Two travellers stray into the ancient Mediterranean

world, ask questions, return, and compose a guide-book. Their work is logically arranged, yet it is not a potted

Dictionary of Antiquities, but a three-dimensional picture in which the ideas of the ancients are integrated to their

material setting. Occasionally the extremely probable is

allowed, for brevity sake, to pass as the exclusive truth: "Etruria was colonised about 800 B.C. by immigrants from Asia Minor." In the section on written and spoken Latin the implication that metrical ictus (whatever metrical ictus was) could change word-stress is less justifiable. Little else can be said against this vivid book. Its immense protreptic value lies in the modernity of its approach. The travellers sympathize with the ancients for having had no opportunity of tasting potatoes and tomatoes, but to overlook tea and coffee was their own fault; they look at Aristotle with the eyes of Darwin, inquire prices (unskilled slave £4 to £10; lecture by Polemo-£6,000), note down the more human of the election posters at Pompeii, and in

a word make a living thing of the ancient world.
The Year's Work in Classical Studies, 1939

Edited by the late Dr. S. G. OWEN. (3s. 6d. net.
Bristol: Arrowsmith)

Bibliographies briefly indicating scope and value of recent studies, and for the non-specialist, surveys of work done in various fields. The slightly out-of-touch enthusiast should now be able to give up-to-date answers to those inevitable questions "Do they still discover classical MSS.?" (Yes-there is a new Vatican Horace, p. 12): "Do we really know anything definite about Homer's geography?" (Yes, Nestor's palace has been discovered

ESA

of ENDURANCE

The unbroken service of nearly THREE QUARTERS OF A CENTURY has been maintained in spite of the vulnerable position of ESAVIAN HOUSE, and it is hoped that when you read this the situation will remain unchanged.

THE E.S.A.

NEEDS A CONTINUANCE

OF YOUR SUPPORT

Stocks are available to satisfy all normal requirements.

VISITING LONDON

IS DIFFICULT

AT PRESENT

the present number will probably have no successor during war-time, but materials are still being collected. Proceedings of the Classical Association

May, 1940. Vol. XXXVII. With Rules and List of
New Members. (Murray.)

Sir Stephen Gaselee presents a conspectus of ancient and modern" intelligence officers" to the classics; Prof. W. B. Anderson defends Aeneas' claim to pietas; Miss J. M. C. Toynbee reviews recent discoveries in the Campus Martius and at Ostia.

De Bello Civili

By M. ANNAEI LUCANI. Book I. Edited by R. J. GETTY. (6s. Cambridge University Press.)

This edition, the first of Lucan I for 64 years, invites the reader to study Lucan's rhetorical technique in detail before presuming to interpret his meaning: a synopsis of Quintilian's jottings on the subject is provided by the introduction. Some readers may think it impious of Mr. Getty to assail the infallibility of Housman's 1926 edition, or to hint that the man who wrote

"When Severn down to Buildwas ran
Coloured with the death of man"

(Continued on page 30)

Esavian House

181 High Holborn Telephone: HOLBORN 9116

London, W.C. I

By R. S. STANIER. (10s. 6d. net. Oxford: Blackwell.) This is a notable addition to our school histories. The author is a member of the staff, and both the publisher and the printer are old boys of the school. The story of the school is traced from its foundation in the fifteenth century to the present day. The close association of the school with Magdalen College gives the story added interest. In its long history, the school has suffered many vicissitudes. It has endured the whips of Henry VIII and the scorpions of Edward VI". It suffered a Parliamentary visitation in 1648, and shared in the historic conflict with the Catholic James II. A new class-room, now the college library, was built in 1852. The school has always clung to the classical tradition, and it was not until 1875 that French and German were added to the curriculum. After the last war, the school became a grant-earning school, and admitted the usual percentage of scholars from the Oxford elementary schools. An approach to the City Education Authority for financial assistance, however, was not successful. In 1928 it removed to its new buildings on the site opposite Magdalen College, on which, as is revealed in Fisher's Unfinished Autobiography, Ned Warren intended to erect his post-graduate College for Research. The story of this public school, of its varying fortunes, and of the gradual modification of its curriculum and customs to meet modern needs is of peculiar interest at the present time. The volume has a number of illustrations of buildings, of persons and of documents. There are interesting appendices, including Dr. Johnson's stirring appeal on Commemoration Day, 1938, a map, and a good index.

