"Compression Ignition Engine "First Principles of Lubrication "; "Lubrication of the Petrol Engine"; "Lubrication Springs ".

The titles indicate to some extent the nature of the films and it will be seen that science is perhaps the subject best represented but geography is a good second, while history in a very wide sense is represented by Paraffin Young "Transfer of Power", "Vital Service", and "Cargo for Ardrossan ". The films are suitable for use in senior schools, junior technical schools, in secondary schools, in Army and normal adult education, while more topically the A.T.C. will find many of these films of immense interest and value as will some agricultural colleges and allotment groups.

All teachers who have access to a projector should make full use of the excellent service provided by the Petroleum Films Bureau, 15 Hay Hill, Berkeley Square, London, W. 1.

R. S. MILES.

A New Gas Industry Film." Eating at Work," the latest Gas Industry documentary, is a worthy addition to the industry's catalogue. It deals with a subject of the greatest importance at the present time, canteens for the workers. How and where are the men and women working in Britain's war factories to obtain the appetizing and nourishing meals that are essential both to their health and to the maintenance of output? The answer is in the factories themselves. It is more economical in fuel, food and labour

to cook a meal for 1,000 people in one kitchen than for 1,000 gas cookers to be doing the same job in 1,000 homes. It is easier too to plan and produce meals on sound dietetic lines. Eating at Work" shows us the working of a canteer. in a modern factory. The planning of the daily meals, the system evolved to ensure speedy service, the ingenious methods used to offer the workers a choice of dishes without risk of food wastage. Much of the story is told by the catering superintendent herself. The film has an educative message for the large factory that comes under the Government's compulsory order to provide canteens, and the smaller factory in which the problem may at first sight present difficulties. The closing shots of an E.N.S.A. concert and a factory dance show how the provision of a canteen adds in other ways to the workers' amenities.

Nottingham Film School.—A special refresher course in films and other optical aids to education is being organized for lecturers and students at training colleges and university education departments by the British Film Institute. The course will be held at Nottingham from January 5-8, 1942 inclusive. Film displays and lectures in the use of the film in various subjects have been arranged and opportunity will be offered for practice in handling apparatus. University College has kindly consented to make its hoste. available together with lecture and demonstration rooms. Particulars may be obtained from the Secretary, British Film Institute, 4 Great Russell Street, London, W.C.1.

TECHNICAL EDUCATION
PAST, PRESENT, AND . . .

A REPRESENTATIVE gathering of educationists and

industrialists met at the home of the Royal Society of Arts in the Adelphi on the 12th of November for the reading of a paper on " Technical Education " by Mr. E. M. Rich, C.B.E., who, until recently, was the Education Officer of the London County Council. The chair was taken by the Right Hon. R. A. Butler, M.P., President of the Board of Education.

Mr. Rich gave an interesting account of the growth of technical education in London. Since the meeting held at the Mansion House in 1876, when the Livery Companies and the City Corporation formed the City and Guilds of London Institute for the advancement of Technical Education much has been done. Nevertheless, it is felt by many that technical education has in the past been regarded as the least important branch of what was, in any case, the Cinderella of the social services. Both Mr. Rich and a number of speakers who took part in the subsequent discussion stressed the point that the best of our technical colleges made but a poor showing in regard to the size and nature of the equipment when compared with those found in the U.S.A. and Germany. It is not denied that the quality of the work done in our own technical institutes is high, but for that very reason the service deserves more generous treatment and more ambitious development than it has received in the past.

Those who have worked in the London service know the administrative difficulties caused by the number of county authorities whose boundaries run through thickly-populated districts in Greater London. Mr. Rich deplored these obstructions to progress, and a subsequent speaker urged that technical education should be administered by an authority dealing with industrial districts rather than the artificial boundaries of a county.

Mr. Rich gave ample evidence that students, both fulltime day and part-time evening, are forthcoming when accommodation, equipment, and teachers are provided, and he paid a special tribute to the work of Junior Technical

The

Schools, emphasizing that they provided a type of education in no way inferior in cultural value to that given in secondary schools. Yet he found parents still biased in favour of secondary schools, as leading to black-coated jobs. One indication of the value of the Junior Technical Schools was quoted. In the serious trade depression of 1931. ex-Junior-Technical School boys were able to be transferred from one type of work to another, and this versatility kept a very large proportion of them in work when so many others of the same age were condemned to long spells of unemployment.

