tem taught is that of Paula Marti. The Cortes is reported by a stenographic bureau of 19, the proceedings being published the day after the session in the Diario de Cortes. The service costs 200,000 reales yearly. Of late shorthand has been introduced more generally among the people and in schools, the system of Garriga y Maril being most popular. Two associations are devoted to the propagation of this system, one at Barcelona, with a membership of 106, and one at Valencia, with 35 members. The former, the Corporacion Taquigráfico, is under the presidency of Señor José Calbó y Magriñá, official stenographer in the Cortes, and issues a stenographic journal. The systems of Duployé, Stolze, and Gabelsberger have been translated into Spanish and have a small following. Sweden.-Though recently introduced in Sweden, shorthand has made great progress, the three German systems of Gabelsberger, Stolze, and Arends being used. The two Chambers of Parliament are stenographically reported, 22 persons being employed in one and 29 in the other. The salary paid each is about $2.50 a day during the session, with a gratuity of $50, making the annual income about $300. The presidents, or, as they are called, first notarians, receive $3 a day and a similar gratuity, a fortnight's pay, after the closing of the Riksdag. The total cost of stenographic service is 60,000 crowns a year. Only seventeen persons employed in the bureau are shorthand writers, the others being clerks and copyists. There are three shorthand associations, one in Helsingfors, in Finland, and the others at Göteborg and Upsala. They have a total membership of 42. Three magazines devoted to the art are published, the Tidning för Spridning åf Stenografi, at Göteborg, Tidning för Stenografi, Helsingfors, and the Hermes, organ för den Arendska stenografiska förening, Upsala. The number of persons instructed in 1882 was 140, of whom 96 studied Gabelsberger, 27 Stolze, and the remainder Arends. Instruction is given in schools at the following places: Stockholm, Wasa, Söderköping, Ulleåborg, Åbo, Borgå, Tavastehus, Tammerfors, Wiborg, Waxholms, Oskar-Frederiksborg, Hörnösand, Örnsköldsvik, Sundsvall, Holmstad, and Landskrona. Switzerland. There is probably no country in the world where the use of shorthand is so general as in Switzerland. The federal government has not employed stenographers, however, owing to the expense, though such employment has been frequently urged. Three languages are officially recognized and used in the Congress: the German, French, and Italian. This would necessitate the employment of a large number of reporters and great expense. The city of Berne is the only one which employs an official stenographer. Sixty-five Stolze associations are in existence, with a membership of 1,065 persons, 891 of whom are active; the Gabelsberger associations number 7, with 127 active and 168 honorary and corresponding members, while the adherents of Arends and Adler have one association each, the former with a membership of 45, and the latter 20. Seven hundred and thirty-five persons have been instructed by the Stolze societies, and 120 by those following Gabels berger. Many Swiss schools and seminaries have introduced the study of shorthand, mainly using the system of Stolze. Eight journals are regularly issued, six in the Stolze, one in the Gabelsberger, and one in the Adler styles. Turkey. The organization of a stenographic bureau was ordered by the Grand Vizier of the Sublime Porte for the purpose of reporting the proceedings of the Imperial Ottoman Parliament formed in 1876. Public instruction in shorthand was given, and Mr. Bontini was appointed president of the parliamentary staff, at a salary of 22,000 piasters for the session. The proceedings were published in the official journals El Djewaïb and the Vâkit. Difficulties were encountered, as in Switzerland, because of the recognition of several languages, so that the value of the stenographic reports bore no proportion to their cost. The Parliament was dissolved after a year's existence and has not since been called together. Four stenographers were engaged for the new Parliament, which was to meet in December, 1883. In the court of appellation and in the various departments of the ministry, shorthand writers are employed, and of late the typewriter has been used. Shorthand is very little practised, except as stated, and no manual has yet been published. Venezuela.-Seven stenographers are employed in the Assembly at present, all of them using the system of Marti. Instruction is given in the Collegio Mercantil and the Collegio de Vargas at Caracas. SHORTHAND IN THE UNITED STATES. Shorthand has been used to some extent in the United States since its earliest promulgation in England. A considerable number of text books based on Taylor's and Gurney's as well as on American systems were issued during the early days of the republic, and the subject was taught to a limited extent in schools and colleges. But since the introduction of phonography in 1845, largely through the efforts of Andrews and Boyle, the dissemination of the art has gone steadily forward, and its use during the last five years has been greatly on the increase. Shorthand in now taught either alone or in connection with other studies in a large number of schools, in most of which it has been introduced during the brief period named. Up to the present time no data with reference to instruction have been published, save in a general way in connection with business colleges, in the reports of the Commissioner of Education. The information given in the following table is the result of a correspondence represented by several thousand personal and hektograph letters and circulars. The statistics show a grand total of 12,470 persons receiving instruction in shorthand during the year 1882; 10,197 were in schools and classes, of which number 6,032 were males and 2,904 females, the sex of 1,261 being unreported. Two thousand two hundred and seventythree received instruction by mail. This total, it is believed, bears no proportion to the number pursuing the study without a teacher. 8 Heald's Business San Francisco, Cal. July, 1880 Ebenezer Knowl- ton. 24 Business College. St. Viateur's Col lege. 25 Bourbonnais 22 Central College of Illinois Wesleyan Bloomington, Ill... Sept., Eclectic Shorthand. University.h 23 College of Shorthand Evergreen City Bloomington, Ill... 2222 Long. 26 Academy of Shorthand. Chicago, Ill Feb. 12, 1881 Mrs. A. M. L. Cole son. a Classes have since been larger. b Shorthand is a regular branch of instruction in the college. The teaching is elementary. c School commences the first week in November and continues until last week in April, one evening each week. d Only the reporting style is taught. e "Shorthand has always been on the list of studies, but there is comparatively small demand for it, and the pressure of college preparation, &c., makes it difficult for many to find time to study it." The teacher, a clergyman, uses shorthand daily for sermon-writing, &c., and teaches a few persons without charge. Since 1879 instruction has been given to 59 students. The college of shorthand has been heretofore a department of the College of Commerce. i The Canton Commercial College is discontinued. j Instruction given only three evenings a week. 40 $2 per week 10 $15 per term...... j52 ≈ 2 * 2 2 a In connection with the school the Brown and Holland Shorthand Association has been organized for assisting shorthand writers in obtaining situations. Two hundred and twenty shorthand writers were placed in positions during 1882. bThis institute is incorporated with a capital stock of $1,000. "The city pays the expenses of teaching. The attendance is growing with wonderful rapidity." |