months of the war we had lost some 60 out of a total of 115 colleges and universities. Some were totally or partially destroyed; many others were occupied as barracks by Japanese soldiers. More than half of the students suddenly found themselves deprived of the means to continue their education.

"How did China meet this crisis in education created by the war?

"To answer this question, let me explain the war slogan in China to-day. From the walls of our cities and on public billboards in free China' four big Chinese words stare you in the face. They are Kong Tsaen Chien Kuo'; word for word they mean Resist Fight Build Nation'. In these concise words is revealed not only the present temper but also the traditional attitude of the Chinese people in wartime.

Resist and fight as you must because the invader is on your soil, but go on with the work of building up the nation. "The Government designated seven new areas in those western provinces bordering upon Burma, Tibet, and Chinese Turkestan, far from the fighting lines, as centres to restart the destroyed universities and colleges.

"It appropriated millions of dollars for this work, dollars it could ill afford to spare from the war-chest. About 35 of these 60 wrecked colleges and universities have been restarted. When I visited West China last year I saw some 20 of these' refugee' universities.

"For many months, tens of thousands of students and professors trekked westward to these refugee colleges. I saw on the highways of Szechuen groups of college students, carrying their own baggage, trudging up-hill and down, walking their last weary miles to the city or village where their colleges are to be re-established, some 2,000 miles from where they were before the war.

"It is roughly estimated that more than 25,000 students and professors have migrated from the east coast into West China. This is a reversal of the flow of education in my country. Its effect on the cultural development of the border provinces of West China will be a lasting one. Already a number of these refugee universities are making plans to remain permanently.

the Government turned over to them a large tract of land upon which they were to restart three of their universities. The land is large but it had no buildings on it.

"Nothing daunted, they set about immediately to recreate their universities. They took the two cheapest forms of building material in China, namely, mud and straw, and started their buildings. The centre of the tract is now occupied by a long low building, with mud walls and strawthatched roofs. Half of this building is the library; the other half contains the administration offices. To the right, I saw a number of buildings of mud and straw, the classrooms. To the left are other rows of mud houses used as sleeping quarters. These are packed with double-decker wooden bunks placed from four to six feet from each other. In other dormitories I have seen triple-deckers and in a few places even quadruple-deckers, so some of our students in these refugee universities are really sleeping on a high plane of life!

"These refugee universities even made some of their classroom furniture with mud. I have seen classrooms filled with U-shaped seats made of mud packed down hard. By placing a rough board across the top of another U-shaped structure in front of him, the student has his desk. Furniture of this kind is extremely cheap, and fairly useful until the rainy season sets in.

"Many of these universities were not able to save their library books and laboratory equipment. Many classes are being held with only one text-book available for the professor, so the text has to be mimeographed every day for the class. A professor of physics told me he has to devise from the simplest material apparatus for his demonstrations. He improvised a pendulum by shaving down a native-grown turnip and running a native-spun thread through it! He said it served his class as well as the more expensive equipment he had before.

"Not only in food, but also in clothing, many Chinese students are having a hard time. I saw, in early winter, many students still in their light summer clothing. Their winter clothing has been destroyed and they have no money to buy any. As our houses are generally not heated in the winter, I dread to think what these young people go through during the really cold weather.” E. C. P.

THE INCORPORATED ASSOCIATION OF
ASSISTANT MASTERS

HE Council meetings of the I.A.A.M. were held at

Oxford for the second year in succession. The Asso

ciation celebrates its jubilee this year, and in happier times more would have been made of this event. As it was, no more than passing references could be made, though the retiring chairman did pay some attention to the matter in his address. The new chairman, Mr. E. T. Heather, of Plymouth, presided, and was most successful in leading the Council easily and pleasantly to the completion of the agenda.

The effect of war conditions on education naturally received much attention. A general resolution expressing the view that adequate air-raid shelter accommodation should be provided at the expense of the Government in all

schools and that these shelters should be properly equipped, heated, and lighted was carried, but the Council refused to be drawn into advocating any particular type of shelter. Other points made were that in view of the conditions in existing shelters, consideration should be given to the question of shortening the school session during the winter months; that teachers should be fully indemnified in respect of proceedings arising from injuries to pupils due to enemy action, and that in case of injury or death to themselves there should be reasonable compensation; that the Government should be urged to take energetic steps towards as complete a restoration of educational facilities as the present state of emergency will allow; and that there should be impartial use in the reception areas of billeting powers, a system of rotation among householders being established wherever possible, and houses suitable for hostels requisitioned.