While no one doubts the good work being done in parttime evening classes, it is clear that this is an unsatisfactory state of things which will be remedied only when all employers (instead of a very small minority) allow time during working hours for their young employees to take systematic courses of instruction at recognized technical colleges. This raises the question of what is to be done when the school-leaving age is raised to 15 and Day Continuation Schools are established for those between 15 and 18. There was general agreement that, if these measures are to be a success, uniform compulsion and no exemptions will be necessary conditions. When the Day Continuation Schools were attempted in 1921, they were doomed to failure by the element of local option in the Act. In Greater London there were adjoining areas with different policies. This mistake must not be repeated.

Although the programme for the post-war reconstruction of education has not yet been formulated, there are encouraging signs. Among these is the fact that the President of the Board of Education was willing to spare the time, when Parliament was in session, to preside at a meeting dealing exclusively with technical education.

Another encouraging sign is the prompt action of the Board in putting into effect the recommendations of the Technical Personnel Committee under the chairmanship of Lord Hankey. Under this scheme technical colleges throughout the country are asked to make provision for full-time day courses in a number of specific branches of engineering (other than radio) extending over six months. These courses will provide intensive courses for men with

drawn from industry at an appropriate level' so that they can return to their firms at a higher level to replace specially skilled men who will then be made available for the Services.

Lord Hankey's Committee has also asked that similar facilities be provided for selected men from the Services to be given this further technical training so that they may return to the Services qualified for employment later as technical officers.

The appropriate level' in both cases will be that of the Ordinary National Certificate in the branch of engineering concerned and, while the syllabuses for these special courses will be issued by the Board, their content will be substantially that of the Higher National Certificate.

The cost of this scheme will be borne by the State, and in the case of civilians a maintenance grant will be made to the men selected. This grant will be £160 per annum in London and £130 per annum elsewhere for those men who have to live in lodgings. Where men are able to live at home they may do so, when the grants will be £90 and £75 respectively.

This excellent scheme recognizes a principle which, one may fervently hope, will be maintained, with suitable modifications, in times of peace.

A. H. STUART.

Board of Education Publications.-Circulars 1556B and 1556C give more information about clothes rationing. Circular 1556B deals with the issue of supplementary coupons for certain categories of children, and Circular 1556C with instruction in clothes economy.

Circular 1567 entitled "The Nutrition of School Children", outlines further measures which local education authorities are urged to take to secure and maintain a high standard of nutrition among school children. The chief of these are the provision of school meals on a much larger scale than at present, and an increase in the number of children taking school milk from the present figure of 60 per cent to as near 100 per cent as may be possible.

Circular 1568 supplements the information given in Circular 1471 of July 14, 1939, relating to pre-nursing courses in secondary and technical schools. Applications received up to the present for the approval of such courses have been fewer than was expected.

Circular 1569 refers to the increasing difficulty in obtaining supplies of school milk in one-third pint bottles. A large proportion of the school supplies must be delivered in pint or quart bottles or possibly larger containers, and the circular contains some notes and suggestions on the handling of milk supplies in the schools.

Circular 1570 refers to the serious increase in the number of fatal road accidents since the outbreak of the war. During the twelve months ended August 31, 1941, 1,494 children under the age of 15 were killed on the roads of this country, an increase of 49 per cent over the number of children killed during the corresponding pre-war period. The Board strongly urge that renewed and increased roadsafety training should be included as a definite and regular part of the curriculum of all schools, and ask that full use should be made of the valuable suggestions contained in Chapter VII of the Report of the Inter-departmental Committee on Road Safety among School Children. Authorities are also asked to arrange for the opening of school playgrounds and playing fields outside school hours, especially in congested districts.

Circular 1571 provides information on the supply of food to school canteens and on the food required for school dinners.

Administrative Memorandum No. 329 describes the items now added to the list of equipment given in Administrative Memorandum No. 319. Equipment may be obtained by local education authorities from the pool established by the Ministry of Food.

Administrative Memorandum No. 330 gives guidance on the provision of uncooked midday meals at schools which have no cooking facilities.

Administrative Memorandum No. 323 states that the Ministry of Food has agreed to register school canteens as priority establishments, thus giving them the benefit of the priority arrangements made with regard to certain unrationed foods.

Administrative Memorandum No. 324 outlines the steps to be taken to ensure that, so far as possible, schools and other educational institutions are provided with the supplies of fuel necessary to enable them to continue functioning during the winter.

Administrative Memorandum No. 325 gives particulars of the scheme of the Ministry of Labour and National Service for the training of disabled men and women, both those discharged from the Forces and also civilians, and primarily, but not exclusively, those who have received injuries in the course of the war.