Rugby

By C. R. EVERS. (English Public Schools.) (5s. net.
Blackie.)

In this admirable history of Rugby, Mr. Evers describes its great Headmasters from Arnold onwards (with a welldeserved tribute to Vaughan). Clearly it is an exceptional school that has produced two Cabinet Ministers in the persons of the late Prime Minister and Lord Hankey, also several Air Vice-Marshals, authors as various as Mr. Guedalla and Mr. F. L. Lucas, scholars like Dr. Temple and Prof. Tawney: it is a school of wholesome traditions, where habits of hard work and individual responsibility are fostered.

Supplement to The Student's Handbook to to the University and Colleges of Cambridge, 1940-41 (IS. net. Cambridge University Press.) No edition of The Student's Handbook to the University and Colleges of Cambridge was published in 1940. The present pamphlet gives in shorter form some of the contents of the Handbook, and also supplements the edition of 1939. Any one who buys a copy of the Handbook for 1939-40 (obtainable at 7s. 6d. net, through any bookseller, or from the London office of the Cambridge University Press), will be supplied with a copy of the Supplement free of charge. Annual Report on Public Instruction in Burma, 1938– 1939

(Rs. 1.4 or IS. 11d.; Rangoon, Superintendent of Government Printing and Stationery, Burma.)

A rather downhearted record of educational work and progress during a year in which indiscipline was rampant in schools and colleges, as it is apt to be in the East during times of political excitement. We may gather that the new Government of isolated Burma-it was separated from India in 1937-was not strong enough to deal with the disorders. Strength, it may be hoped, will come with experience. Meantime, despite disorder, there was progress. Enrolment increased. Expenditure increased. "Work was not by any means at a standstill."

Edited by F. W. BATESON. Vol. I: 600–1660. Vol. 2:

1660-1800. Vol. 3: 1800-1900. Vol. 4

(£7 7s. net. Cambridge University Press.)

Index.

It would be difficult to praise too highly the industry and scholarship which have gone to the compilation of this monumental work. It constitutes a record of all the writings which have a claim to be considered as English literature from the earliest times to the beginning of the present century, together with the supplementary literature to which they have given rise. There are also lists of the noteworthy newspapers, magazines, and pamphlets which have appeared since the invention of printing. As the preface remarks, "no type of printed book, from the chapbook to the scientific treatise, from the collection of hymns to the gift-book, from the schoolboy's 'crib' to the treatise on whist, has been neglected". Three volumes cover the periods A.D. 600 to 1660, 1660 to 1800, 1800 to 1900, and the fourth volume of 287 pages is the Index. The entries under Shakespeare cover 60 pages. Students of English literature owe a deep debt of gratitude to the Cambridge University Press, to the Editor, Mr. Bateson, and to all who collaborated with him in the production of this great work.

The Sceptred Isle: Shakespeare's Message for England at War

(IS. net.

Oxford:

By Prof. G. WILSON KNIGHT. Blackwell) This is a timely production. The extracts are arranged in four sections (a) What England is; (b) How England should act; (c) What England must oppose; (d) What England stands for. They are skilfully woven into a whole by the compiler's comments. As the compiler says, quotations that we have hitherto regarded merely as splendid rhetoric now sound in our ears as a trumpet call. We cannot read John of Gaunt's speech on his deathbed, Henry V's address to the soldiers, Faulconbridge's words at the end of King John, without a new stirring of the blood. Cranmer's prophecy at the christening of the baby Elizabeth is charged with fresh poignancy :

"In her days every man shall eat in safety

Under his own vine what he plants; and sing
The merry songs of peace to all his neighbours.
God shall be truly known; and those about her
From her shall read the perfect ways of honour.
Our children's children

Shall see this, and bless heaven."

In these days we indeed find in Shakespeare the voice of England.

Old and True

Published for

(Paper, Is. 6d. net. Cloth, 2s. net. The Times by the English Universities Press.) Readers of The Times are familiar with the sayings which have appeared since the second week of the war under the heading Old and True ", so called from Shakespeare's There's a saying very old and true". The present volume reproduces the first 250 quotations of the series, many of which were supplied by contributors." There is every reason," says The Times, why a nation at war should, if it can, march to the mighty measure of truth as it has been expressed in times past.' This volume will be warmly welcomed, both by readers of The Times who will be glad to see these wise and pithy sayings embodied in a single volume, and by those who have not yet seen them. The Diary of a Nobody

By G. GROSSMITH and W. GROSSMITH. (Everyman's
Library.) (2s. 6d. net. Dent.)