The failure of a few local authorities to supplement the war service pay of masters in their employ who have joined H.M. Forces has caused considerable resentment, and a resolution was passed instructing the executive to urge the Government to make the application of the provisions of the Local Government Staffs (War Service) Act compulsory. The inadequate war bonus recently granted also came in for criticism. The six per cent increase on salaries not exceeding £260 per annum benefits only a very small percentage (Continued on page 60)

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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

LEICESTER

The College .offers courses for the External Degrees of London University in Arts, Science, Commerce, and Law. Some of these courses are suitable

for students who wish to take the first Examination in Agriculture, Dental Surgery, Medicine, and Veterinary Science.

Inclusive Tuition Fee, £25 per annum. Post-graduate one-year course for the Training of Teachers approved by the Board of Education and with the usual Grants.

Fee payable by Student, £12.

DEPARTMENT OF EXTRA-MURAL EDUCATION

HOSTEL FOR WOMEN STUDENTS

Prospectus free on application to Registrar.

UNIVERSITY

OF EDINBURGH

The Academic Year begins about the middle of October and ends early in July.

The University embraces Six Faculties, viz.: Arts, Science, Divinity, Law, Medicine and Surgery, and Music, in all of which degrees are conferred. There are many different avenues to the Degree of M.A. (Honours and Ordinary) and the wide scope of the Arts Curriculum permits of the combination of Arts, Science, Medical, Law or Special Studies. The higher Degrees of D.Litt., D.Sc., and Ph.D. are conferred and also the Degree of Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) and Bachelor of Commerce (B. Com.). Diplomas in Education, in Actuarial Mathematics, in Social Study, and in English Language are granted. Degrees in Science (B.Sc. and D.Sc.) may be taken in Pure Science, Engineering, Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Forestry, Mining, and in Technical Chemistry. There are also Diplomas in Technical Chemistry and in Agriculture. The Degree of Bachelor of Divinity (B.D.) is conferred and also the Degrees of Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) and Bachelor of Laws (B.L.). In Medicine ample facilities are afforded for Clinical Instruction in various Hospitals in the City, and the following degrees are conferred: Bachelor of Medicine (M.B.), Bachelor of Surgery (Ch.B.), Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), and Master of Surgery (Ch.M.). The following Diplomas are conferred in the Faculty of Medicine: Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in Public Health, in Psychiatry, in Radiology, and in Tropical Veterinary Medicine. In the Faculty of Music the Degrees of Mus. Bac. and Mus. Doc. are conferred.

The University Staff consists of 63 Professors, over 150 Readers and Lecturers, and 120 Assistants and Demonstrators. Facilities are afforded for research in scientific and other subjects.

Further information regarding Matriculation, Scholarships, etc., may be obtained from the Secretary.

W. A. FLEMING, Secretary to the University.

of members of the Association. It was therefore urged that active steps be taken towards obtaining a war bonus for all teachers at the earliest possible moment.

There was a debate on Federation, and it was argued that the completion of a scheme of federation between the N.U.T. and the A.T.T.I. made it advisable to reopen negotiations with the N.U.T. The Council, however, decided that the present time was not propitious for such

a move.

The Council instructed the executive to ensure that tenure cases involving conscientious objectors should receive the same careful consideration and energetic help as is given in other tenure cases.

Other resolutions expressed the desire that an Education Enquiry Bureau should be set up; suggested that a headmaster should in the best interests of the pupils devote at least a quarter of the total number of school periods to class-teaching; and voiced the opinion that all secondary school appointments should be advertised in the press before or at the same time as any agency is notified of the vacancy. Mr. Ramsbotham's announcement of his belief that the school-leaving age should eventually be raised to 16 was especially welcomed.

THE LING PHYSICAL ASSOCIATION

ISS COLSON, addressing the Annual General Meeting

Hamilton House, Bidborough Street, London, W.C. 1, on January 8, stated what she described as the true aims of the Directorate of Physical Recreation. These were to assist the existing authorities and voluntary organizations, to lessen their difficulties, to stimulate enthusiasm among young people and to make wider provision for the 14-20 age-group, so helping to raise the national standard of health and efficiency. She denied any idea of the formation of an organization parallel to the Hitler Youth Movement, of compulsion in any form, or of sweeping away the existing voluntary organizations, untrue aims wrongfully ascribed to the Directorate.

The Directorate itself is concerned with Physical Recreation", said Miss Colson, but this does not mean that there is to be any attempt to develop physical work to the exclusion of other aspects of the Youth Group programme. Far from it. In fact one will help the other.' She deprecated the use of the term "physical jerks". The Directorate took a wide view of physical recreation as part

BADEN-POWELL

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of a comprehensive scheme of Health Education and there were aspects of recreation such as bicycling, walking, and outdoor and indoor sports which were as much part of the scheme as organized classes.