Administrative Memorandum No. 326 summarizes the main subjects and questions covered by the Board of Education's memorandum on post-war education. (See "Notes and Comments", page 517.)

Administrative Memorandum No. 328 sets out the arrangements which have been made with the Ministry of Food for the supply of rationed foods to local units of the Youth Service, whether provided by local education authorities or voluntary organizations.

D.P.R. Memorandum No. 4 states that in view of the present heavy demands upon man-power, the Board are no longer in a position to entertain applications for the deferment of service of organizers and instructors in physical training. This decision applies also to men who are serving with, or who, on registration, expressed a preference for service with, the Royal Navy.

Committee on Financial Adjustments.-The Second Report of this Committee, appointed to consider the problems of adjusting between authorities the expenditure incurred by them in respect of evacuated school children, has now been issued by the Board of Education. In general, the Committee reviewed their first report and considered the new problems created by the more recent evacuations. It is proposed that from April 1, 1941, responsibility for the following should rest with the evacuating authority: (a) Pupils in respect of whom a billeting allowance is paid or payable under present or future evacuation schemes of the Ministry of Health;

(b) Pupils of whom one parent resides in, or is a rentpayer or direct rate-payer in respect of residential premises in the evacuating area;

(c) Children of a parent who has left the evacuating area owing to his place of employment having been moved by the directions of his employer or of a Government department, from causes arising out of the war.

Cases which fall outside the above classes should be regarded as the responsibility of the receiving authority. (H.M. Stationery Office, 2d. net.)

Armistice Day, 1941.-Following is the text of a message to the schools of Great Britain from the American Ambassador, Mr. John G. Winant :

"It is now twenty-three years ago to-day that the last war ended. Like this war it was a war of defence against aggressor nations that were determined by force to take over the homeland of other peoples. We felt then that it was a war to defend governments of the people, by the people and for the people' against dictatorship and ruthlessness, and many of us believed it was a war to end war'. We hoped that future generations would be spared the slaughter and tragedy of senseless killing, and that out of the sacrifice of millions would come a just and permanent peace.

We put aside Armistice Day in memory of those who gave life that these things might be and to keep fresh in our minds those things for which men died.

"The same aggressor nation that forced the fight last

time is again the invader and the aggressor. We who are older are deeply sorry that we failed to rid the world of war. We had hoped better things for you-for you who carry the burden this time-but we ask that you remember the price men paid hoping that all might be well. Twenty years of peace seems so short a time measured by the sacrifice, but we still believe that, if peace could have been pursued as selflessly as men gave generously in the war, permanent peace might have been a reality.

And yet we know from hard experience that only through victory can we look forward once again to the hopes of those who already have paid their full measure of devotion-whose short dreams may still be visioned in a new world order in which fair play and a kindly justice prevail-provided we do not flinch; that we carry forward the brave tradition that memory brings so close to us on this war Armistice Day.

"“We have learned already that modern war strikes not only at the armed forces but also at civilian populations, not only the soldier is in jeopardy of life and limb, but women and children as well, all walks of life are rudely interrupted, and everybody everywhere must accept the penalties as well as the bravely-met challenge. This is no less true of the boys and girls than of the men and women of the allied countries. We know that in all lands the first door of opportunity opens into the schoolroom, that, in spite of all that could be done, youth to-day is seriously handicapped here because of evacuated areas, closed schools, fewer teachers because of the call to war work. We hope you who are young will try to minimize this lack of chance, doing more with less.

"We can never call back the gallant dead: but we can see that they did not die in vain. And there is one thing about which you may be certain-about which there is no doubting they would want above all else to see you I carry on'. Try and remember their hopes for you, and do all you might have done, and be all that you might ever have been, that they may rest in peace and in unbroken faith in you."

Food Education.-Speaking at the opening of a refresher course for inspectors and training college staff concerned with food education, Mr. R. A. Butler, President of the Board of Education, revealed that at least two million people had attended cookery demonstrations arranged under the Food Education Campaign. "Many more people", he said, "have attended public meetings and exhibitions. There have been 350 refresher courses for teachers, health visitors and social workers. Meetings arranged by the gas companies have registered 330,000 attendances and the electricity companies' meetings half a million attendances. Demonstrations, normally for groups of 15, 20, or 30 at a time, had been given in a market place stall, a mobile van, a main street shop, the local clinic, the forecourt of a block of flats, or the kitchen of an ordinary house on a surburban estate."

