breaks, and further Embassies to Rome besides that described by Philo. After the time of Hadrian, however, and the crushing of the last revolt in Judaea, the story of turbulence between Greeks and Jews comes to an end, to be succeeded by the riotous disputes between Cyrillines and Athanasians.

The Annual Dinner was held in the Hall of Corpus, where the Vice-Chancellor (the President of Magdalen) in proposing the toast of Greece, said that the soil of Greece had been profaned, but time brought revenge in its own way. The Greek Minister, M. Simopoulos, who was the Guest of the evening, in reply said that whenever he read the funeral oration of Pericles his mind turned to this country as the only one worthy of such praise. In Germany indeed Greek letters had been cultivated but not the Greek spirit; otherwise we should not see the youth of that country surrendering its soul without protest to a gang which had made it share in the criminal aims of destroying the liberties of peoples and the right to freedom of thought.

L. J. MORISON.

THE GEOGRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION

THE conference in Edinburgh, April 17-20,

HE Geographical Association held its combined Annual

1941. Special attention was paid to current affairs. Prof. J. L. Myres dealt with The Position of Greece in the Eastern Mediterranean ", and referred to the repeated resurgence of civilizing movements in the midst of poverty in material resources. In ancient times Greeks formed colonial state cities; in modern days they have made themselves at home far and wide, and have typically sought to combine devotion to Greece with loyalty to the country of their adoption. Their former long subjection to the Turk has led them to attach great importance to their association with the Church and its Bishops.

Prof. P. M. Roxby spoke on "The Changing Structure of Chinese Society" from a scheme worked out by scholar bureaucrats to the modern movement for agrarian reform and peasant emancipation, which has been rather misnamed Communism'. Industrial growth is taking place in ' Free China', i.e. the west and south-west, and co-operation is being encouraged actively.

Prof. H. J. Fleure dealt with "The Mediterranean and Islam", suggesting the varied reactions of Turks, Palestinians, Arabs, Egyptians, Senussi, Berbers, and others, who were passing from a life governed by tradition to the complex organization of modern times.

Prof. Ogilvie discussed the physical setting of Edinburgh with the many parallel east and west ridges and the glacial channels which complicate the drainage of the district. Mr. F. C. Mears followed Prof. Ogilvie with an account of Edinburgh as a product of historical development, and emphasized the castle as the original nucleus, with the subordinate nucleus of strangers, making a kind of Aventine colony, round the Church, which is, therefore, appropriately dedicated to St. Giles. The decline of the High Street and the rise of Princes Street and George Street were interestingly sketched.

During the Conference there were two informal discussions at which members were able to exchange views and experiences. There were also conducted walks around Edinburgh, a visit to the Geological Survey House, and an excursion to Stirling. H. J. FLEURE.

and analyse the practical legislative and administrative actions involved in their achievement. As soon as the raising of the school-leaving age was effected, all schools of post-primary character should be placed under the regulations governing secondary schools. When reformed administrative regulations gave us new chances of development, school buildings would need detailed consideration. New schools built to replace those destroyed in the war would make adequate provision for the physical education of the future. Again, in the new town plans the position of the school would be given attention. The social conscience of to-day should protect us against the cramped, noisy, malodorous sites which restrict education in many places. Equally, present school buildings, elementary and secondary, in many instances needed drastic overhauling to ensure the health of the children attending them. Mr. Ede spoke with approbation of the camp schools; in the future they would occupy a much more prominent position in the educational system. Their educational value had been established beyond all doubt in training in good social habits, in improving physique, in bringing reality into routine lessons, and in offering opportunity for initiative on the part of teachers and pupils. In the national education programme after the war the position of physical education would be higher than ever before. Co-operation between medical officers and physical training teachers must be still further cultivated; expert physical training specialists must be found in the junior as well as the secondary schools; teachers of physical training must be eligible for promotion to headships.

Dr. Beneš gave a moving account of the struggles of the Czechoslovak people to establish in their country a system of education on a spiritual and moral basis. Among other lecturers were Dr. Janet Aitken of the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital, Miss Colson of the Directorate of Physical Recreation, and Mr. Claude Bridges, Assistant Secretary to the Middlesex Education Committee. BRONWEN LLOYD-WILLIAMS.

