assist his invention, but that all the chief circumstances were fictitious. I have heard in France that he had been employed to teach music to a young lady, a boarder in a convent at Lyons, and that the master and scholar fell mutually in love with each other; but the affair was not attended with any consequences. I think this work his masterpiece, though he himself told me he valued most his Contrat Social,' which is as preposterous a judgment as that of Milton, who preferred the Paradise Regained' to all his other performances." Sir J. Edw. Smith in his Travels, i. 97, says :"The character of Julia after her marriage was drawn for Madame Boy de-la-Tour, of Lyons, an intimate friend of Rousseau; but the story of the Nouvelle Héloise has nothing to do with this lady's history." Madame de Genlis, in her Memoirs, relates of Rousseau- "He told us that he wrote all the letters of Julia on beautiful small paper with vignettes, that he afterwards folded them like letters, and read them in his walks with as much transport as if he had received them from an adored mistress." Moore in his Life of Sheridan, i. 235, says :—“ The brouillon of Rousseau's Héloise is in the Library of the Chamber of Deputies at Paris, and affords a study at which more than the mere 'auceps syllabarum' might delight." There seems also to be, or have been, an autograph copy of Héloise in the possession of the widow of General Bazancourt. Mr. Barrington, in his Sketches, ii. p. 381, says, "The librarian of the Chamber of Deputies showed me the original MS. of Rousseau's Confessions, and of his Eloisa. His writing is as legible as print. The Eloisa, a work of mere fancy, is without an obliteration."-Vol. ii. 381. P. 363.—“ D'Alembert is a very agreeable companion and of irreproachable morals," &c. Madame de Genlis in her Memoirs, iii. p. 79, says, " D'Alembert's vulgar expression of face, his shrill and sharp voice, were disagreeable to me; in conversation he was bitter, full of buffoonery, vulgar, and caustic." On the last illness and death of D'Alembert, those interested in his character may refute the Vita Fabroni, (the author of Vitæ Italorum, &c.) p. 281-4. There are some very interesting letters from D'Alembert on himself in Madame du Deffand's Correspondence, and his character is drawn by her band. P. 410.-" Mémoires Littéraires de La Grande Bretagne, 2 vols. 1769." In the second volume of these Memoirs, p. 25, on Walpole's Historic Doubts, the editor says,-" Les argumens de M. Walpole nous avoient ebloui sans convaincre. Les reflexions suivantes nous ont ramené au sentiment général. Elles sont de M. Hume, que sur les a communiqué avec la pensée d'en enricher mes mémoires."-ii. p. 26 to p. 35. P. 414.-" Kaimes's Essays on Morality," &c. The Essay on Liberty and Necessity was the chief object of resentment with the Presbytery. Lord Kaimes, in a second edition, acknowledged some mistakes and retracted some erroneous notions. P. 418.-"I thought Sir David (Dalrymple) had been the only Christian who could write English on the other side of the Tweed ;" and yet he uses the barbarous word "eulogium," and "aversion at," &c. P. 419.-"Ragley," where Hume dates his letter, is the seat of the Marquess of Hertford, in Warwickshire. P. 423.-On the Douglas cause, Hume writes: "To one who understands the cause as I do, nothing could appear more scandalous than the pleadings of the two law lords; such gross misrepresentations, such im- • pudent assertions, such groundless imputations, never came from that GENT. MAG. VOL. XXXI. 2 Z place," &c.; and yet we read, "It was probably Wedderburn's genius for narrative, for arguing upon probabilities, for marshalling and sifting evidence, that shone so brilliantly in his great speech at the bar of the House of Lords upon the Douglas cause, and which no less a judge than Mr. Fox pronounced to be the very finest he ever heard on any subject." Consult Townshend's Life of Lord Loughborough," p. 172, and "Lord Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors." 6 P. 428." The Abbé Galliani goes to Naples. He does well to leave Paris before I come thither, for I should certainly put him to death for all the ill he has spoken of England," &c. "The Correspondence of the Abbé Galliani" was published in two volumes, Paris, 1818, and contains a most instructive and amusing medley of political economy, free trade, wit, and stories, in which he excelled. At vol. ii. p. 117, he says, "La seule bonne chose qu' ait dit cet ennuyeux M. Stern, est lorsqu'il me dit, 'Il vaut mieux mourir à Paris, que vivre à Naples."