War-time Nurseries.-At a conference on War-time Nurseries in London, Mr. R. A. Butler said that three Ministries were all driving forward with the scheme to establish war nurseries for children from 2 to 5. Each department had its own particular interest, and they were all agreed on the need for a rapid development of this service. The Ministry of Health wanted to look after the health and welfare of the children; the Ministry of Labour was interested in the vital problem of getting women into war industries and caring for their young children during the daytime; the Board of Education wanted to extend the benefits of education to children of this age, and had proved, by its scheme for meals and milk for children at school, that it wished to cooperate in making war-time provision for young children, and relieve parents of some of their responsibilities. "Our motto shall be ", said Mr. Butler, The 2 to 5 in war shall thrive." Mr. Butler said

that in order to be able to draw upon a pool of assistants, girls and women, who were readily adaptable for work in nurseries, it was necessary for the Child Care Reserve Training Scheme to be developed on a big scale and he appealed to all local education authorities to make provision for the training of suitable people. He pointed out that women employed in nurseries would not be called upon to take up any other kind of war work and the Board of Education would pay half the cost of the scheme. This scheme was something "which not only secures the happiness and normal development of the rising generation in war-time, but is also a form of service which frees their mothers to do war work".

London County Council.-At a recent meeting of the Education Committee, the Chief Inspector submitted a long report on the education of London children in reception areas, reviewing the situation in the light of the longer and fuller experience gained in the two years since the first big exodus of children. The main changes have been the removal of parties in the summer of 1940 from east, southeast, and south coastal areas to the interior and to the west, the continuous stream of children returning to London, and the large-scale further evacuations from London as the result of the Government campaign and following the severe bombing attacks of September 1940. Considerable readjustment was necessary, but the situation has now become fairly stable, though the steady drift back to London continues. Some 250,000 children are still out of London. Some original parties still work as school units; new parties formed in 1940 from children belonging to various schools work as independent units with teachers as a rule strange to the children, but lack the original cohesion and spirit of a pre-war school; some aggregations are merged in local schools; and there are small groups or even individuals working in local schools with no London teachers on the staff.

Of these the first is the most satisfactory as regards work done, tone, and relations between teachers and children both in and out of school. The second type of group is less stable, being partly made up of professional evacuees who have visited many parts of the country and regard their present school as a temporary resting-place. The merged groups combine satisfactorily with the local school, though from the London point of view the loss of school identity is a drawback. For one thing, it usually involves the return to London of the head teacher.

The main losses consequent upon evacuation are inadequate or unsuitable premises; absence of a hall and special rooms for science and other subjects; lower standards of equipment; poor sanitary arrangements; constant reorganization of classes; all-range schools; wide age-ranges in classes; lack of books; and lack of opportunities for games and other out-of-school activities. Against these can be set gains arising from smaller classes; closer relations with teachers outside school hours; more individual study; new types of work, e.g. gardening and practical geography; development of self-reliance; practical work such as bootrepairing and decoration has been undertaken; and many children are living in improved conditions.

Other points noted are improved physical well-being, reflected in the mental vigour and alertness of the children; the great advantages of residential schools in large houses; and the valuable contributions towards the war effort being made by the children. The way in which teachers have responded to the extra calls made upon them, and the helpful co-operation of local bodies and individuals, are fully recognized.

Playing Fields.-Steps are already being taken to ensure that greater facilities for recreation shall be available after the war. The London and Greater London Playing Fields Association has submitted a petition to Lord Reith and Mr. Arthur Greenwood pointing out that

the position has gradually become worse since 1925. Owing to the rapid development of Greater London it is estimated that within the ten miles radius from Charing Cross the total area of undeveloped land suitable for the playing of games has shrunk to less than 4,000 acres, whereas at least 25,000 acres are required in addition if reasonable needs are to be met. It is therefore suggested that all undeveloped land, more especially private sports grounds and low-lying land shall, if suitable, be earmarked for recreational purposes; that in the East, South-east, and other crowded London areas in which enemy action has necessitated large-scale reconstruction, adequate sites should be reserved for children's playgrounds; that grant aid should be forthcoming in order to encourage local authorities to acquire additional playing fields; and that all temporary allotments in public open spaces and playing fields should be given up as soon as possible after the war, and the land again prepared for recreation. We think that every support should be given to this movement.