THE

LONDON TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION

HE London Teachers' Association has performed a valuable piece of work in drawing up a memorandum on "Education of London Children in Time of Emergency ". Sufficient teaching staff must be found to allow a margin for all eventualities, more especially to meet the exceptional demands of the situation in respect of the wide age ranges of the children, and the effects of frequent air-raid warnings, travelling, and general conditions under which teachers work during war-time.

The policy outlined looks forward to the planned and complete restoration of school life. The educational needs of the child population are paramount. Under present conditions no class should be over 30 in number. There is need to stress the point that attempts to requisition teaching personnel for other duties, even on a voluntary basis, should be resisted if it means that the schools will be denuded of necessary teaching power. There should be no diminution, but rather a relative increase in the quantity of school dinners and milk meals provided. Text-books are sadly needed.

The position in Reception Areas also receives attention. The policy of dispersal has, it is said, abundantly justified itself, but billeting problems still remain. The retention of the entity, if not the identity, of London units is a matter of paramount importance if the 'home' and ' team' spirit of young Londoners is to be kept alive.

We hope that the recommendations in the Memorandum will receive the support they deserve.

Board of Education Circulars and Memoranda.Circular 1548 deals with the working of the Milk in Schools (Continued on page 266)

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Scheme, refers to some of the difficulties which arise in connexion with the scheme, and suggests ways in which local education authorities and teachers can help to facilitate the task of the distributors.

Circular 1549 directs attention to a new form (Form 42D) now prescribed as the form of certificate required for mentally defective children within the meaning of the Education Act and suitable for admission to a special school for mentally defective children.

Circular 1550 refers to the reservation of students admitted to training colleges under certain ages.

Circular 1551 is on the subject of school children's gasmasks. It stresses the need for the carrying of masks, for practice in wearing them, and for their regular examination. A.R.P. authorities are being advised that the gas-masks of children attending grant-aided schools should be reserviced or replaced without charge.

Administrative Memorandum No. 290 gives guidance to headmasters on the position following the registration for military service of boys born in 1922 and 1923 who wish to proceed to universities.

Administrative Memorandum No. 291 refers to surface shelters built with lime-mortar.

Administrative Memorandum No. 292 deals with the allowance of cheese, and jam and other preserves, for school canteens.

Administrative Memorandum No. 293 deals with supplies of equipment for games, physical training, nursery activities, &c., which were restricted under the Limitation of Supplies Order, 1940. The Board of Trade have agreed to relax this restriction in order to avoid undue interference with essential war services such as the Youth Service, Day Nurseries, Nursery Centres, and Play Centres, and have issued a General Licence authorizing manufacturers and wholesalers to supply goods of Class 13 outside their quotas to local authorities on production of Form 550G issued by H.M. Inspector of Schools.

Administrative Memorandum No. 294, I Salaries of Teachers in Public Elementary Schools", gives details of the amendments to Section 8 of the Burnham Elementary Report, 1938, which have been approved by the Burnham Committee. The amendments have been accepted by the Board for grant purposes.

A Notice issued by the Board in concurrence with the Ministry of Labour states that, in view of the growing difficulties of staffing the schools, it is not desired that Grade III and Grade IV teachers should enrol for courses of training for war production work. Women teachers are urged to continue their teaching service. Women students leaving the training colleges at the end of the summer term should take up the teaching work for which they have been trained. Men teachers who registered on April 5 last under the Registration for Employment Order are not likely to be called upon to leave their schools for other occupations.

Fire Watching-Compensation. The Ministry of Home Security has issued an explanatory Memorandum on the Fire Prevention (Business Premises) Order, 1941, for the guidance of appropriate authorities, occupiers of business premises, and persons working at these premises. Since schools are regarded as business premises' for the purpose of the above Order, schoolmasters who are required to undertake fire prevention duties are eligible to receive compensation under the Personal Injuries (Civilians) Scheme in respect of war service injuries', provided their names have been registered by the local authority. A civil defence volunteer under the Scheme receives compensation wider in scope than that to which other civilians are entitled. He becomes eligible in respect of physical injuries which arise out of and in the course of the performance of his duties. He will be entitled to compensation, for example, if he slips and injures himself while on duty, though no raid is in progress at the time.