—Of Voltaire, he says, "On sait que Voltaire etait malade, se confessa, et communica, a la grande edification de ses vassaux et des Capucins du Pays de Gex. Des Genevois malins dirent, à cette occasion, que ce grand comedien jouait mieux son rôle à l'église que sur son theâtre.' —Vol. ii. p. 150. P. 431.-Hume writes, "I have just now lying on the table before me a receipt for making soup à la reine, copied in my own hand; for beef and cabbage (a charming dish), and old mutton, and old claret, no one excels me. I make also-sheep's head broth in a manner that Mr. Keith speaks of it for eight days after," &c.-Hume was not the only man of genius of that day who delighted in the secrets of the culinary art, for Gray has enriched his copy of Verral's Cookery (which we now possess) with numerous choice receipts, and with "the furniture necessary for a kitchen." We give one, Stuffing for veal, or calve's head. Take a pickled herring, and skin, bone, and wash it in several waters, chop small with half a quarter of a pound of suet, some bread grated fine, parsley cut small, a little thyme, nutmeg and pepper, to your taste, mix it with two eggs." (Tried and found bad.) He says that he has Mason's receipt for orgeat, and Governor Floyer's for curry, &c. 66 P. 452. Major M, with whom I dined yesterday, said that he had frequently met David Hume at their military mess in Scotland and in other parties. That he was very polite and pleasant, though thoughtful, in company, generally reclining his head upon his hand, as if in study, from which he would suddenly recover," &c. We merely add, that Major M- was Major Moor, author of the "Hindoo Pantheon," a very learned and amiable person. P. 458.-The following is a very amusing anecdote:-Hume is represented as having slipped into the boggy ground at the base of the Castle rock, and called to a woman to help him out. In his unwieldy and infirm state, during his latter years, the accident is not improbable. The anecdote proceeds to say, that the female called on had great doubts of the propriety of helping Hume the Deist out of that Slough of Despond into which it had pleased Providence to cast him. "But, my good woman, does not your religion, as a Christian, teach you to do good, even to your enemies?" "That may be," said she; "but ye shall na get out o' that till ye become a Christian yoursel, and repeat the Lord's Prayer and the Belief;" a feat which is said to have been very rapidly performed, much to the worthy catechist's astonishment. P. 466.-"Lord Monboddo's treatise on the Origin and Progress of Language,' which is only part of a larger work. It contains all the absurdity and malignity which I expected; but it is writ with more ingenuity, and in a better style, than I looked for." (Hume MS.) See the paradoxical tenets of this book ridiculed in the preface to Campbell's "Treatise on Modern Falconry," p. 8, 25. In the Correspondence of Linnæus is a letter from Lord Monboddo to Linnæus, in Latin, on the Ourang-outang, vol. ii. p. 554-7; and see the editor's, Sir J. E. Smith's, note, In Harford's Life of Bishop Burgess are some letters from Lord Monboddo to the Bishop, on his favourite topic, Peter the Wild Boy, pp. 43, 51, 78. There is also a letter from W. Windham, mentioning that the Monthly Review had fallen on Monboddo's last volume with rancour, and dated 1784. P. 469.-Some notice occurs of Gilbert Stuart, the editor of the Edinburgh Magazine, and author of the "Life of Mary Queen of Scots," and of a "View of Society in Europe.". He was eccentric and irregular in his conduct, and a good story is told of him in a note from Kerr's Memoirs of Smellie. "Stuart having come one night to Smellie's house on magazine business in a very advanced stage of intoxication, was charitably put to bed. Roused in the middle of the night by an immense outcry from the awakened editor, Smellie rushed to the bedroom in his night-clothes. Stuart, sitting up in bed and glaring around him, immediately associated the respectable printer's presence with the places in which he was himself accustomed to awake, and said, 'Smellie, I never expected to find you in such a place; put on your clothes, and go back to your wife and family. I shall never say a word about this."