The Institute of Marine Engineers. — Examinations for admission to Associate Membership and Graduateship of the Institute of Marine Engineers will be held on June 1 to 8, 1942. Admission to Studentship is gained by passing or obtaining exemption from the Common Preliminary Examination of the Engineering Joint Examination Board. This examination will be held on April 14 to 17 and on October 6 to 9, 1942. The examinations are held in London and other centres in Great Britain. A scholarship, valued at £100 per annum and tenable for three years, is offered by the General Committee of Lloyd's Register of Shipping. The scholarship will be awarded on the results of a competitive examination to be held by the Institute in May, 1942, and is intended to assist marine engineering students to take a university course in engineering subjects. The age limit is 18 years to 23 years. The closing date for entries is April 8, 1942. Full particulars of the syllabuses and copies of previous examination papers for all the above examinations may be obtained on application to the Secretary, The Institute of Marine Engineers, 73 Amersham Road, High Wycombe, Bucks.

A Successful Experiment.-Toward the end of October the National Book Council organized at the Malden Central Library a Children's Book Week, during which selected children from schools in the neighbourhood visited the junior room during school hours to hear talks on books. These talks were given by a number of well-known children's writers.

Mr.

Miss Rose Fyleman gave the children some helpful advice about authorship, emphasizing the necessity for originality and deprecating the practice of modelling one's work on another author's. On the choice of subject she said: "Write about those things which interest you; the things which you have yourself experienced. Mumps or measles, if you like; or chocolate. Anything that has made an impression on you. Don't choose your subject because you think your writing of it will sound impressive! " Walter De La Mare read some thirteen of his poems for young people. At every one of the talks a selection of books was displayed on the tables, and these were eagerly handled by the children. The librarian reports that the junior room has since been filled each evening between the hours of four and six. All of the boys and girls who attended the talks were invited to enter for an essay competition on the subject "Books I Like ", for which prizes of book tokens were offered by the N.B.C. The number of entries was encouraging.

The week ended with a Children's Book Exhibition on the Saturday, which was attended by hundreds of eager children.

In view of the success of this experiment, the N.B.C. hope to arrange for Children's Book Weeks all over the

country and they invite applications from schools and libraries.

County Libraries.-Reviewing the work of the County Libraries during the second year of war, The School Government Chronicle is able to record another year of steady progress in spite of many difficulties. The way in which this movement has fitted itself to war-time conditions reflects great credit upon the personnel of this valuable service. Many libraries record a substantial increase in the number of issues to regular borrowers apart from the provision of books for evacuated schools and to troop camps and recreation centres. By the death of Colonel J. M. Mitchell, one of the representatives of the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust on the Executive Committee of the National Central Library from 1924 to 1939, the movement lost a staunch friend.

Much of the work done by the National Central Library has been for the benefit of Government Departments and persons working directly in connexion with the war effort. It is important to maintain the public morale by providing both cultural and recreational facilities, among which the provision of books takes a prominent place. The library has organized, in co-operation with the Scottish Central Library for Students, a service for the supply of educational books to men serving in the army in all parts of the British Isles. Similar service has been rendered to the R.A.F., the Royal Navy, and the Mercantile Marine. This help has been much appreciated, especially by men who are trying to continue their professional studies. Aliens in internment camps and members of the forces of CzechoSlovakia, Greece, and other allied countries, as well as civilian refugees, have been supplied with books in their own language. The Treasury felt compelled to reduce their grant from £4,800 to £3,500, but the Rockefeller Foundation came to the rescue with an emergency grant of $8,500.

Black List Schools in Wales.—Mr. Butler stated in the House of Commons, in reply to a question by Sir W. Jenkins, that of the 268 schools in Wales and Monmouthshire which were included in the black list issued in 1925, 89 remained on the list, and that he was aware that in addition to these a large number must be regarded as unsatisfactory judged by modern standards. Before the outbreak of war the Board were pressing for improvement or replacement of black list schools, but since then only comparatively small improvements of an exceptionally urgent character had been practicable. The question had called attention to the need for better sanitation, lighting and ventilation, plentiful water supply, and more open spaces for recreation. The need for drastic treatment of a large number of schools immediately after the war is only too evident.

