 267654....1131515. 330993.. 179554. 4167521 312609.. 201909. 4531645 308669.. 171909., 6217881 380293.. 233720. 6857209 282346.. 144823 7599183 399940.. 224435.. 9766c93 253417.. 107787.. 8871653 318996.. 265918.. 9590515 546802.. 395361..13751809 393049.. 525955. 1751984 573222 651618 15117549 774349.. 609385.14020012 776068.. 524548. 9496808 413987.. 895201..12064242 491428.. 574651. 10672590 449007.. 530879. . 102563ISO 341764. 363871. 8033520 207432.. 360655.. 8170015 305634.. 442818. 7696769 1845... 22781024....70909085....8159227....3741804.... 230470....1143158.... 206301.. 473491. 9354397 |