Copies of the Memorandum may be obtained free of charge from the Publications Department of the Ministry of Home Security, Horseferry House, Thorney Street, S.W. 1, and we understand that the Ministry of Pensions will shortly issue a leaflet explaining the provisions of the revised Personal Injuries (Civilians) Scheme.

Fire Watching in Schools.-Replying to a question in the House of Commons on the subject of fire watching in schools by children under 14 years of age, Mr. Chuter Ede said: "In Circular 1542 it was suggested that school fire prevention parties might be recruited from, amongst other sources, older students and trainees. It was not contemplated that school children under 16 years of age, which is the minimum age specified in the Defence Regulations for compulsory enrolment, should be employed on fire prevention duties, and I should strongly deprecate any such practice. I have seen reports in the Press about the employment as fire-watchers of children under 14 in one area and I am taking the matter up with the local education authority concerned. I have no evidence that the cost of providing food for members of school fire-parties has fallen upon teachers, and the need should not arise since local education authorities were authorized in the Circular to meet reasonable claims for expenditure on extra meals and travelling expenses actually incurred by members of fire-parties in schools within the public system of education."

Supervision of Pupils on Field Work.-We referred last month to the award of heavy damages against the headmaster of Warwick School because a boy lost an eye when a school party undertook work for a farmer. The Education General Purposes Committee of the Warwick County Council remarks that Circular 1541 from the Board of Education, which suggests that parties of secondary school pupils should be organized under proper supervision to visit local farms, assumes special importance in the light of the above action. It is, in our view, impossible and it would be extremely costly if it were possible to provide the amount of supervision contemplated in the judgment. Headmasters and headmistresses are already showing great reluctance to organize parties of pupils and thus expose themselves to risk of action for damages. There is little doubt that the country will suffer badly during the coming summer if pupils are going to be withheld from agricultural work because of this risk. We therefore strongly recommend :

"That the Ministry of Agriculture and the Board of Education be informed that the Education Committee view with great concern the possible failure of the scheme for the employment of children in agriculture, outlined in Board of Education Circular 1541, unless teachers can be indemnified against the consequences of accidental injury to pupils engaged on farm work.” The A.M.A., in commenting on this case, says that, when a school organizes a party for such a purpose, the most satisfactory thing to do is to limit it to those pupils whose parents have signed an indemnity form. In the circumstances, this would appear to be a reasonable precaution.

Schoolboys Needed for the Harvest.-Many more schoolboys will be needed this year to help farmers to bring the harvest home. The Minister of Agriculture has therefore asked County War Agricultural Committees to get into touch with schools in their counties to make further arrangements for schoolboy harvest camps. Information and suggestions about forming these camps have been sent to headmasters of all public and secondary schools. Ministry is prepared to supply camp equipment free of charge if necessary, and to meet up to half of any loss sustained by bad weather or other circumstances beyond the school's control.

(Continued on page 268)

The

Curriculum Reform.-The Committee on Curriculum Reform, composed of members of various educational organizations, held their second series of meetings at Oxford during the week-end of April 18 to 21. Plans were made to carry out an extensive research into all aspects of the school curriculum both in the primary and post-primary stages. The work will be undertaken by a number of sub-committees, each covering a group of related activities in the curriculum. A coordinating committee has been appointed to give general direction to the research, and to link the work of the sub-committees together, so as to prepare, by stages, a final report. It is specially desired to receive information from as many sources as possible, and any teachers or persons engaged in education work are invited to submit to the committee memoranda, reports, or suggestions with special reference to experiments in curriculum reform. Such material should be addressed to the Secretary (Mr. A. K. C. Ottaway), Hengwm Hill, Knighton, Radnorshire.

Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.The resignation is announced at September 30 of Dr. James Robb, Secretary to the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland. Dr. Robb, who is a graduate in Arts and Divinity of St. Andrews University and in Law of Edinburgh University, received the honorary degree of LL.D. from St. Andrews University in 1932. He has been associated with the Trust for the past 37 years, first as Assistant and subsequently, from 1919, as Secretary in succession to the late Sir William McCormick. Dr. Robb's successor from October I will be Mr. J. R. Peddie, C.B.E., D.Litt., who has been Executive Officer of the National Committee for the Training of Teachers since 1925. Dr. Peddie is one of the pioneers in Scotland of broadcasting and is now chairman of the Scottish Area Council of the B.B.C. for Group Listening. He is vice-chairman of the Scottish Branch of the British Institute of Adult Education. Since the outbreak of the war Dr. Peddie has been active in work connected with education in H.M. and Allied Forces, and is at present chairman of the Scottish Coordinating Committee of the Central Advisory Council. He has had long experience as examiner for public examinations and is at present External Examiner in English at Edinburgh University.