Every one will welcome this new and cheap edition of a book which Mr. Belloc has called one of the half-dozen immortal achievements of our time ".

History

Germany, 1815-1890

By G. B. SMITH. (3s. 6d. Arnold.)

The former Headmaster of Sedbergh School is well employing the leisure of his retirement in writing the series of volumes on Modern European History to which the little book before us is the latest contribution. It is an excellent companion to the History of France published last year. With admirable lucidity it sets forth the story of German unification and expansion from the Treaty of Vienna to the fall of Bismarck. Only rarely is one inclined to dissent from Mr. Smith's sound judgments, but when he sets up Rousseau against Hegel one is bound to stress the fact that Hegel derived his political philosophy from Rousseau, with Kant and Fichte as intermediaries.

1848 Chapters of German History

By V. VALENTIN. (12s. 6d. net. Allen & Unwin.) The year 1848 was critical for Europe in general and for Germany in particular. It was the year of Revolution, the annus mirabilis of the nineteenth century. The book before us is a translation of a study by a German Liberal of the course of the Revolution in the German Bund, that included Austria. It tells in illuminating detail the tragic story of the mismanagement and collapse of the movement for German unification on a democratic basis. It is a timely work; for the failure of German democracy paved the way for Bismarck, William II, and Hitler.

Mediterranean Problems

By G. EAST. (Discussion Books.) (2s. 6d. net. Nelson.) Few of Messrs. Nelson's excellent Discussion Books have appeared so opportunely as this volume by Mr. Gordon East, the historical-geographer of the London School of Economics, on the Mediterranean. First, the geography of the inland sea is described; secondly, its history is briefly surveyed; finally the present-day positions and policies of Great Britain, France, Italy, and Spain are critically examined. No publicist-especially if he happens to be an Italian-should fail to procure and study diligently this masterly monograph. It is illustrated by no fewer than fifty-four sketch maps-and all for 2s. 6d.

Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (1789-1939)

By Prof. A. J. GRANT and Prof. H. TEMPERLEY. With a Supplementary Section dealing with the Year 1938-1939 by Prof. LILLIAN PENSON. New Edition. (16s. net. Longmans.)

A History of Modern Times: from 1789 to the Present Day

By D. M. KETELBEY.. (8s. 6d. net. Harrap.)

Both of these text-books, each in its fifth edition, are so well known and so justly popular that it is unnecessary to do more than draw attention to the fact that they have been, so far as is possible, brought up to date. It must be confessed, however, that things now move so rapidly that even the events of 1939 seem to be ancient history. John Pym, 1583-1643: the Statesman of the Puritan Revolution

By S. R. BRETT. (10s. 6d. net. Murray.)

It is appropriate that this careful and scholarly biography of Pym should appear at this moment, for, on the one hand, the present year is the tercentenary of the meeting of the Long Parliament in which Pym was the dominant figure until his death, and, on the other hand, the great conflict now raging in Europe is fundamentally a struggle between the democratic principles of Pym and the totalitarian ideas of his chief opponent, Strafford. Hence Mr. Brett's able and sympathetic study is most timely. His reading has been wide and impartial: but it is strange to find that his bibliography does not include the recent works on Strafford of either Lady Burghclere or Lord Birkenhead.

(Continued on page 32)

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

LEICESTER

The College offers courses for the External Degrees of London University in Arts, Science, Commerce, and Law. Some of these courses are suitable for students who wish to take the first Examination in Agriculture, Dental Surgery, Medicine, and Veterinary Science.

Inclusive Tuition Fee, £25 per annum.
Post-graduate one-year course for the
Training of Teachers approved by the
Board of Education and with the usual
Grants.

Fee payable by Student, £12.
DEPARTMENT OF EXTRA-MURAL
EDUCATION

HOSTEL FOR WOMEN STUDENTS
Prospectus free on application to Registrar.