The

National Association of Labour Teachers. Executive Committee of this Association has issued a memorandum on " Post-War Reconstruction in Education". Among the points made are that all education below that of the universities and the higher technical institutions should be governed by one code; no class should contain more than 30 children; education should be compulsory without exemptions to the age of 16; there should be a free midday meal and free milk for all children; attendance at day continuation schools should be compulsory from 16 to 18 for a minimum of two half-days per week; two salary scales, graduate and non-graduate, would represent an important step towards unification of the profession; while there should be a break at the age of 11, all children to the age of 13 plus should receive a general education in the same school; there should then be differentiation, but with the different courses in the same multilateral school; all training colleges should be associated with a university, and segregation of intending teachers should cease;

a

Anniversaries.-King's School, Canterbury, now at St. Austell, Cornwall, has this year attained its quatercentenary of its reconstitution by Henry VIII in 1541. It claims to be the oldest school in the country, and has existed in some form as the Archbishop's school at Canterbury from the seventh century. This year also marks the coming-ofage anniversary of the R.A.F. College, Cranwell. Since the outbreak of the present war, however, Cranwell, like Woolwich and Sandhurst, has been closed. Berkhamsted School has also just celebrated the 400th anniversary of its foundation by Dr. John Munt, Dean of St. Paul's. The King, who is a patron of the school, sent a message wishing it continued prosperity. But for the war the College of S. Mark and S. John, Chelsea, would also now be celebrating its centenary. We join cordially in the many congratulations that these institutions have received.

Mr. C. Pendlebury.-Remembering the days when Pendlebury's Arithmetic was by far the best available work on the subject, we must offer a sincere tribute to the memory of the author, who died recently at the age of 87. For 33 years, from 1877 to 1910, he was Senior Mathematical Master at St. Paul's School-an astonishing record of service and for many years he was Hon. Secretary of the Mathematical Association. He had been an Emeritus Member of the I.A.A.M. since 1916.

Appointments.-The Council of the Girls' Public Day School Trust, Ltd., have appointed Miss M. D. Yardley, M.A. Oxon. (Final Honours English Language and Literature, Class I) to be Head Mistress of Sydenham High School as from January, 1942.

Publisher's Announcement.-A few months ago George Allen and Unwin Ltd. absorbed the educational publishing firm of Elkin Mathews & Marrot. They now announce that they have acquired the old established business of Thomas Murby & Co. Mr. G. H. Freeman, the owner of Murby's, who died about a year ago, specialized in scientific and in particular geological publications, and Mr. Stanley Unwin tells us that his firm intends to continue the geological business under the Murby imprint.

Training Course for Club Leaders.-The National Association of Boys' Clubs announce a training course for club leaders and organizers to be held at Reading University from January 3 to 10, 1942. Full details and forms of

application may be obtained from the N.A.B.C. Branch Office, 20 Regent Street, Nottingham, and must be returned by December 8.

PETER SANDIFORD

WE regret to record the death on October 12 of Dr. chology in Toronto University. Professor Sandiford was born at Heyfield in Derbyshire. He won his way to Manchester University and was trained as a teacher under Sir Michael Sadler, Dr. J. J. Findlay and H. L. Withers. He was appointed Lecturer in Education, and secured a Fellowship, at Columbia University, New York. He won his Ph.D. with a thesis on The Training of Teachers in England, which was published in 1910 with one on The Training of Teachers in Germany by Dr. I. L. Kandel and The Training of Teachers in France by Dr. Farrington, and was appointed to the Chair of Educational Psychology at Toronto. He made up his mind to become a Canadian and to throw himself into the development of the education of Canada, a resolve to which he adhered in spite of some tempting invitations from Great Britain. His book, The Mental and Physical Life of School Children, was followed in 1928 by his great work on Educational Psychology. In this work he took his stand definitely as a behaviourist. He discarded introspective psychology because he thought that it could not provide the factual data demanded by natural science. Scientific investigation needed accurate measurement. To secure this Sandiford devoted himself to the measurement of intelligence and his contributions to The Educational Survey of British Columbia (A.D. 1925) and other surveys show the value of this new method. Owing to his clear and objective method, his diagrams and models, he was in great demand as a lecturer in the States as well as Canada. The Carnegie Corporation made grants in aid of his experimental work.

J. L. PATON.

The January, 1942, Number of THE JOURNAL OF EDUCATION

will give special attention to the TEACHING OF ENGLISH. It will include the following articles : ORAL TRAINING IN ENGLISH. By Sir Philip Hartog, K.B.E.

• OFFICIALESE'. By a former Director of Education.

THE KING'S ENGLISH, By Taylor Dyson, Headmaster of Almondbury Grammar School, Huddersfield.

SPELLING REFORM. By Walter Ripman. ENGLISH AS A WORLD LANGUAGE. By J. H. Bennetton, Hon. Secretary, National Council on Commercial Education. TEACHING APPRECIATION OF POETRY THROUGH VERSE COMPOSITION. By Morris Marples.