An Agreed Christian Order.-A remarkable demonstration of Christian co-operation was made in London on May 10 and 11, when two mass meetings were held in the Stoll Theatre, Kingsway, presided over on the Saturday by His Eminence Cardinal Hinsley, and on Sunday by His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury.

The meetings were convened by the Sword of the Spirit Movement, founded last August by Cardinal Hinsley to build up a public opinion on the issues at stake in the war and in the future peace settlement, and to seek the co-operation of "all Christians and men of goodwill" in making known the principles of Christianity and the natural law that the totalitarian States are attacking.

"

The subject on the first day was A Christian International Order ". Cardinal Hinsley was in the chair, and the speakers included the Anglican Bishop of Chichester (Dr. G. K. A. Bell), Mr. Richard O'Sullivan, K.C., and the Headmaster of Rugby (Mr. Hugh Lyon). On the second day the theme was A Christian Order for Britain ", and Anglican, Catholic, and Free Church speakers contributed, under the chairmanship of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The speakers were the Acting Free Church Moderator (Dr. Sidney Berry), Christopher Dawson, Miss Dorothy L. Sayers, and Fr. Martin D'Arcy, S.J. Part of the proceedings on the Sunday were broadcast by the B.B.C.

The meetings came as a climax to three months of joint Christian work in following up the famous Times letter of December 21 last, in which a united lead on the Foundations of Peace had been given by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, Cardinal Hinsley, and the Moderator of the Free

Church Federal Council. This letter had adopted, as the indispensable foundation of any settlement after the war, the Five Peace Points of Pope Pius XII and five economic 'standards'.

At the conclusion of the Stoll Theatre meetings the following Resolution was passed, and will be communicated to the various Governments mentioned in it:

"That this meeting, fully representative of Christian opinion throughout the country, endorses the letter in The Times of December 21 last and recommends the ten points of that letter to the Governments of Britain and the Commonwealth, and of Allied States, as the basis of any future statement of War and Peace Aims that may be issued by them."

It is much to be hoped that the co-operation among Christians that has been reflected in these demonstrations will not be allowed to flag. The appearance of speakers from different communions upon a common platform and under joint chairmanship, to handle questions of social and international order, is a landmark in our history.

Canada's Guests. Some 6,000 British children have been received into Canadian homes since the blitz' on this country began last August. Canadian Pacific have now issued an attractively illustrated brochure showing how some of these children have settled down in their new environment.

Summer Music-Week.-The Society for the Advancement of Music in Education announces a Summer MusicWeek" under the direction of Mr. Cyril Winn, H.M.I., senior music inspector of the Board of Education. The dates are August 1 to 8, and the site a beautiful house in Hertfordshire. There will be accommodation for some 60 students. The mornings will be devoted to courses in various branches of music, and there will also be tutorial classes for individual problems. Recorder-playing and music-making are other attractions, and instruments of any kind should be brought for forming an extempore holiday-week. Mr. Herbert Foss is the manager and all orchestra. In every way this is to be a friendly and informal

London, N.W. 11 (or by phone to City 3377). inquiries should be addressed to him at 60 Corringham Road,

Messrs. Allen & Unwin, Ltd.-George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., who recently lost over a million books by enemy action, announce the purchase of the educational publishing business of Elkin Mathews & Marrot, Ltd., whose Three Stream Series" and "Look and Learn" Histories and Geographies have been such outstanding successes. They have at the same time acquired all the copyrights in all the publications previously the property of Elkin Mathews & Marrot, Ltd. All orders and inquiries should be addressed to Allen & Unwin at 40 Museum Street, W.C. 1.

Messrs. Blackie & Son, Ltd.-Blackie & Son, Ltd.. whose London Office at 50 Old Bailey was recently destroyed by enemy action, have opened temporary offices at 66 Chandos Place, London, W.C. 2, where all inquiries will receive prompt attention.