Miss Colson appealed to her audience of men and women gymnastic teachers for support for the work of the Directorate. There was nothing spectacular about its aims, nor did the members of the Directorate wish for any personal publicity; but, given a fair chance and support from the members of the profession, the Directorate should accomplish very useful work. She emphasized the fact that it might well be remembered that it would still be possible for the principles of the Fisher Act to be brought into force whereby Day Continuation Schools would be put into operation. Such provision would do much to solve the problem now facing the Directorate in respect of the welfare of young people.

An exceptionally interesting "Posture-Recording Apparatus was shown at this meeting by its designer, Mr. R. E. Roper, M.A., M.Ed., the well-known authority on educational and remedial gymnastics. This apparatus is a very valuable piece of scientific research as regards physical education. One of its chief features is its absolute simplicity, the results being obtained straight away, so that both observer and model can see from the traced drawing where the defects in posture lie. There are two models, with large and small lenses respectively, and, as an aid to patients themselves and in the training of students in observation, this apparatus would be invaluable in school clinics, orthopaedic hospitals, and training schools, as well as to educational and remedial gymnasts whose primary interest lies in good posture. It aroused considerable interest among the audience.

Regret was expressed at the resignation of the President of the Ling Physical Education Association, Miss C. M. Read, of the Bedford Physical Training College, who took a prominent part in the Lingiad at Stockholm before the war. Miss Read, in her Presidential address, after reviewing the work of the Association during the year, spoke with feeling of those members and honorary members who were still in enemy-occupied countries. To them the Association sent a special message of sympathy.

Miss Read is succeeded as President by Miss Grant Clark, Senior Woman Organizer of Physical Education, London County Council.

B.-P. DIED on January 8 in his home in Kenya at

. the age of 83. He became a popular public figure owing to his long and successful defence of Mafeking during the Boer War, but his title to enduring fame rests chiefly upon his creation of the boy scout movement, with its counterpart of the girl guides. Under his inspired leadership this movement became not merely an amusement to occupy the superfluous energies of boys and girls, but a serious educational movement which has profoundly influenced our educational ideals and methods. The training in our schools has too often checked and depressed the vigorous natural instincts of healthy boys and girls. The scout movement realized this, enlisted them in the development of body, mind and spirit, and taught that the self can be fully realized only in service to others. The great Jamborees of 1920 and 1929 were attended by scouts from every part of the Empire, and, indeed, from almost every country in the world. B.-P. had not to wait for recognition until his death. He was a great Englishman, a gallant soldier, a writer and artist of distinction, and an administrator supremely skilful in his handling of both young and old. His great gifts were devoted to the service of his countrymen and of all mankind.

THE

BRONWEN LLOYD-WILLIAMS.

HENRI BERGSON

HE passing of famous men is at the best a melancholy affair. But, if the papers have the truth correctly reported from Vichy, Bergson's end was tragic in the Greek sense of the word. Refusing exemption from the provisions of the recent French Jewish statute to which he was entitled on the grounds of having rendered exceptional service in the literary, scientific or artistic sphere", he registered as a Jew and made his last public appearance "in dressing-gown and slippers, supported by his valet and nurse". I quote from the Daily Telegraph.

Proust, Gide, Valéry, Claudel, all derive directly or indirectly from him. Proust's work is but a novelist's conception and development of the theory of Intuition as expounded by Bergson. It is by Intuition alone, and not by the Intellect—a special faculty evolved for purposes of action only—that we enter into and grasp the nature and meaning of reality as an indivisible whole. Claudel and Valéry seem constantly obsessed by the antithesis that must exist between choice and freedom if the theory of Intuition be sustained. Gide, as founder of the Nouvelle Revue Française, has attracted a wide range of talent from Proust, Valéry and Giraudoux down to the enigmatic Julian Green.

Bergson, in that final gesture of his, his last years clouded by the new materialistic conception that brought defeat to the country of his adoption and tempted him to betray his race, ill and tired, has re-affirmed his belief in humanity and an undimmed confidence in his theory of "Evolution Créatrice". VERNON MALLINSON.

PROFESSOR GILBERT MURRAY, O.M.

A FORMER Duke of Devonshire, referring to thwarter

of the Garter, said that at any rate there was no nonsense of merit about it. Though the Garter is the premier Order in rank, many people will consider it inferior to the Order of Merit, and the rare and appropriate bestowal of the O.M. justifies this view. Its latest recipient receives it not only because he is a great scholar but also because he is a great citizen of the world. The late Mr. H. A. L. Fisher once remarked that it was a pity that the first classical scholar in Europe should have to spend a good deal of time in going through the agenda of the League of Nations Union, but we cannot help feeling that it is this work for peace and international understanding that has been one of Professor Murray's finest achievements. He has deserved the O.M. for his teaching of the humanities and his vivid interpretation of Greek drama, and he has equally deserved it for his disinterested activities as a democratic citizen. No honour has been more nobly earned or more generally welcomed.