- "One of the most constant visitors to the Peacock in Gray's Inn Lane, opened for the vendition of Burton ale, was Dr. Gilbert Stuart, the celebrated author of the Vindication of Mary Queen of Scots,' and who is said to have been so addicted to large potations of the glutinous composition, that the free passage of the venal fluid was absolutely obstructed by it. Of Scotland's Queen he told the mournful tale, 6 —See Maurice's "Memoirs of an Author, p. iii. 3. See also Chalmers's "Life of Ruddiman," p. 290. The late Mr. D'Israeli was acquainted with Stuart, for he says that, on some manuscript relics of letters being pointed out to him when composing his History of Scotland, he confessed that what was already printed was more than he was able to read. See "Curiosities of Literature," new series, vol. iii. p. 219. Pinkerton calls the "View of Society in Europe," a learned and sagacious work: see "Scottish Ballads," vol. i. p. 112. P. 471.-Hume writes, 66 Pray what strange accounts are these we hear of Franklin's conduct? I am very slow in believing that he has been guilty in the extreme degree that is pretended, though I always knew him to be a very factious man, and faction next to fanaticism is of all passions the most destructive of morality. How is it supposed he got possession of these letters ? I hear that Wedderburn's treatment of him before the council was most cruel, without being in the least blameable." A singularly interesting account of this clever and sarcastic speech of Wedderburn, and the cool unmoving attitude of Franklin all the time, is given in Lord Campbell's "Life of Lord Loughborough ;" and see account of this celebrated invective in Townshend's "Lives of the Judges,” vol. i. p. 189. It is well known that Franklin, some years after, on the termination of the war, so triumphant to America and humbling to Britain, being the ambassador at Paris, signed the articles of peace in the identical dress he had worn when inveighed against by Wedderburn. We must end with saying that, as Mr. Burton has done full justice to his subject, so he has chosen one that possesses in itself a very attractive character. No one can read these volumes without being convinced that Hume was the charm of that chosen and refined society among whom he delighted to live, and ever seemed unwilling to leave. The sweetness of his temper, the pleasantry of his manners, the rich variety and liveliness of his conversation, his frank, open, generous nature, and his great intellectual resources, formed a rare combination, equally to be admired and loved; while his simple tastes, his contented disposition, his quiet and unobtrusive habits, united to his ardent love of study, assured the tranquillity and happiness of his life. He was the possessor of that rare gift of loving study and acquiring knowledge simply for the pleasure which it gave. The constant exercise of the intellectual faculties, the improvement of his reasoning powers, and the gratification of his taste, formed the business and enjoyment of his life, unmixed with any desire of more exciting passions, more immediate interests, or more fascinating pleasures.* And the example of this illustrious philosopher will form a brilliant exception to the just reproof of Lord Bacon, to those who, instead of being attracted to knowledge and truth for their own sake, seek them by many devious paths, and from much lower motives. "Omnium autem," he writes, "gravissimus error in deviatione ab ultimo doctrinum fine consistit. Appetunt enim homines scientiam, alii ex insita curiositate et irrequieta; alii animi causa et delectationis; alii existimationis gratiâ; alii contentionis ergo atque ut in differendo superiores sint; plerique propter lucrum et victum. Paucissimi ut donum rationis divinitus datum in usus humani generis impendant. Hoc enim illud est, quod revera doctrinam atque artes condecoraret et attolleret, si contemplatio et actio arctiore quam adhuc vinculo copularentur." "Whether the following Character of, written by himself,' is intended to have any reference to himself, is a matter on which I shall not attempt to forestal the reader's judgment. "1. A very good man, the constant purport of whose life is to do mischief. "2. Fancies he is disinterested, because he substitutes vanity in place of all other passions. "3. Very industrious, without serving either himself or others. "4. Licentious in his pen, cautious in his words, still more so in his actions. "5. Would have had no enemies, had he not courted them. being hated by the public, but has only attained the being railed at. Seems desirous of "6. Has never been hurt by his enemies, because he never hated any one of them. "7. Exempt from vulgar prejudices-full of his own. "8. Very bashful-somewhat modest-no way humble. "9. A fool, capable of performances which few wise men can execute. "10. A wise man, guilty of indiscretions which the greatest simpletons can perceive. "11. Sociable, though he lives in solitude. 