Miscellany

A Dictionary of Clichés: with an Introductory Essay By E. PARTRIDGE. (7s. 6d. net. Routledge.) This work is novel, useful, and entertaining. The Oxford English Dictionary defines a cliché as a stereotyped expression; a commonplace phrase Mr. Partridge enlarges (why does he say "enlarge on "?) this definition. “A cliché is an outworn commonplace; a phrase, or short sentence, that has become so hackneyed that careful speakers and scrupulous writers shrink from it because they feel that its use is an insult to the intelligence of their audience or public." Mr. Partridge has mercifully queried a number of clichés as "a borderline case or an incipient cliché" and has asterisked others as particularly objectionable". In the latter class are included "A Daniel come to judgment "; a dog in the manger"; "foregone conclusion"; "dead man's shoes"; good Samaritan"; "the golden mean "; licking into shape"; an open secret"; a pretty kettle of fish"; "the prime of life"; a storm in a teacup "; I turn of the tide wear one's heart on one's sleeve". Now these may be clichés, including the quotations from the Bible, Shakespeare, and Fielding, but to stigmatize them as particularly objectionable" is surely going much too far. In our recoil from the stereotyped and commonplace we must beware of relapsing into the commonplace and prosaic. Are "feigned weeping "the ideal average “an exemplary judge ”, really to be preferred to the phrases which he condemns ? Quotations from the Bible, Shakespeare, Milton, Keats, Dickens, however familiar, are never commonplace, and can be used with great effect both in speech and in writing. Many will remember the effective use of Biblical quotations in the platform utterances of the late Sir George Lunn, whose knowledge of the Bible, like Sam Weller's knowledge of London, was 'both extensive and peculiar" (cliché). However, Mr. Partridge has done good service in producing this collection-covering 250 pages-and it will "give" both speakers and writers furiously to think (a cliché not included in the collection).

"

All Aboard for Ararat

"

"

By H. G. WELLS. (3s. 6d. net. Secker & Warburg.) This is a modern parable in questionable shape. A reincarnated Noah of the twentieth century discusses the problems of the day with a Personage, neither almighty nor omniscient, whose good intentions are constantly frustrated by a perverse and satanic Shadow. They contemplate and finally achieve an Ark of Escape from the inundations of war and violence which threaten to overwhelm the world, and, with a selected few, set out upon a voyage by way of Ararat to Shinar again and so to mankind reunited in one brotherhood, growing in strength and power for ever". Communism, Socialism, Trade-unionism, and all the other "isms" of the day are discussed with refreshing frankness. The book ends-so far as it can be said to have an end-on a note of hopefulness. Noah spoke at large: 'No man is beaten until he knows and admits he is beaten, and that I will never know nor admit.' There I am with you,' said the Lord." We resist the temptation to quote some of Mr. Wells' brilliant epigrams and witty turns of thought. The book must be read as a whole.

Keep Fit in War-Time

By Dr. H. ROBERTS. (IS. net. Watts.) This short manual-consisting of only 90 pages contains simple, clear, and practical advice about the care of our health in war-time. Fear and anxiety are two of the most potent enemies of real fitness. These can be overcome by a sound philosophy of life, a real sense of proportion, a just scale of values, and the cultivation of interests and activities which will divert the mind along healthier channels. We are given good advice about the care of the body, diet, exercise, and recreation. "Tens of thousands of people would improve their health if on one day in the week they would limit their diet to water and fresh fruit."

Modern Languages

French Exercises for School Certificate

By N. W. H. SCOTT. (Is. 9d. Macmillan.) These French exercises are meant to provide pupils with the linguistic drill they are likely to require throughout the school certificate year. The book is intended to teach rather than to test. Lists of words and phrases likely to be useful are included, although students are urged rather to use their own vocabulary. The author has had long experience of teaching and examining candidates.

A French Course for To-day

By K. G. BROOKS. Part 3. (2s. 6d. Dent.) In the third part of this French course the grammar is taught by way of interesting French stories. A sound reading knowledge of French is the most valuable result of school life—especially stories of action. Unusual constructions and technical vocabulary have been avoided. Especial importance has been paid to grammar, stress is given to verbs and their irregularities. Revision lessons occur at intervals and a student who has worked through this course should have no difficulty in dealing with the school-certificate paper in French.

A Modern French Course for Beginners

By A. C. CLARK. Third Edition, Revised.
Hirschfeld.)

(2s. 6d.