COLO

LIEUT.-COLONEL J. M. MITCHELL

OLONEL MITCHELL died at Nottingham on Christmas Eve at the age of 61. He was for twenty years Secretary to the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, which post he resigned last year owing to ill health. He rendered conspicuous service to the Trust, and through them to the various educational and social agencies which they have assisted. His work in connexion with the library movement will remain as an abiding monument to him. Before his appointment to the Trust, he acted as one of the Editors of the eleventh edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and published various classical editions, of which Petronius, Leader of Fashion ran to three editions. He was President of the Library Association, Vice President of the Irish Library Association and of the Scottish Council for Community Service, and Vice-President of the National Association of Boys' Clubs. He was a member of the Adult Education and Public Library Committees of the Board of Education. He spent four years on the Western Front during the last war, was awarded the M.C., and was four times mentioned in despatches. He became C.B.E. in 1932. He will be remembered by his many friends not only for his brilliant intellectual gifts and his administrative skill, but also for his unchanging kindness and courtesy in all his public and personal relations.

School Meals.--Further help to enable local education authorities to expedite and expand the provision of school meals is announced by the Board of Education in Administrative Memorandum No. 267, which states that this expansion is called for in a special degree in the reception areas. H.M. inspectors are empowered to approve proposals involving capital expenditure out of revenue up to £500 on adaptation of premises, equipment, and furniture. Rented premises for use as school canteens may now be occupied immediately with H.M. inspectors' approval if provisional terms are made with the owners, subject to these terms being confirmed later.

Diphtheria Prophylaxis.-Local authorities are urged. to make a special effort to secure the immunization from diphtheria of as many children as possible. Co-operation is urged between the local district health authorities and the county councils, and in particular it is hoped to secure

the help of the county authorities in dealing with the immunization of school children through the service of their school medical staffs and in the provision, so far as possible, of premises and equipment.

Teachers and the Home Guard.-Administrative Memorandum No. 270 states more clearly the position of teachers who wish to join the Home Guard. Teachers may join provided that, if circumstances arise when their services will be required in the schools, they will not be required to give full-time service in the Home Guard.

Use of School Premises Out of School Hours.-Local education authorities are in general responding readily to the request that they should do all that they can towards ensuring the success of the arrangements for evacuated mothers and children. The use of school premises, at times when they are not required for educational purposes, as centres for occupation and recreation for the mothers and children is a specially valuable help. Such use of schools may necessitate additional expenditure on black-out, heating, lighting, caretaking, &c. Any such expenditure will be reimbursed by the Exchequer, and for this purpose may be entered in the evacuation account either of the local education authority, subject to H.M. inspector's approval under Circular 1481, or of the billeting authority, as may be most appropriate.

Air Raid Precautions in Schools. Circular 1535 (H.M.S.O., 2d.) issued by the Board of Education, brings together in a single document the more important items of advice which the Board have given to local authorities from time to time on the protection of school children against air attack and other cognate problems arising out of the war. The circular, however, is not a mere codification of advice already given, but includes a body of new advice based on actual experience of present conditions. Suggestions are given for making school shelters more comfortable, and general advice to ensure that the time spent by school children in the shelters is not wasted. The circular will greatly help local education authorities and teachers in the solution of their many problems.

An Air Raid Shelter Club.-Workers among youth will be interested in what has been done in Paddington to overcome the difficulties of bombs and the black-out. The Clarendon Youth Centre, which was opened last April for young railway, shop, and factory workers, has prepared a plan for an air-raid shelter club. This has been approved by the local authority and the Board of Education. One of two large surface shelters which have been taken over is being equipped with table tennis and billiards, armchairs and tables, and a small library. Bunks and a central screen in the other will make of it an excellent dormitory. If sufficient equipment can be obtained a canteen, from which hot meals and breakfast can be served, will be set up. This plan of taking the club to the shelter may commend itself to social workers in other districts.

The Classical Association.-Arrangements are being made provisionally for a general meeting to be held at St. Hilda's Hall, Oxford, from Monday, April 21, to Wednesday, April 23. The presidential address will be delivered by Sir Richard Livingstone on Tuesday afternoon.

Cecil Peace Prize.-The Cecil Peace Prize of £100 is open to all undergraduates, without distinction of sex or nationality, of any university or university college in Great Britain or Northern Ireland, who have not attained the age of 25 years on the last day for submitting essays. A prize winner is not eligible to compete a second time. The subject for the year 1941 is—“ What changes should be made at