12. 13. An enthusiast without religion—a philosopher who is desirous to attain truth. "A moralist who prefers instinct to reason. "A gallant who gives no offence to husbands and mothers. "A scholar, without the ostentation of learning." THE HISTORY OF PLAYING-CARDS. Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History of Playing-Cards. By William Andrew Chatto. 1848. 8vo. There have been previous works on the History of Playing-Cards,_more especially a quarto volume by Breitkopf, published at Leipzig in 1784; another by Mr. S. W. Singer, London, 1816; and a production of the Societé des Bibliophiles Français, containing a very curious series of fac-similes, printed at Paris in 1844; besides an essay by the Hon. Daines Barrington in the Archæologia, and several by our ingenious continental neighbours. Independently of other aspects of the subject, cards are highly interesting in connection with the early efforts of the printer and the engraver on wood; and it was this circumstance which we presume first led Mr. Chatto to its investigation, -he having been the more than editor, in plain terms, the compiler or author, of the "Treatise of Wood Engraving,' published in 1839 under the name of the late Mr. John Jackson.* In the present work Mr. Chatto has treated the instruments of so many merry and social sports in a very agreeable and sportive style. It is composed much after that best model of our literary antiquaries, the late favourite author of the Curiosities of Literature; the niceties of the connoisseur and the statistics of the historian being very pleasantly blended with personal anecdote and moral reflection. Such is our general judgment on the performance; and we will now follow the author's own description of its plan and arrangement. The questions which, in his Preface, * Reviewed in our vol. XII. p. 107. Mr. Chatto proposes for investigation "1. Where and when were Cards invented, and what is the origin of their names? "2. When were they introduced into Europe? "3. What has been their progress as a popular game, and what influence have they had on society? 4. What changes have they undergone with respect to the figures and marks of the suits; and to what purposes have picture and fancy cards been made subservient, in consequence of those in general use being so generally understood? "5. And lastly, What have been the opinions of moralists and theologians with respect to the lawfulness of the game? These questions form the subjects of the five chapters into which the author's researches are distributed and the leading results are as follow. Cards originated with the Orientals, and probably in India. Their pedigree, or genealogy, is traced in this wise: The game of Teσσo mentioned by Homer, the TETTELα of the later Greeks, the latrunculi of the Romans,-was, in one of its varieties, very like our game of draughts, the tables of the middle ages; and this simple but scientific game is supposed, on good grounds, to have been improved into the game of chess. The affiliation of cards to chess, as the next generation in this family of human inventions, is traced in several kindred resemblances. The very name is considered, on the grave authority of Sir William Jones, to be + See "An Enquiry into the ancient Greek Game supposed to have been invented by Palamedes antecedent to the Siege of Troy; with Reasons for believing the Game to have been known from remote antiquity in China, and progressively improved into the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and European Chess. By James Christie. 1801." Those etymologists who would go no further than the Latin charta, or Greek xaρTηs, are reminded of the probability, if not certainty, that those words originally sprung from manufactured paper (in contradistinction to the more ancient rolls of bark or leaves, or parchment), being four-sided, quadratum, or square. And further from a sheet folded quarrée, we have the French cayer or cahier, and the English quire. And so again, from the Persian chartar, a four-stringed musical instrument, is derived the ki apa, cithara, chitarra, our old cittern and modern guitar. Nor can we close this brief abstract of Mr. Chatto's curious etymological researches, without adding that the absence of the r of charta in the Sanscrit chatur, is paralleled by the Latin |