This first year's course in French should enable pupils to deal with such examinations as those of the Society of Arts or Chamber of Commerce. The overloaded time-table does not permit of sufficient time being given to Modern Languages-fifty hours' teaching a year is considered sufficient in some schools. One lesson of this book may take two or three school periods. The author has been wise to give the grammatical explanations in English. Du Français? En Voila! Cours Élémentaire

By E. G. LE GRAND. (3s. 6d. Oliver & Boyd.) The author of this elementary course has been teaching French in this country for thirty-five years and having tried all methods has produced his own and has endeavoured to make his pupils like it. He uses the short story—at first very easy and then increasing in difficulty, so the book is not only a reader but also a grammar. A few French songs are added at the end and the illustrations are well produced. The thick paper makes it a heavy book and it will probably serve as a missile.

It is not quite clear to what particular type of reader Mr. Basil Maine has addressed himself in his book, New Paths in Music. In the end, to be sure, he is establishing contact with his imagined grandson of 1990, and is presupposing that lad's possession of an intellectual curiosity at least the equal of his own. (And it is obvious that Mr. Maine's is tireless and far-seeking.) But the general appeal is more to 1940 than to 1990. It is to our own generation and to ourselves that this fluent and stimulating book is offered. No parochial view is taken of the musical scene. You are safe in Mr. Maine's care, whether in London or Budapest, Prague or New York, Paris or Helsingfors. These are centres in his ranging review of what he somewhere calls "the sprawling honeycomb " of contemporary music. In each centre he is ready to sharpen your appreciation of a predominant creative musician, and to set him clearly against his environment. His way is to reveal the man and his work from both national and international viewpoints. In all the difficult country of musical development since 1912 he walks securely, with the comfortable assurance that he knows where he is going, and how to get there. Going to America with the author-in Chapter V—is a particularly engaging trip if you share his pungent estimate of the creative and critical confusions in the musical life of that earnest country.

When he discusses the essential nature of music itself he is more easily followed' than most writers. Fine music, he insists, is in the nature of vision, related to man's universal experience, and essentially part of the struggle inherent in all spiritual life. Alongside these vital essentials he exhibits many recent theorizings-Schönberg's, Hindemith's, Henry Cowell's, Alois Haba's-and finds them utterly divorced from the experience and emotion and spontaneous impulse that must underlie all fine creative effort. That cold-blooded theorizing which came out of central Europe in the second decade of this century and spread with such curious rapidity to the New World is exposed in this book: but the exposure is far more gentle than many of us would wish. Mr. Maine does not often see red'. He chides as kindly as any Chaucer. Only once when condemning the admixture of politics with music-does he lift his voice and show signs of a heightened temperature of indignation. It is wrath well spent and visited upon a detestable misalliance.

Music has known thirty troublous and confused years. To deal calmly and steadily with the successive forms, phases, achievements and failures of the period is a task of considerable difficulty. Mr. Maine's approach to it has an assured and accomplished ease.

Six Rounds for Children

Written for two or three voices, with varied pianoforte accompaniment by NORMAN GILBERT. (6d. Oxford University Press.)

Rounds can sound very dull if sung, as they usually are sung, all in the same way. Here some variety is imparted by a series of sparkling accompaniments: only let the accompanist be really competent, otherwise they would be better unaccompanied.

The Harpfield Suite: an Original Suite for Descant
Recorder (or Violin) and Piano

By Dr. P. M. YOUNG. (A.L. Recorder Music Series,
No. A4.) (2s. net. Arnold.)

The suite contains four pieces, each with a character and charm of its own, and all of an elementary standard. The pianoforte accompaniments, though by no means difficult, demand skilled treatment.

(Continued on page 34)

University Correspondence College

Founder: WM. BRIGGS, LL.D., D.C.L., M.A., B.Sc.
Principal: CECIL BRIGGS, M.A., M.C.

Vice-Principal and Arts Director :

ARNOLD SAXELBYE, M.A., Camb., B.A. Lond. Science Director: GEORGE WALKER, Ph.D. Camb., M.Sc. Syd.

TUITION BY POST

for London University Matriculation, Special Entrance, Inter. and Degree Exams.; also for School and Higher School Certificates (Oxford, Cambridge, J.M.B., and others), University Entrance, Pre-Medical, Law, Engineering, etc.

U.C.C., with its staff of highly qualified resident tutors, has for over fifty years successfully prepared many thousands of students for examinations by means of its specially planned courses of instruction. The College is an Educational Trust, not conducted primarily as a profit-making concern, its main objects being the efficiency of its courses and the success of its students. Low fees, which may be paid by instalments. In the event of failure tuition is continued free of charge.